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05 THE OF Europe’s nations and boundaries are a melting pot, but even more complex is the distribution of languages within those states. Languages though, are often regarded as a common treasure, which maintains a community– amongst united. the Essentially members becauseof a society, they as create well as a bondbring –communication to that society the responsibility for preserving that heritage –the itself. Since the peak of the nationalisms in the XIX century, European countries made a great effort to agglomerate territories where the was spoken, producing a uniform education, religion, health service o legal service in that language, to integrate those territories. However, in Europe as a whole, policies pursuing linguistic homogeneity are no longer a trend. The goal is nowadays to preserve the diversity and heritage, especially after the atrocious attempts of linguistic and politic unity addressed by Hitler or Napoleon. Do you think human beings choose their own language or they are always politically induced to one?

Do you think a common language is a link big enough to create a nation?

Some in Europe, as , Basque country or , have their own language. Do you think it is legitimate for them to become an independent country or not? Try to explain your answer. 1. A common

Towards the end of ice age in Europe, first Celt peoples crystallize in east around 10.000 B.C. the rise of , south and extend temperatures in Europe boosted an towards the north of and increase of population, as well as some . Around the year 2.500, forms of agriculture. Language theorists another group on Indo European believe that for several millennia lived peoples settle in south and in Europe some peoples like Etruscan, north Germany, creating a new brand Iberian, Tartessian etc. speaking of languages known as Germanic. ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ ʹĂůů ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ǁŝƚŚ The Baltic is a common root according to those occupied by another theories. However, in 4.500 B.C. Indo European Europe receives a migratory flow, branch, closely from an area situated near the related to their . These peoples proto-Slavic maintained their languages neighbours, for all these years, and those evolving several can still be languages that found in some parts of Europe. currently exist still Towards the year 3.500 B.C. another there. dŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲĚĂLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ migratory flow arrives to Europe. This In the second of the Indo-European branches within time, the flow comes from a territory Millennia B.C. some peoples their homelands of Europe and : located between the seas Caspian and consolidate in a region bigger than Hellenic (Greek) Black. This population incorporated a the actual , with a common Indo-Iranian language from which most of Italic (Romance) actual languages derived: ĞůƟĐ Indo European. Germanic 500 years later, many Armenian different civilizations ĂůƚŽͲ^ůĂǀŝĐ;ĂůƟĐͿ flourish in Europe, Balto-Slavic (Slavic) as a result Albanian of the lack Non-Indo-European languages of contact with each other, so that Indo European language starts to split in many different idioms. In the year 3.000 the The Uralic Languages

52 language as a mean of unity: Greek. They established a politic, philosophic, commercial and war supremacy, as well as brought to Europe the first scripture imported from Asia, and had an enormous impact on the rest of European civilizations. Nevertheless, in 200 B.C. Rome snatched the politic and cultural supremacy, and expanded through western Europa; From Cadiz to London, and from to Greece, including south Germany, enclosing Celts to a few spots next to the Atlantic ocean. One of the most powerful grounds for Latin to overcome difficulties is that chose it as . The last incursion with linguistic consequences occurred in Europe in the vicinity of the 9th century. A group of Uralic speakers occupied the region of , dividing the Slavic peoples in south and north, division that is currently in use. This group, brought in a language -Hungarian- from the Uralic family, therefore related to Finnish and Estonian.

53 2. The Current languages in Europe

>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐƐĂƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŚĂƌĚ (10 M) and Galician (2.5 M) have also - ’ distribution is very to be separated. There is a consensus ƚŚĞ ŽĸĐŝĂů ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ĂƌĞ complex. They are usually divided in though to determine that languages, spoken in some areas of Spain. three groups. The southern group is contrarily to dialects have a grammar. - In north Europe, take often written with Latin Being amazingly high the number of precedence languages scripture. Linguistic ĚŝĂůĞĐƚƐŝŶƵƌŽƉĞ͕ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶǁŝůůŽŶůLJ from the Germanic and religious ĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞŽĸĐŝĂůůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ family. The most p a r t i c u l a r i t i s ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚ͘ spoken is German have been the >ŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ͕ŵŽƐƚŽĨƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŝƟnjĞŶƐƉĞĂŬƐ ;ϵϬ DͿ͕ ŽĸĐŝĂů subject of many an Indo European language: in Germany, conflicts in this area, Ͳ/ŶƐŽƵƚŚƵƌŽƉĞ͕ŵŽƐƚŽĨŽĸĐŝĂůůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ , where only 20 years ago ĚĞƌŝǀĞĨƌŽŵ>ĂƟŶ͘tĞĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ&ƌĞŶĐŚ͕ and , followed almost every country formed with 70 millions of speakers in France, by English (60 M) in England, , part of Yugoslavia. The most spoken is Belgium and Switzerland, Italian (60 M), and , Dutch (22.5 M), Serbian (12 M), then Croatian (7 M), Spanish (45 M), Romanian (24 M) and Swedish (9 M), Danish (6 M), Norwegian Bosnian (4 M), Slovenian (2.2 M) and WŽƌƚƵŐƵĞƐĞ;ϭϬDͿ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞůLJ͕ĂƚĂůĂŶ (5 M) and Icelandic (260.000). Montenegrin (600.000). There are two languages written with : Macedonian (3 M) and Bulgarian (15 M). The western group is always written with . Polish (40 M) is the most spoken, followed by Czech (12 M) and Slovak (4 M). The eastern branch is the most important in terms of users, and is always written in Cyrillic. The most spoken is Russian (160 M), followed by Ukrainian (40 M), and Belarusian (8 M). - Celt languages remainder are scarce and isolated. We encounter Welsh (600.000), Gaelic Irish (500.000) and Gaelic from Scotland (60.000). Breton (500.000) has also official status in Brittany -France. - The Baltic family consists of Lithuanian (4 M) and Latvian (1.5 M), and is remotely related to the Slavic group. Beyond these Indo European languages, there exist four languages in Europe.

54 Three of them belong to the Uralic branch: Finnish (5 M), Estonian (1.1 M) and Magyar (15 M). Magyar is quite different to the rest of Uralic languages, as is the product of a migration occurred around 4.000 years later. Finally the fourth language is Basque (700.000). It is believed to be one among those previous languages existing in Europe, prior to the Indo European migrations. Accordingly has no similarities with any other language in the world, and its scripture is only extended since XVII century.

Main alphabets used in Europe Main alphabets used in Europe: >ĂƟŶĂůƉŚĂďĞƚ Cyrillic script 'ƌĞĞŬĂŶĚůĂƟŶƐĐƌŝƉƚ The indo european branches of the language tree ^ůĂǀŝĐĂŶĚůĂƟŶƐĐƌŝƉƚ

55 3. A Linguistic approach to Economy and Politics

a national language formed a of legal diplomas is created; diplomas nation. However, from now on that are mandatory to practice within it is only the language the territory. Summarizing, the what matters. That is government promotes that observed in Germany language creating -perhaps and , where involuntarily- a marginal nations are formed corner for the rest of based only upon languages with non- linguistic affinity. official status. Consequently, it is When a language is official in France where it and has an important first starts the politic number of speakers, there is imposition of a language. attached to it a great industry It was a slow but constant of products such as books, newspaper, mechanism, accomplished by TV programs, cinema and radio. the French monarchy previously Nowadays we know the economic to the revolution. There were viability of those products depends several languages, evolved from Latin, obviously in their quality, but even Posterior to the in although Langue d’Oc in south France more on the number of speaker or 1789, is established and Langue d’Oil in the north were the potential customers. For this , in France as the unique official most extended. At the beginning of the and for to protect his industry from the language, and hence how speaking process, the government establishes huge industries in U.S.A. and United French becomes necessary for every a language as a vehicle to undertake Kingdom, some countries citizen to participate in democracy, any legal procedures; so it as France, Spain and ultimately be free. This fact had becomes compulsory or Italy applied an enormous impact in Europe to speak fluently a a protectionist during the following hundred years. language in order to policy, where For instance, halfway through buy a house, inherit any films are subsidiary the nineteenth century, we goods, begin a business, of founds to proselytises acknowledge or get married. Later on, appears the the national culture and language, the change prestige speech. This means philosophy, and to keep that media industry from of criteria in medical speech, literature, economic shrinking and ultimately disappearing. n a t i o n a l i s m . and politic speeches are produced Prior to this date, in that language and it appears to be culture, traditions, necessary to learn it so that we can local customs, follow and participate of those cultural i n t e l l e c t u a l instruments. At last, it is created a production and system of education, where a scheme

56 57 4. The Union and its linguistic policy

There was a remarkable attempt of every language with official status in a linguistic unity, in the recent history EU country will be official for the Union. of Europe that deserves to be noticed. As more countries join the Union, more It was a romantic endeavour official languages are it, as well as the Comenius to promote accomplished at the incorporated to the co-operation and mobility between beginning of the the bureaucratic primary and secondary schools. 20th century: apparel, and - Leonardo. To promote mobility , therefore every among professionals, in order to build a language d o c u m e n t up working experience, and exchange created by produced in knowledge. Zemenhof for all the Union must be In addition, teaching languages is the peoples in the world published in each of the 23 promoted in the Union through the with a simple grammar and politically current official languages. Besides, the , with the aim of neutral, which ended up having success UE communicates with every country in improving the ability of those citizens to among the anti-fascists, and so became their official language, and so it has an communicate abroad of he EU, so that unpopular after the war. enormous demand of translators, which they can interact, work and move freely After all those failures of the last includes a high economic dependence. across Europe. centuries, the initial European Nevertheless, the Union is a pioneer There is also a ‘’European Bureau for agreement was only based on the multilingual organism, despite the huge lessen-used languages’’ located in economic integration, rather dependence on it Dublin, to preserve and promote the than the hypothetical has, and the static bureaucratic use of those languages within Europe. It linguistic homogeneity. model it represents as has an information office in Brussels, as Therefore the first EU a consequence. This well as a delegation in most of the EU agreement in 1957 is scenario is very difficult countries. based upon three to invert now. If the linguistic principles: EU decided to reduce - No discrimination. the number of official - Free movement languages, it would of people and goods, provoke so many conflicts requiring an important of interests, that nobody investment in education would actually consider it so that those citizens can even as a suggestion anymore. communicate with each other. In order to promote languages in the - Subsidies to the media industry, in Union, two main programs have been order to protect it. launched: The Union inside is very complex, as - Socrates. Contains the Erasmus a product of those principles. The program, to provide universities with agreement of no discrimination implies exchange programs and funds to support

58 European Parliament

59 Actividades

tŚĂƚŚĂǀĞ/ůĞĂƌŶƚ͍ ĂŶ LJŽƵ ŵĂŬĞ Ă ĐŚƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂdžŝƐ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĨĂĐƚƐ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐŝŶƟŵĞ͍ƌĂǁĂůŝŶĞĂŶĚƵƐĞƚŚĞLJĞĂƌϰ͘ϱϬϬ͘͘ĂƐĂƐƚĂƌƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚƚŚĞLJĞĂƌϮ͘ϬϭϯĂƐƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨLJŽƵƌĂdžŝƐ͘

tŚĂƚĐĂŶ/ĚŽ͍ tŚĂƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƚŚĞ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨŚĂǀŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ͍ dƌLJ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚƌĞĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞƉŽŝŶƚƐĨŽƌďŽƚŚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͗ DĂŶLJ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ͕ ĂŶĚŽŶĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞĨŽƌĂůůŝŶƵƌŽƉĞ͘dŚĞŶ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶLJŽƵƌŽƉŝŶŝŽŶŽƌĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘

,ŽǁĚŽĞƐƚŚĂƚĂīĞĐƚŵĞ͍ tŚĂƚĂƌĞƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐĨŽƌĂŚƵŵĂŶŐƌŽƵƉƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞĂŶĂƟŽŶ͍ /ŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŽĨϰͲϱ͕ƚƌLJƚŽĮŶĚƚŚĞĨĞǁƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚĨŽƌĂŚƵŵĂŶŐƌŽƵƉƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞĂŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚůĞŐŝƟŵĂĐLJ͗ĂƐĞŶŵĂƌŬ͕ŶŐůĂŶĚŽƌZƵƐƐŝĂ͘dŚĞŶĞdžƉŽƐĞ LJŽƵƌŝĚĞĂƐĂŶĚĚĞďĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐ͘

60 Extension ƌŽǁƐĞƚŚŝƐƵƌŽƉĞĂŶǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞŽŵĞŶŝƵƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĨŽƌ͍,ŽǁĐĂŶƚŚĂƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŚĂǀĞĂŶŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͍ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŽĂƉĞĞ͘ĞƐͬŽĂƉĞĞͬŝŶŝĐŝŽͬƉĂƉͬĐŽŵĞŶŝƵƐ͘Śƚŵů

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