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The Nihoku Ecosystem Restoration Project: a Case Study in Predator Exclusion Fencing, Ecosystem Restoration, and Seabird Translocation

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The Nihoku Ecosystem Restoration Project: a Case Study in Predator Exclusion Fencing, Ecosystem Restoration, and Seabird Translocation PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report 198 The Nihoku Ecosystem Restoration Project: A case study in predator exclusion fencing, ecosystem restoration, and seabird translocation September 2018 Lindsay C. Young1, Jessica H. Behnke1, Eric A. Vanderwerf1, André F. Raine2, Christen 3 1 1 4 4 Mitchell , C. Robert Kohley , Megan Dalton , Michael Mitchell , Heather Tonneson , 5 6 6 7 4 Mike DeMotta , George Wallace , Hannah Nevins , C. Scott Hall , and Kim Uyehara 1 Pacific Rim Conservation, Honolulu, HI, USA. 2Kauaʻi Endangered Seabird Recovery Project, Hanapepe, HI, USA. 3Anden Consulting, Honolulu, HI USA. 4U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuges, Kīlauea , HI, USA. 5National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI, USA. 6 American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, VA, USA. 7 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, DC, USA PCSU is a cooperative program between the University of Hawai`i and U.S. National Park Service, Cooperative Ecological Studies Unit. Organization Contact Information: Pacific Rim Conservation, PO Box 61827 Honolulu, Hawaii 96839. Telephone: +1 (808) 377-7114. E- mail: [email protected] Recommended Citation: Young, L.C., J.H. Behnke, E.A. Vanderwerf, A.F. Raine, C. Mitchell, C.R. Kohley, M. Dalton, M. Mitchell, H. Tonneson, M. DeMotta, G. Wallace, H. Nevins, C.S. Hall and K. Uyehara. 2018. The Nihoku Ecosystem Restoration Project: A case study in predator exclusion fencing, ecosystem restoration, and seabird translocation. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report 198. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Botany. Honolulu, HI. 83 pages. Key words: Newell’s Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli), Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), Nēnē (Branta sandvicensis), The Nihoku Ecosystem Restoration Project Place key words: Kīlauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai‘i Editor: David C. Duffy, PCSU Unit Leader (Email: [email protected]) Series Editor: Clifford W. Morden, PCSU Deputy Director (Email: [email protected]) About this technical report series: This technical report series began in 1973 with the formation of the Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. In 2000, it continued under the Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (PCSU). The series currently is supported by the PCSU. The Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa works to protect cultural and natural biodiversity in the Pacific while encouraging a sustainable economy. PCSU works cooperatively with private, state and federal land management organizations, allowing them to pool and coordinate their efforts to address problems across the landscape. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Project background ................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Partners ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Timeline and chronology ...................................................................................................... 10 2. Permits and Regulatory Process .................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Environmental assessments ................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Special management area permit ......................................................................................... 13 2.3 Recovery permit .................................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Land owner permits .............................................................................................................. 14 2.5 Archaeological survey and section 106 consultation ............................................................ 14 2.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 14 3. Public Outreach........................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Approach ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Materials produced ............................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Website and blog posts ......................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 16 4. Biological Monitoring .................................................................................................................. 17 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 18 4.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 22 5. Fence Construction and Maintenance ......................................................................................... 27 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 27 5.2 Cost ....................................................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Fence design ......................................................................................................................... 29 5.4 Contract and selection of fence vendor ................................................................................ 31 5.5 Construction logistics ............................................................................................................ 32 5.6 Maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 33 5.7 Design improvements ........................................................................................................... 34 6. Predator Monitoring and Eradication Plan .................................................................................. 36 6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 36 6.2 Pre‐eradication pest monitoring methods ........................................................................... 37 6.3 Monitoring results and discussion ........................................................................................ 38 6.4 Eradication plan outline ........................................................................................................ 41 7. Habitat Restoration ..................................................................................................................... 43 7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 43 7.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 45 7.3 Outcomes .............................................................................................................................. 49 2 8. Seabird Translocation Plan .......................................................................................................... 50 8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 50 8.2 Translocation site preparation .............................................................................................. 55 8.3 Translocation source colony selection .................................................................................. 59 8.4 Collection and removal of donor chicks ................................................................................ 62 8.5 Chick care at the translocation site ....................................................................................... 66 8.6 Translocation assessment ..................................................................................................... 72 9. Conclusions................................................................................................................................. 74 9.1 Summary ..............................................................................................................................
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