Herald Petrel New to the West Indies

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EXTRALIMITAL RECORD

Herald Petrel new to the West Indies

Michael Gochfeld,Joanna Burger, Jorge Saliva, and Deborah Gochfeld

(Pterodroma)are bestrepresented SinA southGROUP temperate THEGADFLY and subantarc-PETRELS tic waterswith a few speciesbreeding on tropicalislands in the Central Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.In the West Indies,the only member of this genusis the Black-cappedPetrel (P hasitata), which breeds in the Greater Antilles and perhaps still in the Lesser Antilles. A dose relative,the endangeredBermuda (P..cahow) breeds in Bermuda. On July 12, 1986, while studyingthe breeding Laughing Gulls (Larus atri- cilia), Royal Terns,and SandwichTerns (Sterna maxima and S. sandvicensis)on Cayo Lobito, in the Culebra National Wildlife Refuge, about 40 kilometers eastof Fajardo,Puerto Rico, we flushed an all-dark petrel from a scrapeamong the nestingterns. As soon as the bird wheeled around we realized that it was a petrel, and not the familiar Sooty Shearwater(Puj•nus griseus),a species Figure 1. Dark-phasePterodroma landing among Laughing Gulls on Cayo Lobito. Culebra, which would itselfbe extremelyunusual PuertoRico. Note the ashygray undersurface of theprimary.feathers, ending in longnarrow at Culebra. Compared to a shearwater, "digital" extensionsthat are the pale areas of the inner websof theprimaries. The greater the petrelappeared to havea largerhead underwingcoverts are pale with a narrowdark tip that showsas thefaint wavybar at the base of theprimaries. The Iongishtail and shortishbill are apparent. and a longerand slightlywedge-shaped tail. It did not showthe conspicuouspale wing linings of the Sooty Shearwater (Fig. 1). The bird circled rapidly, first low over the water and then wheeling high overthe rocky islet,before return- ing to its scrapeamong the gulls and terns. At this point, we studied it at a distance of 15 meters and noted its short, stout black bill, with the prominent tubes(Fig. 2), which,with its char- acteristicshape or "jizz" and rapid, er- ratic, wheelingflight, identified it as a Pterodroma.

1254 American Birds, Winter 1988 When the bird was flushedagain it out that in the Pacific the Herald Petrel circled and was chasedby a Laughing (P. a. heraldica) is widely sympatric Gull, which provided a good size com- with the Kermadec Petrel, indicating parisonby revealingits slightlysmaller that the two are distinct species.Palmer size(Fig. 3). Size eliminatedthe much (1962) arguedthat they are besttreated smaller Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bul- as a superspecies,the positionfollowed weriO, which has been recordedfrom by the A. O. U. Check-listCommittee the Gulf of Mexico (Taylor 1972) and (A. O. U. 1983). southernCaribbean, and alsothe larger Procellaria petrels.We now faced the Exclusionof most otherpetrel species task of sortingamong a variety of dark forms of Pterodroma. Firstly we narrow the identification We watched and photographedthe to two closelyrelated species,the Ker- petrel for about 30 minutes. It circled madec Petrel and the Herald Petrel, Figure 2. The Pterodromasitting on scrape us at closerange, and landedback in the basedon the followingcharacters. in a colonyof gullsand ternson CayoLobito. samescrape three times.We ascertained Note the all-dark head and short, stout black that its bill and legswere entirely black, 1) Size and all dark color bill. The one whitish spot on the upper wing therebyeliminating several species, and 2) Absenceof white featberingon head is and wasnoted occasionally in flight. The that therewas no hint of palefeathering 3) Color of softparts pale line alongthe folded lefl wingmay be a on the face,a fact that eliminatedseveral 4) Nestinghabits photographicartifact that was not noted in thefield nor in other photographs.Alterna- others. In the field we discerned that al- tively,it may be a pale featherj?om the un- though there was no contrastingwhite Size and all dark color dersideof the wing, whichis revealedas the wing patch, the primary region of the wing wasbeing extended. wing was distinctly paler than the dark Many Pterodroma speciesare poly- underwing coverts, a feature shown morphic, with light, intermediate,and 90-110 centimeters, we find that vir- clearlyin Figure 1. dark phases.Our examination of spec- tuallyall Pterodromaspecies with a dark Although field identificationof Pter- imens suggeststhat someof thesespe- phase, except the larger Great-winged odroma petrels is often uncertain, we des are probably not polymorphic at Petrel (P. macroptera)and smallerand were fortunate in being on terra firma all, but showcomplete gradation from rare Fiji or MacGillivray's Petrel (P. rather than on a pitching boat, and birds with all white to nearly all dark macgillivrayi), fall within this range. having the petrel circle us and land re- underparts(see illustrations in Murphy Thus size servesmainly to eliminate peatedly within 15 meters. After ex- and Pennoyer 1952). However, rela- speciesin other genera. amining relevant speciesaccounts in tively few of the dark phasesare com- Harrison (1983), we focusedour atten- pletely dark. Some dark Pterodroma Absenceof White Featheringon Head tion on the Herald or South Trinidade petrelscan be eliminated on the basis (P. arminjoniana) and Kermadec (P. of a distinctivepattern; among theseis Among the Pterodroma specieswith neglecta)petrels. After examinatingthe the Kerguelen Petrel (P. brevirostris), an all-dark phase,most regularly show extensivepetrel collectionin the Amer- which has a pale leading edge to the some white feathering on the head, ican Museum of Natural History, we wing. Many spedesshow a pale areaon lores, throat, or chin, or at the base of have identified this bird as an all-dark the head, throat, lower abdomen, or the bill. Many dark specimensofP. ar- phaseof the SouthTrinidade Petrel, the rump. Table I summarizesfeatures of minjoniana and almost all P. neglecta first record,albeit only photographic,of the dark-bodiedpetrels in Pterodroma have such feathering,but some of the the speciesfor the West Indies. There and related genera (after Hardson former showno white feathering.This follows a detailed discussion of the basis 1983).Species of Pterodromanot listed absenceof an area of white feathering for our conclusion. in Table I are those with no known dark helpsrule out Solander'sand Murphy's phase. petrels(P. solandriand P. ultima). The latter, believed by Murphy and Pen- Taxonomy The Culebra petrel was slightly shorter-bodiedand longer-wingedthan noyer (1952) to be closely related to The Trindade Petrel (P. arminjon- a Laughing Gull for which Hardson iana sensustricto) and the Herald Petrel (1983) givesa body lengthof 40 centi- Figure3. The dark Pterodromabeing chased (P. heraldica)of the Pacific, are cur- metersand a wing span of 103 centi- by LaughingGull. Note the slightlysmaller bodyand longerwings of thepetrel. The long, rently treated as a singlespecies, called meters. It is readily apparent that the slightlywedge-shaped tail is prominent. the Herald Petrel, P. arminjoniana all-dark Bulweria petrels are much (Murphy and Pennoyer 1952; A. O. U. smaller and the all-dark Procellaria pe- 1983; Hardson 1983). Although Mur- trels are much larger than the bird in phy (1936) consideredP. a. arminjon- question. The Puffinus shearwaters, iana as an Atlantic representativeof the several of which are dark-bodied, are Kermadec Petrel (P. neglecta) and mostly larger (except lherminieri and stated that possibly"it should be re- nativitatis)than the Culebrapetrel, and gardedas a subspeciesof the latter", and differ also in bill shape, tail shape, and Hellmayr and Conover(1948) actually flightbehavior. lumped arminjoniana with neglecta. Acceptinga body sizein the rangeof Murphy and Pennoyer(1952) pointed 34-40 centimetersand a wing span of

Volume 42, Number 5 both neglectaand armmjomana, Is a must be invoked to balance the prob- 1961,see below) it would be premature Pacific specieswhich otherwise could abilities. There are two resident species to exclude that specieson the basis of easilybe mistaken for the Culebra bird. of Pterodroma in the West Indies area range.Based on the A. O. U. Check-hst (if one includesBermuda), both of them (1983) the only otherPterodroma petrel blackishabove and mostly white below. recorded in the northwestern Atlantic Color of softparts Both are rare, and neither has been re- is a singlespecimen of the Mottled Pe- We were able to watch the Culebra cordedin the Culebra region. The Ca- trel (P. inexpectata),a light-bodiedspe- how breeds only in Bermuda, has a cies,taken in New York in 1880. Even petrelat closerange as it sat on its scrape and as it lowered its feet to land. The world populationof lessthan 100 pairs, thoughit breedsin the EasternAtlantic and has no known dark phase. Range and has a rarely collecteddark phase, bill and legs and feet were obviously alone would not exclude it, but rarity the Soft-plumagedPetrel (P. mollis)can blackish, without a hint of flesh or and patterncertainly would. The Black- be excluded because of its dark mask bluishcoloration. Murphy (1936) notes capped Petrel breeds on some of the and white wing patches. The Great- that pale and intermediatephases of the Greater Antilles and perhaps still on winged Petrel could be expectedin the South Trinidade Petrel have pale or some Lesser Antillean islands. It has western Atlantic, but can be excluded two-toned tarsi and feet. This two-toned never been known to breed on Puerto on the basis of size. appearanceis characteristicof the Pa- Rico, but range and rarity are not suf- There are several dark-phase Ptero- cific form P. a. heraldicain all phases, ficient to exclude it. Moreover, there droma petrelsthat are not known from of intermediate-phase P. a. arminjon- was a well-known dark phase of this the Atlantic, but that neverthelessmust lana, and also apparently of dark-phase species, the "Jamaican" or "Blue be considered. Solander's Petrel could neglecta.However, our examination of Mountain" Petrel (P. hasitata carib- certainly be confusedwith dark arrmn- A.M.N.H. specimensreveals that the baea), which bred on Jamaicaat least joniana, except for the distinctlypale light phaseas well as the dark phasesof until the end of the 19th century (Scott cast to its breast and chin. However, it P. a. arminjoniana have all-black soft 1891). Although recent expeditionsto has a rather restrictedrange in the Pa- parts. Many other speciesof Ptero- suspectedcolony areas have failed to cific.Murphy's Petrel is alsovery similar droma have pinkish legs(see Table 1). find it, the recent rediscoveryof petrel to the Culebra bird, having the entire colonies on other Greater Antillean is- underwing surfacedark. However, the Nestingbehavior landsleaves open the possibilitythat the pale baseof the bill and white mottling Blue Mountain form of the Black- on the face argue against this Central Although the bird we observed on capped Petrel survives. However, this Pacific species.The recently discovered Cayo Lobito was not breeding,it con- dark-phasepetrel was characterizedby MascarenePetrel (P. aterrima) is also sistentlyreturned to the same scrapein a pale rump as well as a hoary gray ab- all dark, lacking pale areas on the un- the colony of gulls and terns (Fig. 2). domen and a palishchin and throat area derwing,but it is known only from the There was neither egg nor mate, and (Murphy 1936: 693), and thereforedoes Indian Ocean. The smaller Mac- the bird was not presenttwo weekslater. not fit the description of the Culebra Gillivray's or Fiji Petrel (P. macgdh- AlthoughJuly is not the breedingseason petrel. vrayi), known only from one recent for most South Atlantic species,Mur- For the sake of completeness, it is specimen and uncertain sight records, phy (1936) pointsout that for the South worth mentioning that melanistic Au- seems implausible as a visitor to the Trinidade Petrel in tropical waters, dubon'sShearwaters (Puffinus lhermi- Caribbean. breedingextends through much of the nieri) havebeen collectednear a breed- year. We are under no illusion that the ing colonyoff Martinique (Bond 1978). bird was breeding,but we are impressed Such an "entirely sooty black" bird Distinctions Between Herald and Kermadec Petrels that this "pseudo-nesting"behavior was could be mistaken for the Culebra petrel distinct from what would be observed at a casualglance, but would be smaller m a burrow-nestingspecies that was and would have a slender shearwater bill Having narrowed our quest to these merely restingon the surface.Murphy ranther than the stout bill of a Ptero- two speciesand noting that the dark- and Pennoyer (1952) emphasize the droma petrel. Light-phase Audubon's phaseKermadec tend to have pink legs distinctivenessof surface-nesting,which Shearwaters breed in burrows on some and white at the baseof the bill, we pro- ceeded to eliminate the Kermadec Pe- is characteristicof neglecta,alba, ultima of the caysoffCulebra, but significantly, trel from consideration based on: and arminjoniana.Mathews (1936) was we neversaw this speciesduring the day sufficientlyimpressed with thisbehavior flyingaround any of the isletswe visited. 1) Range to utilize it as a major taxonomic char- Having excluded the other species 2) Underwing pattern acter. Moreover, a healthy Pterodroma which are likely to occur in the West probablydoes not land exceptat its nest Indies,it is important to recognizethat Range site. In any case,this circumstantialev- among remaining species,the South idence,which points to nestingon the Trinidade Petrel is one of the few forms Range certainly favorsthe idea that surfacerather than in a burrow, focuses of Pterodromain the Atlantic. Although the Culebra bird was P. arminjomana attention on the South Trinidade Petrel Murphy and Pennoyer (1952) consid- ratherthan P. neglecta.The Herald Pe- and Kermadec Petrels. ered it relatively sedentary, there are a trel breeds at Trindade Island and the number of North Atlantic records,par- Martin Vaz Islands(about 20ø S. Lat.), Range ticularly following storms. in the tropical Atlantic as well as off In view of the possibleoccurrence of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. It is one Althoughrange per secannot identify the Kermadec Petrel in the North At- of the few Pterodroma that occur reg- such wide-rangingbirds as petrels, it lantic (Heintzelman 1960; Heintzelman ularly in the Atlantic, and thus is a

1256 American B•rds,W•nter 1988 prime candidate for wandenng to the 1978, the same seasonas our Culebra Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvama. The Caribbean. Moreover, it has been col- record,and reportsa laterAugust record "Hawk Mountain petrel" elicited sub- lected several times in the North Atlan- (Lee 1986). stantialdebate. R. C. Murphy identified tic region.Lowe (1911) reporteda Her- By contrastthe KermadecPetrel is a the bird as a Kermadec Petrel (Murphy ald Petrel that struck the rigging of a southwesternPacific bird, which ranges 1959), and the record was duly pub- shipon December21, 1905,at 21 ø51 widely acrossthe SouthPacific in the lished by one of the photographers 43ø35%V, a point in the mid-Atlantic non-breedingseason. Even the few re- (Heintzelman 1960; Heintzelman equidistantfrom the LesserAntilles and ports from the Pacificcoast of Mexico, 1961). It was subsequentlyquestioned the Cape Verde Islands. Allen (1934) accepted by Murphy and Pennoyer by variousauthorities including Palmer reported a dark-phase Herald Petrel (1952), are treated as hypothetical (1962) and wasconsidered "uncertain" captured alive at Ithaca, New York, on (Friedmann et al. 1957). There are no by the A. O. U. (1983). We have not August24, 1933, aftera tropicalstorm. generallyaccepted records from the At- examinedthe originalphotographs, but Lee (1979) collecteda dark-phasebird lantic. However, on October 3, 1959, on the basis of the published photo- 74 kilometerseast southeast of Oregon an all-dark petrelwith white underwing graphs (Heintzelman 1960; Heintzel- Inlet, North Carolina, on August 20, patches was observed and filmed at man 1961), we think that Murphy's

Table 1. Pterodromaand relatedprocellariids with dark-bodiedphases (modified from Harrison 1983 and Murphy 1936) Body Wing Probability Length Span of Genus/Species (cm} (cm} mistaket DistinctiveCharacters

Pterodroma Petrels Great-wingedmacroptera 47 97 moderate Large;all dark wings,black bill and legs.Often pale at baseof bill, Atlantic. Kerguelenbrevirostris 36 81 slight Slate gray and silver flashesin some light. Pale leadingedge of wing. High latitudes. Soft-plumagedmollis 34 89 moderate White wing patches,dark mask. Dark phaserare. Breedsin e. North Atlantic. Solander's solandri 40 94 moderate Gray castto mantle. Pale castto breastand chin. Underwing similar to light arminjoniana. Head darker than body. Black legs.Pacific only. Kermadecneglecta 38 92 high White primary shaftsvisible above and below. Usually white-faced Usually pink legswith black feet. Rangeswidely in Pacific. Herald arminjoniana 37 95 -- Dark phasemay havewhite wing patch,or grayishprimary webs with dark shafts.Dark bar on under wing. Often lacks white on head. May be all dark with no pale featherson head. All black bill, and legsand feet. Black-cappedhasitata 40 95 moderate Dark phaseof Jamaica, probably extinct. Had a pale rump. a West Indian species. Murphy'sultima 39 97 high Wholly dark underwing,white mottling on face. Pale baseto bill, pink legs.Central Pacificonly. Mascareneaterimma 2 36 ? moderate All dark, heavy black bill, round tail. Pink legs.No pale area on underwings. F•j•macgillivrayi 3 30 ? slight Small, no pale under wing. Pink legs.One specimen& few sight records.Fiji area only. Bulweria Petrels [much smaller] Bulwer's bulwerii 26 67 none Pale diagonalwing bar, slenderbill. Jouanin'sfallax 31 79 none Like Bulwer's,no pale underwings. Procellaria Petrels [much larger] White-chinned 55 140 none Much larger, white bill and chin. aequinoctialis Westland westlandica 51 137 none Much larger, two tone bill. Blackparkinsoni 46 115 slight Larger, two tone bill, pale primary shafts. PuffinusShearwaters [most are slightly larger; long slenderbill] Flesh-footedcarneipes 43 103 slight Uniform underwing,pink legs.Browner wings and body. Wedge-tailedpacificus 43 101 slight Palish lower abdomen,wedge-shaped tail. Sootygriseus 44 99 slight Broad silveryunderwing coverts. Short-tailed tenuirostris 42 98 slight Palish underwingcoverts. Christmas nativitatis 36 76 slight Uniform underwing pattern. Audubon's lherminieri 30 69 slight Rare dark phasebreeds in LesserAntilles. Light phasebreeds on Culebra. Fulmaris Fulmars [larger] Northern Fulmar F. 48 1O7 slight Dark phasesmoky gray. Pink legs.Acts like shearwater.Pale bill. glacialis

Rtfersto likelihoodof mistakingbird for a dark-phaseHeraM Petrel Several species, such as the Tahitiand Phoenix petrels (P. rostrataand P. alba)are verysimilar to tntermediate Herald Petrels. Recentlydiscovered at Reumon lvland. not well known Knownfrom one •petlmt, n /romFiji, thoughthere are recent sight records Sometimes hsted as Pseudobulwena macgfihvrayt •dent•ficatlonof neglectais most likely edge with most of the web being pale LITERATURE CITED correct.Although those who doubtthis gray. There was no evidenceof white record believe that it was more likely or pale quills (either in the field or on ALLEN, A. A. 1934. A new bird for North arminjoniana,the underwingpattern in photographs);rather the web of the re- America. Univ. State N.Y., Bull. to the migeswas pale. Schools20(13):134-135. publishedphotographs is closerto neg- AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' lecta, and we think this record merits Most A.M.N.H. specimens of the UNION. 1983. Check-list of North reexamination. dark phaseof the Herald Petrel, some- American birds. 6th Edition. Allen Press, In any case, the Herald Petrel is times called "trinitatis", show the con- Lawrence, Kansas. clearly a likely candidateto show up as spicuouswhite wing patch at the base BOND, J. 1978. Twenty-secondsupplement a non-breedingvisitor in the Caribbean, of the primaries (describedby Murphy to the Check-list of birds of the West In- while the Kermadec, essentiallyabsent 1936), but some individuals have only dies(1956). Acad.Nat. Sci.Philadelphia EISENMANN, E. 1960. Further comments a more subtle, pale ashy gray pattern, from the Atlantic, is a highly unlikely on the Hawk Mountain petrel. Linnaean visitor. formed by the paler webs of the pri- News-Letter13(7): 1-2. mariesand extendingirregularly along FRIEDMANN, H., L. GRISCOM, and the primary shaft to create the pattern R. T, MOORE. 1957. Distributional UnderwingPattern shownin Figure 1. Our examination of check-list of the birds of Mexico, Part II the literature and the A.M.N.H. speci- PacificCoast Avifauna 33:1-436. A more decisive conclusion, how- mens reveals that the Herald Petrel is HARRISON, P. 1983. Seabirds:an identi- ficationguide. Houghton, Mifflin, Bos- ever, can be based on a detailed ex- the only Pterodromain which the un- amination of the underwing pattern. ton. derwingpattern shownin Figure 1 oc- HEINTZELMAN, D. 1960. Further com- Murphy (1936) notes that "the most curs.P. neglectadoes not showthe ashy ments on the Hawk Mountain petrel striking and constant distinction be- "digit-like" pattern. Moreover, in neg- Linnaean News-Letter 13(7):2-3. tween these two highly variable birds lecta the indistinct, darkish bar formed HEINTZELMAN, D. S. 1961. Kermadec being the fact that even the darkest ex- by the dark-tipped covertsis broader. Petrel in Pennsylvania.Wilson Bull. 73 amplesof neglectahave white primary 262-267. The white primary quills emphasized HELLMAYR, C. E., and B. CONNOYER shaftsand inner webs, while in all ex- by Murphy (1936; Murphy 1959) are amples of arminjoniana these are rela- 1948.Catalogue of birdsof the Americas conspicuouson specimens,and would andadjacent islands. Part 1.No. 2. Fteld tively dark." Actually the shafts of ar- have been noted in the field or in the Museum of Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 13. minjoniana are white at the baseof the photographs.These differences are suf- LEE, D. S. 1979.Second record of theSouth featherwhere it is obscuredby the un- ficient to eliminate P. neglecta from Trinidad Petrel (Pterodroma armindon- derwing coverts. further consideration. iana) for North America.Am. Birds33 Murphy (1936) described the dark 138-139. phase of the Kermadec Petrel as being LEE, D. S. 1986. Seasonaldistribution of Conclusion marine birds in North Carolina waters, generally grayish brown to brownish 1975-1986. Am. Birds 40:409-412. black, with mottled white areas ap- LOWE, P. R. 1911. A naturaliston desert pearing on the throat. The remigesand The weight of the above evidence islands.Witherby, London. rectrices show white shafts. He de- leads us to conclude that the bird ob- MATHEWS, G. N. 1936. Dove-like petrels scribedthe dark phaseof arminjoniana served at Cayo Lobito was a dark- of thegenus Pterodroma. Ibis 6:376-377 as "similar to the dark phase of Pter- phasedHerald Petrel (SouthTrinidade), MURPHY, R. C. 1936. OceanicBirds of South America, 2 vols. Amer. Mus. Nat odroma neglecta,except for the wing representingthe first occurrenceof that speciesin the West Indies.We point out Hist., New York. characters",which include "under wing MURPHY, R. C. 1959. KermadecPetrel at covertsdark brown, shadedwith ashy, that in the dark phase of this species Hawk Mountain. Linnaean News-Letter one finds some individuals with con- some of the inner median and greater 13(6):4. coverts largely white; primary coverts spicuouswhite and others with subtly MURPHY, R. C., and J. M. PENNOYER white at the base;quills dusky brown ashyunderwing patterns. Significantly, 1952. Larger petrels of the genusPter- odroma. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1580 1- below, more ashy on the inner web, it seemsto be mainlydark-phase Herald 42. which is white toward the base and Petrels that have turned up in the Northern Hemisphere.We concurwith PALMER, R. S. 1962.Handbook of North margins of the primaries, and on the American birds, vol. I. Yale Univ. Press, secondariesextends along most of the Lee (1979) that field studentsshould be New Haven. inner web." The pattern which Murphy on the alert for this speciesin the north- SCOTT, W. E. D. 1891. Observationson describes is variable, but results in a ern Atlantic and Caribbean. the birds of Jamaica. II. Auk 8:353-365 wavy or "digital" pattern of pale gray TAYLOR, J. W. 1972. ProbableBulwer's Petreloff Key West, Florida. Wilson Bull as one moves outward to the tip of the 84:198. wings. Some specimensof arminjon- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS tana are completelydark, having dark Departmentof Environmental ashy rather than white on the under- SeanFurniss made possibleour suc- and Community Medicine, wing coverts. cessful field work at the Culebra Na- UMDNJ--Robert Wood Johnson The Culebrabird (Fig. 1) showsdark tional Wildlife Refuge. We thank the Medical School,Piscataway, NJ underwingcoverts, and uniformly gray late Eugene Eisenmann and Robert 08854 (M. Gochfeld);Department of remiges,with a slightlydarker bar in CushmanMurphy, who many yearsago BiologicalSciences, Rutgers the secondaryarea correspondingto the discussedthe identification and prove- University,Piscataway, NJ 08855 blackertips of the otherwisedark ashy nance of the Hawk Mountain petrel, (Burgerand Saliva);Dept. of Zoology, underwing coverts.The primaries and and Guy Tudor for his valuablediscus- Universityof Hawaii at Manea, secondariesmay have a darker outer sionsof petrel identification. Honolulu, HI, 96822 (D. Gochfeld).

1258 American Birds, Winter 1988