SYAFRIANTO, SM-FAH.Pdf
FIGURE OF SPEECH AND IMAGERY ANALYSIS ON THE BEATLES AND SCORPIONS LYRICS: Imagine, Give Peace a Chance, Wind of Change, Under the Same Sun
A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the S 1 Degree
Syafrianto. SM NIM. 102024574574
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA 2008 ABSTRACT
Syafrianto. SM, Figure of Speech and Imagery Analysis on the Beatles and Scorpions Lyrics: Imagine, Give Peace a Chance, Wind of Change, Under the Same Sun. Thesis. Jakarta: Strata Degree (S1), Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta, September 18, 2008. The writer studied four lyrics as the object of research: Imagine, Give Peace a Chance, Wind of Change, Under the Same Sun. This research is focused on analyzing the figure of speech and imagery of the lyrics by using the descriptive qualitative method and structuralism approach. This research aimed to know the imagery and figures of speech in those lyrics and how they construct the concept of peace. Overall, the concept of peace proposed by the four of these lyrics is the situation without war and the people could be very close like brother that symbolizes the intimacy situation among them.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission in my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, September 18, 2008
Syafrianto. SM
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ﺑﺴﻢ ا ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ In The Name of Allah, Most Gracious Most Merciful
All praises be to Allah the Lord of the world who gives His guidance in completing this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon our prophet Muhammad, SAW, and his family, friends and adherent.
First of all, the writer would like to express thanks you very much to his beloved parent Syafei SN and Mariana HZ and all family mak Ejo H. Siti Sinoriah, the oldest sister and brothers Ernawati and her husband Miswandi, Syafriadi and his wife and Sumardi, S. Ag., who contributed their help and concern in the preparation of this thesis. Throughout his life, they have been and still are ever ready to assist him in his various endeavors – for which it’s truly grateful.
The warm regard goes to his nieces Gusmi wena Selti, Indri Angi Selti, Nayla
Zahratunnisa Syafren and nephews Fakhira Selti, Ahmad Sauqi Syafren and an additional special thanks goes to XanGKurO for encouraging him to finish this thesis immediately.
The writer wishes to express his great appreciation to his advisor Inayatul
Chusna, M. Hum., who has given him the assistances to make this thesis possible.
Then, the writer wishes to record his deep gratitude to the following people for their willing guidance, generous helps and the privileges they extended to him. 1. Dr. Abdul. Chair, M.A., the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty State
Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta.
2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M. Pd., the Head of English Letters Department
State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta.
3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Secretary of English Letters Department
State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta
4. All lecturers in English Letters Department for having taught and educated
him during his study at English Letters Department State Islamic
University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta.
5. Dhuha Hadiansyah, S.S., for editing his thesis grammar.
6. All his friends who learnt together in English Letters Department State
Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta. Special to his class
mates (Djars, Abdurrosid, Abdul hakim, Agus Saefurrohman, Anton
Rustanto, Darojatin, Dindin, Fauziyah Imma, Galih, Ihsan Wahyudi,
Jamaluddin, k’Arie, Lia Octarina, Neng Titin, Neneng Mardiana,
Nurhayati, Meonk-Fiche, Masrofah, M.Iqbal, M.Zakky, M.Zaid Teh-Diah,
Titik Atika, Tuti Fauziyah, Putra Fajar, Rokani Darsyah, Saifi, Sandi
Adrian, Saimah, Yusmiarni, Vie and Med, Yanuar Arifin, Yaman Q-moy
and Gadis, Windi Astuti, Zakiyah Al-Mubarokah), Aceve, Ahmad Rifai,
Budi Prayogi, Chiko, Erlangga, Lia Amelia, Ode, Mudhofar, and the many
other friends are too numerous to name.
7. His beloved el-Na’ma for having taught him the meaning of love. 8. All members of Sanggar Altar, Teater Shahid, Cremona, Taman Suropati
Chamber and Siklus Situ.
9. Mbak-Uliel, Bang-Echo, Awie and Attics, Hayyu Citra Herdana and
Lung, Agung Lan She Lung for having lent him their computers.
10. Adun, A’Isol, Bang-Jimmy, eLy, de-Finny, Neneng Hasani, Nurlaela,
k’Eot, Miss.Siti, Mr.James, Dede Juhanda for having given him their
enthusiasm during accomplishing this thesis.
11. Mustika Dendy, Duile-Nyimas Saung Wati and Khozach-Zaky Mubarok
for helping and documenting his courses.
May Allah blesses them all and give them more then what they have given to the writer. Hopefully, this this thesis gives benefits for all people who read it.
Jakarta, September 18, 2008
Syafrianto. SM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...... i
APPROVAL SHEET ...... ii
LEGALIZATION ...... iii
DECLARATION...... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... v
TABLE OF CONTENT...... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...... 1 A. Background of the Study...... 1 B. Focus of the Study ...... 3 C. Research Question...... 3 D. Significance of the Research...... 4 E. The Methodology of Research ...... 4 1. The Purpose of Research...... 4 2. The method of the research...... 4 3. The Technique of Data Analysis...... 4 4. The unit of data Analysis...... 5 5. Time and place of the Research ...... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...... 6 A. Concept of peace...... 6 1. Introduction...... 6 2. Some Concept of Peace Perspective...... 8 a. Takeshi Ishida ...... 8 b. Anatol Rapaport ...... 9 c. Rudolph Rummel ...... 10 d. Gunnar Johnson ...... 11 e. John Macqurrie ...... 12
B. Figure of Speech ...... 13 1. Simile ...... 13 2. Metaphor...... 14 3. Personification...... 15 4. Apostrophe ...... 15 5. Metonymy ...... 16 6. Symbol...... 16 7. Paradox ...... 17 8. Synecdoche...... 18 9. Hyperbole and Overstatement...... 18 10. Allusion ...... 19
C. Imagery ...... 20 1. Visual Imagery ...... 21 2. Auditory Imagery...... 21 3. Olfactory Imagery...... 22 4. Gustatory Imagery...... 23 5. Tactile Imagery ...... 23 6. Organic Imagery ...... 23 7. Kinesthetic Imagery...... 24
D. Technique of Imagery Development ...... 24 1. Literal Imagery ...... 24 2. Figurative Imagery...... 26
CHAPTER III ANALISIS OF LYRICS ...... 27
A. Data Description...... 27 B. Analysis of Lyrics ...... 32 1. Imagine ...... 32 2. Give Peace a Chance ...... 35 3. Wind of Change ...... 42 4. Under the Same Sun ...... 48
C. Concept of Peace ...... 52
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 56 Conclusion...... 56 Suggestion ...... 58
BIBLIOGRAFHY ...... 60
APPENDIXS...... 63 A. Vietnam War ...... 63 B. Cold War In Berlin ...... 65 C. The Beatles Biography...... 67 D. Scorpion Biography ...... 71
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
According to the book A Pursuit of Poetry by Robert Hillyer, the poetry is classified to three forms; epic, dramatic and lyric. Epic is understood as poetry with a long sustained poem in one form of verse in the classics, dactylic hexameter in which well known by blank verse dealing with a series of heroic events, and cantering around a hero or heroes. Dramatic is a simple form of verse in which poetic drama is cast. Lyric is the most widely inclusive of all, originally referred, as its name implies, to a song-poem to be sung to the accompaniment of lyre. The pure lyric is still a poem of musical intension that could appropriately be set to music.1
E. B. Reed also proposes the definition of lyric within the book A Grammar
Literary Criticism by Lawrence Sargent Hall, that “all songs, all poems following classic lyric form; all short poems expressing the writers mood and feeling in rhythm that suggest music were to be considered as lyrics.”2
Based on both definitions above, the writer can conclude that Imagine, Give
Peace a Chance, Wind of Change and Under the Same Sun could be considered as lyrics because they are song poem which is sung and possesses the elements of poems have.
1 Robert Hillyar, In Pursuit of Poetry (New York: Mc Crew-Hill Book Company, 1960), p. 116. 2 Lawrence Sargent Hall, A Grammar of Literary Criticism (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965), p. 119. As a literary work, lyric is also used to deliver critics of the speakers. In the causality contact, a literary work is influenced by experience of the speakers, and it is seen as a reflection of social structure where the speakers produce their literary works. According to Georg Lukacs, a literary work may have a role as reflection of its society situation (Wiederspiegelung), which has form such as translation or copy
(Abbild) of social structure or imitation (Nachahmung) of it society.3 It could be understood that all literary works including poetry (lyric) is not born from the empty culture. By mean of that, all literary works are a reflection of social structure where the speakers produce their literary works.
The explanation above is closely related to the lyrics that would be analyzed.
Imagine, Give Peace a Chance, Wind of Change, and Under the Same Sun are lyrics that reflect the social condition, critics and hopes of the speakers to the social condition. Through the literary language4 that is full of connotative meaning, the four lyrics deliver the reflection of the social condition, critics and hopes of the speakers.
Categorized as poems, those lyrics consist of intrinsic elements that poems have such
3 Ignas Kleden, Sasrtra Indonesia dalam Enam Pertanyaan: Esai-esai Sastra dan Budaya (Jakarta: Grafitti, 2004), p. 9. 4A literary language is a register (in linguistics, a register is a subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting) of a language that is used in literary writing. The difference between literary and non-literary vernacula forms is more marked in some languages than in others. Where there is a strong divergence, the language is said to exhibit diglossia. Anonymous, Literary Language. Accessed on October 09, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_language. This statement could be supported by definition proposed by Herman J. Waluyo “…literary language in poetry has characteristic of connotative that’s many possibility of meaning like symbol and figurative of speech...” (Herman J. Waluyo, Teory dan Apresiasi Puisi (Jakarta: Erlangga, 1995), p. 28) Through the statement above, we can conclude that the literary language is language, which has characteristic of connotative having many possibilities of meaning like symbol and figurative of speech. as figure of speech and imagery used by the speakers to achieve the goal of reflecting the social condition, critics and hopes of the speaker that is the peace situation.
The analysis of these elements aimed to know what figure of speech and imagery used in those lyrics and what concept of peace do the figure of speech and imagery of those lyrics construct as the research finding of this thesis.
B. Focus of the Study
The writer focuses the research only in analyzing the imagery and figure of speech and that used in the Beatles songs (Imagine, Give Peace a Chance) and
Scorpion song (Wind of Change, Under the Same Sun).
C. Research Question
Based on the background of the study above, the writer would like to discuss the problems of the thesis on title “Figure of Speech and Imagery Analysis on the
Beatles and Scorpions Lyrics: Imagine, Give Peace a Chance, Wind of Change,
Under the Same Sun within two questions:
1. What are the imageries and figures of speech used in Beatles lyrics (Imagine,
Give Peace a Chance) and Scorpions lyrics (Wind of Change, Under the
Same Sun)?
2. What concept of peace do the figure of speech and imagery of those lyrics
construct?
D. Significance of the Research
The writer hopes that this research can be useful to the readers in getting information and to be more acquainted with The Beatles and Scorpion especially for those who want to analyze their lyrics.
E. The Methodology of the Research
1. The Purpose of Research
Regarding with the two questions above; the thesis has two purposes
of research:
a. To know the imagery and figures of speech at those lyrics.
b. To know how the imagery and figures of speech construct the concept
peace in the lyric.
2. The Method of the Research
The method that is used in this research is descriptive qualitative
analysis by using the structuralism approaches.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis
The writer analyzes the figures of speech and imagery of these lyrics,
explains, appreciates, and appraises them critically by using descriptive
qualitative analysis and structuralism approach to find the concept of peace
considered as the research finding of this thesis.
4. The Unit of Data Analysis
The units of data analysis in this research are Imagine; Give Peace a
Chance, Wind of Change and Under the Same Sun’s Lyrics.
5. Time and Place of the Research
This research is accomplished in semester thirteen. All the material are
taken from the libraries: Letters and Humanities library, State Islamic
University library, University of Indonesia library, British Council library and
the other libraries and internet to get more references and information related
to the research.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Concept of Peace
1. Introduction
Peace has always been among humanity's highest values-for some Supremes.
Consider: “Peace at any price,” “The most disadvantageous peace is better than the most just war,” “Peace is more important than all justice” 5 etc.
But, we have to know what peace is. Perhaps the most popular (Western) view is as an absence of dissension or freedom from violence, war,6 a meaning found in the
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
Peace, however, is also seen as concord, or harmony and tranquillity. It is viewed as peace of mind7 or serenity, especially in the east. It is defined as a state of law or civil government, a state of justice or goodness, a balance or equilibrium of powers.8
5 R. J. Rummel, What is Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/TJP.CHAP2.HTM. 6 Jonathan Crowther, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), International New Students’ Edition, p. 1112. 7 Peace of mind or Inner peace is a colloquialism that refers to a state of being mentally or spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress. Being “at peace” is considered by many to be healthy (homeostasis) and the opposite of being stressed or anxious. Peace of mind is generally associated with bliss and happiness Peace of mind, serenity, and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress. In some cultures, inner peace is considered a state of consciousness or enlightenment that may be cultivated by various forms of training, such as prayer, meditation, T'ai Chi Ch'uan or yoga, for example. Many spiritual practices refer to this peace as an experience of knowing oneself. Anonymous, Peace of Mind. Accessed on October 5, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ inner peace. 8 Anonymous, Peace of Mind. Accessed on October 9, 2007. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/TJP.CHAP2.HTM. Such meanings of peace function at different levels. Peace may be opposed to or an opposite of antagonistic conflict, violence, or war. It may refer to an internal state (of mind or of nations) or to external relations, or it may be narrow in conception, referring to specific relations in a particular situation (like a peace treaty), or overarching, covering a whole society (as in a world peace). Peace may be a dichotomy (it exists or it does not) or continuous, passive or active, empirical or abstract, descriptive or normative, or positive or negative.
The problem is, of course, that peace derives its meaning and qualities within a theory or framework. Christian, Hindu, or Buddhist will see peace differently, so will pacifist, internationalist be. Socialist, fascist, and libertarian have different perspectives, as do power or idealistic theorists of international relations. In this diversity of meanings, peace includes the concepts such as justice, freedom, equality, power, conflict, class, and, indeed, any other concept.
All above concepts are defined within a theory or cognitive framework what have been called elsewhere a perspective. Through a perspective peace is endowed with meaning by being linked to other concepts within a particular perception of reality.
2. Some Concept of Peace’s Perspective
a) Takeshi Ishida9
Through an examination of the original meanings of peace in the worlds
main cultures (excluding Islam).10 The root of the word Islam in Arabic is
SALAMA which is the origin of the words peace or submission, a submission to
the God and peace to all humanity. It is, thus, the salutation in Islam is Al-Salamu
Alaikum or “peace on you.” In this regard, the prophet Mohammad ordered his
fellow Muslims to salute others Muslims or non-Muslims with peace when he
said “peace before speech.”
Takeshi Ishida examines the main emphasis of each word for peace in
order to help reduce the semantic differences that can create problems between
different cultures negotiating peace.
Ishida suggests an east - west dichotomy of peace concepts where the
eastern concepts see peace achieved through individual conformity to customs,
norms, etc. as an outcome of individual internal harmony. Western concepts see
peace more as a property of social systems functioning to assure prosperity.11
9 Takeshi Ishida was born in Tokyo in 1972; Takashi Ishida is a renowned Japanese artist/filmmaker. His works have shown extensively at Japanese museums, galleries and film festivals while also internationally, including a recent residency in the UK. In 2007, he received the prestigious "Most Promising Young Talent Prize" from the Fine Art Division of Goto Memorial Cultural Award. Since receiving the prize, Ishida has been based in Toronto, where he remains until the end of February 2009. Anonymous, Takeshi Ishida Trans. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.akimbo.biz/events/?id=13327&day=13&month=11&year=2008. 10 Anonymous, Concept of Peace in Islam. Accessed on October, 9 2007. http://saif_w.tripod.com/questions/violence/concept_of_peace_in_islam.htm. 11 Anonymous, Peace. Accessed on October 9, 2007. http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/full_text_search/PeacePapers/89-14.htm. b) Anatol Rapaport12
Starting from the view that war, especially nuclear war, is the greatest
threat to the survival of humanity, Anatol Rapaport examines international co-
operation aimed at “controlling” war. His conceptual scheme of peace images
includes peace through strength, balance of power, and collective security, peace
through law, revolutionary pacifism, and personal pacifism. His conceptual
scheme analyzes these images in relation to 1) the problem that is seen as
fundamentally important, 2) the conceptualization of a solution, 3) the
identification of actors expected to cope with the problem, 4) modalities of social
control or the mechanisms the actors are expected to use to implement the
solution to the problem. The aspects of Rapaport's conceptual scheme are, 5)
induced attitudes or psychological states which harmonize with the particular
peace image, such as fear and pugnacity in the peace through strength image, and
6) the roles of international cooperation envisaged in the particular image that will
help bring about peace or preserve it.
Interestingly Rapaport implies a range of peace concepts that are based on
threat, induced fear and no international cooperation at one end (peace through
strength), and based on integration, induced love and no international cooperation
at the other end (personal pacifism). In Rapaport's scheme, the conception of
peace as “peace through strength” perceives external threat, uses threat as a means
12 Dr. Rapoport was born in Lozavaya, Russia on May 22, 1911. He came to the United States in 1922 and became a naturalized citizen in 1928. He received his BS in 1938, his MS in 1940, and his PhD in 1941, all from the University of Chicago. He received an honorary LHD degree from the University of Western Michigan in 1971. Dr. Rapoport was a Ford Foundation fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study of Behavioural Science during 1954 and 1955. Anonymous, A Biography of Rapoport. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.gwe.edu/-asc/people/Rapaport/bio.html. of control, and maintains an attitude of fear. While the conception of peace as
“personal pacifism” perceives the problem of human aggressiveness responded to
by individuals through self-perfection and an attitude of love.13
c) Rudolph Rummel14
Rudolph Rummel begins the concept of peace with the view that conflict
is ubiquitous and a necessary part of social. Rummel develops a definition of
peace as a social contract from social field theory. Conflict, in Rummel's view
does a number of important things; 1) it is the means for establishing and
adjusting social order, 2) similarly, it establishes the balance of powers between
what people want and what they can get and 3) through the resolution of conflict
agreements are reached. These agreements are implicit or explicit in the
resolution of conflict and constitute social contract. Thus Rummel's definition of
peace is closely related to those that define peace as conflict resolution or conflict
management.
Additionally, Rummel identifies seven underlying principles of these
concepts of peace. These principles identify peace concepts as a state of either; (a)
13 R.J. Rummel, What is Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/full_text_search/PeacePapers/89-14.htm. 14 Rudolph j. Rummel (1932), BA and MA from the University of Hawaii (1959, 1961); Ph.D. in Political Science (Northwestern University, 1963); Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, Omicron Delta Kappa. Taught at Indiana University (1963), Yale (1964-66), University of Hawaii (1966-1995); now Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of Hawaii. He received numerous grants from NSF, ARPA, and the United States Peace Research Institute. He frequently nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. He received the Susan Strange Award of the International Studies Association for having intellectually most challenged the field in 1999; the Lifetime Achievement Award 2003 from the Conflict Processes Section, American Political Science Association; and the 2007 The International Association of Genocide Scholars' Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to the Field of Genocide and Democide Studies and Prevention. R.J. Rummel, RUDOLPH J. RUMMEL. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/PERSONAL.HTM. no conflict, violence or war, (b) order, (c) mind, (d) law, (e) (coercive) power, (f)
divinity or, (g) goodness. He attempts to group the concepts of peace under these
seven principles.15
d) Gunnar Johnson16
Johnson presents three major concepts of peace: 1) peace as a world
without war, 2) peace as world justice, and 3) peace as world order, abstracts
element of these concepts into theoretical categories:
1) The peace is not war category
The peace is not war category is concerned with disarmament,
control of or elimination of war, understanding the root causes of war, and the
control of or elimination of war-like to these ends most of peace research has
been dedicated. Johnson identifies three conceptual groups under this world
without war view of peace. First are those concerned with eliminating causes
of war. Second are those committed to finding non-violent ways of settling
conflict. And third, those who wish to remove the instruments of war and
mediate confrontations which might lead to war.
Johnson is clearly including under the peace is not war category such
concepts as 1) peace through no violence, 2) peace through conflict resolution,
and 3) peace through disarmament.
15 Anonymous, Concept of Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/full_text_search/PeacePapers/89-14.htm. 16 Gunnar Johnson (July 3, 1889 – June 19, 1926) was a Swedish track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he finished eleventh in the hammer throw competition. Anonymous, Gunnar Johnson. Accessed on November 12, 2008. http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=2006-12205-004. 2) The peace is social justice category
According to Johnson, The peace is social justice category contains
two other important themes, first the awareness of the presence of structural
violence or violence perpetrated by social system. And second, the preference
for research directed towards strategies of non-violent change. The peace as
social justice school has shifted focus from the causes of war to the conditions
of violence and peace. In doing so it has continued to define peace in terms of
violence and has added conflict theory to peace theory.
3) The peace as world order category
The peace as world order category attempts to address the problem
of human survival in the face of increasingly complex world problems such as
nuclear war, and ecological disaster.17
e) John Macquarrie18
Peace is viewed as a process of creating a more peaceful world, or of
manifesting the latent true nature of humanity, where that peaceful world or latent
nature is ideal states or goals. The actual attainment of the goal or the existence of
17 R.J. Rummel, What is Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/full_text_search/PeacePapers/89-14.htm. 18 ANTILL, JOHN MACQUARIE (1866-1937) a soldier, was born on January 26, 1866 at Jarvisfield, Picton, New South Wales, second surviving son of John Macquarie Antill, grazier, and his wife Jessie Hassall, née Campbell. His paternal grandfather was Major Henry Colden Antill, aide-de- camp to Governor Macquarie. Educated at Sydney Grammar School, he was working as a surveyor when he joined the New South Wales Mounted Rifles in 1889. Commissioned as a captain on 19 January, he raised and commanded the Piston Squadron. Four years later he was sent to India by Major General (Sir) Edward Hutton and attached to the 1st Battalion, Devonshire Regiment, and the 2nd Dragoon guards for training. On his return in 1894 he was commissioned in the colony's Permanent Military Forces and appointed to the instructional staff. R.J. Rummel, Antill, John Macquarie (1866 - 1937). Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A070084b.htm. the goal is taken as a matter of faith, or of transcendent experience. However the
process of creation is seen as more immediately important. According to
Macquarrie, The problem of peace is one of fractures. The process of peace is one
of healing fractures.19 This worldview is the basis for the concept of peace as a
process and the definition of peace as healing fractures. Macquarrie illustrates the
importance of worldview in determining concepts of peace. A worldview that
does not have a basic orientation of fear leads to a concept of peace that is
integrative. Integrative in the sense that creation of peaceful relations and creation
of peaceful social structures are incorporated.20
The concept of peace that is proposed by some experts above will be used
to be referenced by some news concept of peace of the lyrics proposed that will
be analyzed in the chapter III.
B. Figures of Speech
1. Simile
According to Wren and Martin, simile is a comparison made between two
objects of different kinds which they have, however at least on point in common.
Generally, a simile refers to only one characteristic that two things have in
common, while a metaphor is not faintly limited in the number of resembles it
way indicate.21 Usually, the simile is signified by the words like: like, as, so,
19 “Healing fractures” in Macquarrie's term is nearly synonymous to “reducing separation.” 20 R.J. Rummel, What is Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/full_text_search/PeacePapers/89-14.htm. 21 Perrine Laurence & R. ARP Thomas, Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry (Florida, United State of America: Harcourt Brace Collage Publishers, 1991) Eight Edition, p. 61. appear, seem, more then. Simile is seen at a poem A Red, Red Rose by Robert
Burns.
O my love, is like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June O my love is like the melodies That’s sweetly played in tune
On this poem, Robert Burns use the word like to represent his love that is
like a red, red rose and melodies that is sweetly played in tune.
2. Metaphor
According to Barnet, metaphor asserts the identity, without a connective
such as “like” or a verb such as “appears” of a term that are literally
incompatible.22 According to Perrine, metaphor is a figure of speech in which a
comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. In the other case Croft
defines that metaphor describes the subject being the thing to which it is
compared. In the piece of Robert Herrick’s poem below, he uses metaphor to
express his feeling to his sweetheart.
You are tulip seen today, But dearest, of so short a stay There were you grew scarce man can say.
In the first line of this poem, Herrick images his sweetheart with a
beautiful and charming tulip, but unfortunately, the tulips does not have time to
stay along, which is proposed described through the line ...so short a stay.
22 Barnet, Sylvan, et al., An Introduction to Literature. (New York: Harper Collins Publishers 1993), Tenth Edition, p. 63. 3. Personification
Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. It is a really subtype of metaphor, an implied comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison is always a human being.23 James Stephens use a personification in his poem The Wind. The poet expresses the wind like human which has legs, fingers, and hands.
The wind stood up and gave a shout He whistled on his fingers and Kicked the withered leaves about And thumped the branched with his hand And said he’s kill and kill and kill And so he will and so he will
4. Apostrophe
Closely related personification is apostrophe which consists in addressing someone absent or dead or something non human as if that person or thing were present and a live and could reply to what is being said.24
The speaker (William Wordsworth) uses the apostrophe in the first line of the following London poem “…Milton! Thon shoudst be living at this hour…” the speaker addresses Milton, a well known English poet in 17th centuries that changed Paradise Lost. The speaker addresses his name (Milton) hoped to come when English was being attacked by the crisis of culture, because his present was could be a treat the soul that was being crisis.
23 Perrine, op. cit., p.64. 24 Ibid. p. 65. 5. Metonymy
In metonymy, the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. John Oyer uses metonymy in Grongar Hill;
A little rule, a little sway, A sun beam on a winter’s day, Is all the pround a mighty have Between the cradle and the grave
We recognize that cradle signifies of birth, and grave signifies death.25
Synecdoche (the use of the part whole) and metonymy (the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant) are a like in that both substitute some significant detail or an experience for the experience it self.26
6. Symbol
Symbol is the visible object or action that suggests some furthers meaning in addition to it.27 Perrine says that “a symbol may be roughly defined as something that means more than what it is.”28 It is closely connected with denotation and connotation meaning. Symbol is the part of poem’s structure that could not be paid attention that is caused of its function in understanding the poem meaning.
The words that we use in daily conversation have literal meaning or usually denotative referred to object directly without referring to the other manning. But, the word dog in this line “…some dirty dogs stole my wallet at the
25 X J. Kennedy, An Introduction to Poetry (New York: Pearson, Longman. 2005), p. 96. 26 Perrine, op. cit., p. 66. 27 Kennedy, op. cit., p. 232. 28 Perrine, op. cit., p. 80. bus,” refers to the thief who steal his wallet. The phrase dirty dogs represent the character of the thief who has the bad characteristic like dirty dogs.
The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost for instance, describes a choice made between two roads by a person out walking in the woods. He would like to explore both roads. He tells himself that he will explore one and then come back and explore the other, but he knows that he will probably be unable to do so.
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, log I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent I the undergrowth;
The word road here represents the world that full of choice and we have to be claver in choosing them.
Image, metaphor and symbol shade into each other and are sometimes difficult to distinguish. In general, however, an image means only what it is; the figurative term in metaphor means something other than what it is; and a symbol means what it is and something more, too. A symbol, that is, functions, literally and figuratively at the same time.29
7. Paradox
Paradox is a statement or sentiment that appears contradictory to common sense yet is true in fact. The examples of paradox are “mobilization for peace” and “a well-known secret agent.” According to Perrine, “a paradox is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true. It may be either a situation or a
29 Ibid. p. 80. statement.”30 The value of paradox is its shock value, for example: when
Alexander pope wrote that a literary critic of his time would “damn with faint
praise,” he was using a verbal paradox, for how can a man damn by praising? 31
8. Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a part use to designate the whole. It is closely related to
definition proposed in book An Introduction to Poetry, explains that “synecdoche
is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice verse.”32 The
word mouth in line “He has many mouths to feed…” 33 constitutes a part of our
body whose function to eat, drink, etc. but, the mouth here represents many
people.
9. Hyperbole or Overstatement
Hyperbole or overstatement is a simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in
the service a truth. It is not the same as a fish story. If you say “I am starved!” or
“you could have knocked me over with a feather” or “I’ll be die if I don’t pas this
course!” you do not expect to be taken literally; you are merely adding emphasis
to what you really mean. (And if you say “there were literally millions of people
at the beach! You are merely piling one overstatement on top anther, for you
30 Ibid. p. 100. 31 Ibid. 32 Kennedy, op. cit., p. 96. 33 Siswantoro, Apresiasi Puisi-Puisi Sastra Inggris (Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press, May 2002), p. 39. really mean, “there were figuratively millions of people at the beach,” or, literally,
“the beach was very crowded.”)34
10. Allusion
Allusion that is defined as “a reference to something in history or previous literature is like a richly connotative word or a symbol, a means of suggesting far more than it says.”35 The word Joshua in the context of
Chesterfield’s toast, calls up in the reader’s mind the whole biblical story of how the Israelite captain stopped the sun and the moon in order that the Israelites might finish a battle and conquer their enemies before nightfall. The force of the toast lies in its extremes economy; it says so much in so little, it exercises the mind of the reader to make the connection for himself.
The affect of Chesterfield’s allusion is chiefly humorous or witty, but allusions also may have a powerful emotional effect. The essayist William Hazlitt writes of addressing a fashionable audience about the lexicographer Samuel
Johnson, Speaking of Johnson’s great heart and of his charity to the unfortunate,
Hazlitt recounted how, finding a drunken prostitute lying in Fleet Street late at night, Johnson carried her on his broad back to the address she managed to give him. The audience, unable to face the picture of the famous dictionary-maker doing such a thing, broke out in titters and expostulations, whereupon Hazlitt simply said: “I remind you, ladies and gentleman, of the parable of the Good
Samaritan.” The audience was promptly silenced.
34 Perrine, op. cit., p. 101. 35 Ibid, p. 120. Allusions are a means of reinforcing the emotion or the ideas of one’s
own work with the emotion or ideas of another work or occasion. Because they
may compact so much meaning in so small a space, they are extremely useful to
the poet.36
C. Imagery
Imagery may be defined as the representation through language of sense
experience. Poetry appeals directly to our senses, of course, through its music and
rhythms, which we actually hear when it is read load. But, indirectly it appeals to
our senses through imagery; the representation to the imagination of sense
experience. The word image perhaps most often suggests a mental picture,
something seen in the mind’s eye – and visual imagery is the kind of imagery
occurs most frequently in poetry. But an image may also represent a sound
(auditory imagery); a smell (olfactory imagery); a taste (gustatory imagery);
touch, such as hardness, softness, wetness, or heat and cold (tactile imagery); an
internal sensation, such a hunger, thirsty, fatigue, or nausea (organic imagery); or
movement or tension in the muscles or joints (kinesthetic imagery).37 The
imageries could be grasped from the classification below:
36 Ibid. p. 120 et seqq. 37 Ibid. p. 49. 1. Visual Imagery
Visual imagery evokes a picture of something that occurs most frequently in poetry, sometime seen in the mind eye which called by sight effect,38 through the poem of William Wordsworth Daffodils below seen the obvious described about visual imagery.
Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: The thousand saw I at a glance Tossing their heads in sprightly dance
Inside of our imagination appears the description or portrait about daffodil flower that is growing stretched and never ending along the margin of a bay and we can see the thousands of daffodil, what beautiful they are! It is tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
2. Auditory Imagery
Auditory imagery represents a sound. In the poem bellow:
Hear the sledges with the bells - silver bells! What a world of merriment their melody foretells! How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, In the icy air of night! While the stars that over sprinkle All the heavens, seem to twinkle With a crystalline delight; Keeping time, time, time In a sort of runic rhyme, To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells, From the bells, bells, bells, Bells, bells, bells, From the jingling and tinkling of the bells.
38 Siswantoro, op. cit. p. 52. Poe calls up our imagination through the auditory effect. He invites us to
hear sledges39 with the bells, how they tinkle in the icy air of night, or we can hear
the jingling and tinkling of the bells.
3. Olfactory Imagery
Olfactory imagery calls up the sense of smell to the reader. We can grasp
the olfactory imagery through the lines of Robert Frost’s poem below:
The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard And made dust dropped stove-length sticks of wood, Sweet-scanted stuff when the breeze drew across it.
In the first line, he uses visual imagery to visualize the situation when the
buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard and the dust dropped stove-length sticks
of wood. The speaker uses olfactory imagery in third line of this poem “…Sweet-
scanted stuff when the breeze drew across it” to empress to the reader about the
smell when the buzz saw snarled and rattled in the yard and the dust dropped
stove length sticks of wood.
4. Gustatory Imagery
Gustatory imagery is the imagery represented a taste. The example of this
imagery could be grasped through the following quotation of Robert Frost’s poem
(Blueberries) “…the blueberries as big as your thumb...with the flavor of soot…”
he awakens our imagery by tasting blueberries with the flavor of soot.
39 A vehicle with long narrow strips of wood, metal, etc. instead of wheels for traveling over the ice and snow. Larger types of the sledge are pulled by horses or dogs and smaller ones are used for going down hill for sport or pleasure. Jonathan Crowther (1995), op. cit. p. 1112. 5. Tactile Imagery
This imagery includes touch such as hardness, softness, wetness or heat and cold. In the sonnet that is written by Shakespeare below, we can feel what freezing has he felt when he is in far from his sweetheart. Shakespeare describes the situation by using the lines such as bellow:
How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! What freezing have I felt, what dark days seen! What old December’s bareness every where!
6. Organic imagery
Organic imagery is an internal sensation including the sensation like hunger, thirsty, fatigue or nausea. This imagery could be grasped through the following poem “Lord Randal”
“O where have ye been, Lord Randal, my son? O where have ye been, my handsome young man?” “I here been to the wild wood; mother, make my bed soon, For I’m weary will hunting, and fain wald lies down”.
“Where gat ye your dinner, Lord Randal, my son? Where gat ye your dinner, my handsome young man?” “I dined will my true love; mother, make my bad soon, For I’m weary will hunting, and fain wald lie down.”
We can feel how weary Lord Randal is and how he wants to lie down!
We can feel it through the question asked by his mother to him such as in line
“…o where have ye been, Lord Randal, my son…” but the Lord Randal just say
“…I dined will my true love; mother, make my bad soon/ for I’m weary will hunting, and fain wald lie down.” This lines describes how tired Lord Randal is! The imagery that is built by speaker calls our imagination up to feel as same as
the speaker.
7. Kinaesthetic Imagery
Kinaesthetic imagery conveys a sense of movement or tension in the
muscles or joints. We can study it in Ghost House’s poem “…the black bats
tumble and dart.” This poem impresses us about the sense of movement or
tension in the muscles or joints.
D. Technique of Imagery Development
Imagery does not appear just like that. A poet needs to take on several
steps to build imagery in his mind:
1. Literal Imagery
The literal imagery is a mental impression that is created by direct
description. The poet uses literal imagery when he makes word choices that are
very direct, concrete and specific. He invites the reader to imagine something
clearly and distinctly. Siswantoro says: meski sifatnya deskriptif, seorang penyair
tidak akan mengumbar kata berpanjang lebar, sebab ia sadar bahwa bahasa
puisi terkait oleh persyaratan seperti: padat dan singkat.40 Harmon and Holman
says”…a literal image being one that involves no necessary change or extension
in the obvious meaning of the words, one in which the words call up a sensory
40 Siswantoro, op. cit., p. 57. representation of the literal object or sensation…”41 it means the poet only
chooses the simple and compact words in poem, and it must bring the reader to
participate in imagery that is developed by poet.
For example, the writer will give several lines from “Winter” by William
Shakespeare, which contain the visual imagery that is developed by literal
imagery technique: When icicles hang by the wall
And Dick the shepherd blows his nail And Tom bears logs into the hall And milk comes frozen home in pail, When blood is nipped and ways be foul, Then nightly sings the staring owl, “Tu-whit, tu-who!”
In these lines, the poet uses common sentences in order to describe the
winter. However, these ordinary sentences can produce the imagery that makes
the reader feels the winter in the sixteenth century. Imagine that the reader will
see icicles, a pointed piece of ice that is form when water freezes as it falls down
from something such as a roof that hang by the wall. In this poem, he uses literal
imagery technique by using ordinary sentence and simple word in order to
develop the visual imagery. Although the poet only uses ordinary sentences and
simple words, the reader will be able to catch the visual imagery, which is
developed by poet in the poem. Like in these lines, the reader will catch the visual
imagery from the ordinary sentences that is created by the poet.
41 William harmon and C. Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature, (New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1995). p. 240. 2. Figurative Imagery
The other way to develop the imagery is using figurative imagery.
This common technique uses figure of speech in developing imagery. Harmon and Holman say “…and a figurative image being one that involves a “turn” on the literal meaning of the words.”42 So many poet uses figure speech to enrich the sense of imagery to make a reader’s imagination and give reader full participate in interpreting the content of poem.
The writer can say that the poet often uses figurative language in developing image in reader’s mind in their poems. For example, the writer also gives several lines from “A red, red rose” by Robert Burns, which contains the visual imagery that is developed by using figurative imagery technique:
O my luve, is like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June. O my luve is like the melodie That’s sweetly played in tune.
These four lines contain the visual imagery; in this case, poet develops the
visual imagery by using figurative language. In these lines, the poet develops the
visual imagery by using simile; he puts a connective like as an indicator of simile
in it. He makes a comparison between his lovely with a rose. The reader can feel
how deep the speaker’s love to his sweetheart. The reader will imagine how his
love like a red rose that is newly sprung in June. And the love likes the melody
that is sweetly played in tune. The writer can conclude that the visual imagery in
these lines is developed by figure imagery by using simile in developing it.
42 William Harmon, and C. Hugh Holman (1995), op. cit. p. 240. CHAPTER III
THE ANALYSIS OF LYRICS
A. Data Description
To support the analysis of this research, the writer uses the following data description containing detail imagery and figure of speech found in the lyrics.
1. Imagine (John Winston Lennon/ The Beatles)
Imagine there’s no heaven 1 It’s easy if you try Nowhere below us Above only sky Imagine all the people 5 Living for today
Imagine there’s no country It isn’t hard to do Nothing to kill or die for And no religion too 10 Imagine all the people Living life in peace…
You may say I’m a dreamer But I’m not the only one I hope someday you’ll join us 15 And the world will be as one
Imagine no possessions I wonder if you can No need for greed or hunger A brother of man 20 Imagine all the people Sharing all the world.
You may say I’m a dreamer But I’m not the only one I hope someday you’ll join us 25 And the world will be as one
Table 1 Imagery of Imagine
No Imagery Corpus Lines 1 Visual Imagery Imagine there’s no heaven… 1 …imagine there’s no country it isn’t hard to 7-11 do nothing to kill or die for and no religion too…
Table 2 Figure of Speech of Imagine
No Figure of Speech Corpus Lines 1 Symbol Imagine there’s no heaven… 1 Imagine there’s no country, 7 …and no religion too. 11 ... if you can no need for greed or hunger… 18 2 Paradox Imagine there’s no heaven… 1 …Imagine there’s no country… 7 …and no religion too… 11
2. Give Peace a Chance (John Winston Lennon/ The Beatles)
Ev'rybody's talking about 1 Bagism, Shagism, Dragism, Madism, Ragism, Tagism This-ism, that-ism Isn't it the most All we are saying is give peace a chance 5 All we are saying is give peace chance
Everybody’s talking about Ministers, Sinister, Banisters and canisters, Bishops and Fishops and Rabbis and Pop eyes, And bye bye, bye byes. 10 All we are saying is give peace a chance All we are saying is give peace a chance
Let me tell you now Everybody’s talking about Revolution, Evolution, Mastication, Flagellation, Regulations. 15 Integrations, Meditations, United Nations, Congratulations All we are saying is give peace a chance All we are saying is give peace a chance
Oh Let's stick to it Everybody’s talking about 20 John and Yoko, Timmy Leary, Rosemary, Tommy smothers, Bob Dylan, Tommy Cooper, Derek Taylor, Norman Mailer, Alan Ginsberg, Hare Krishna,Hare Krishna All we are saying is give peace a chance 25 All we are saying is give peace a chance
Table 3 Figure of Speech of Give peace a Chance
No Figure of Speech Corpus Lines 1 Synecdoche Ev'rybody's talking about bagism, shagism, 1-2 dragism, madism, ragism, tagism… …ministers, sinister, banisters and canisters, 8-10 bishops and fishops… .. Revolution, evolution, mastication, 15-16 flagellation, Regulations .integrations, meditations, United Nations… 2 Symbol Ev'rybody's talking about bagism, shagism, 1-2 dragism, madism, ragism, tagism this-ism, that-ism isn't it the most… 3 Allusion ..Everybody’s talking about John and Yoko, 20-24 Jimmy Leary, Rosemary, Tommy smothers, Bob Dylan, Tommy Cooper, Derek Taylor, Norman Mailer, Alan Ginsberg…
3. Wind of Change (Klaus Meine/ Scorpions)
I follow the Moskva 1 Down to Gorky Park Listening to the wind of change An August summer night Soldiers passing by 5 Listening to the wind of change
The world closing in Did you ever think That we could be so close, like brothers The future's in the air 10 I can feel it everywhere Blowing with the wind of change
Chorus: Take me to the magic of the moment On a glory night Where the children of tomorrow dream away 15 In the wind of change
Walking down the street Distant memories Are buried in the past forever I fallow the Moskva 20 Down to Gorky Park Listening to the wind of change
Take me to the magic of the moment On a glory night Where the children of tomorrow share their dreams 25 With you and me
The wind of change blows straight Into the face of time Like a storm wind that will ring The freedom bell for peace of mind 30 Let your balalaika sing What my guitar wants to say
Table 1 Imagery of Wind of Change
No Imagery Corpus Lines 1 Visual Imagery “…The world closing in did you ever think 8-9 that we could be so close, like brothers.”
Table 5 Figure of Speech of Wind of Change
No Figure of Speech Corpus Lines 1 Simile …the world closing in did you ever think that 7-9 we could be so close, like brother… 2 Personification …storm wind that will ring the freedom bell 29-30 for peace of mind 3 Apostrophe “…listening to the wind of change…” 6 4 Symbol “let your balalaika sing” and “what my guitar 31-32 wants to say” 5 Allusion “I follow the Moskva 1-3 down to Gorky Park Listening to the wind of change…”
4. Under the Same Sun (Klaus Meine/ Scorpions)
I saw the morning 1 It was shattered by a gun Heard a scream, saw him fall, no one cried I saw a mother She was praying for her son 5 Bring him back, let him live, don’t let him die Do you ever ask yourself Is there a heaven in the sky Why cant we get it right cause we all live under the same sun 10 We all walk under the same moon Then why, why cant we live as one
I saw the evening Fading shadows one by one We watch the lamb, lay down to the sacrifice 15 I saw the children The children of the sun How they wept, how they bled, how they died
Do you ever ask yourself Is there a heaven in the sky 20 Why cant we stop the fight cause we all live under the same sun We all walk under the same moon Then why, why cant we live as one
Sometimes I think I’m going mad 25 Were loosing all we had and no one seems to care But in my heart it doesn’t change We’ve got to rearrange and bring our world some love
And does it really matter If there’s a heaven up above 30 We sure could use some love cause we all live under the same sun We all walk under the same moon Then why, why cant we live as one cause we all live under the same sky 35 We all look up at the same stars Then why, tell me why cant we live as one
Table 6 Imagery of Under the Same Sun
No Imagery Corpus Lines 1 Visual Imagery I saw the morning… 1-3 It was shattered by a gun Heard a scream, saw him fall, no one cried I saw the evening fading shadow one by one 13-18 We watch the lamb, lay down to the sacrifice I saw the children the children of the sun how they wept, how they bled, how they died 2 Auditory Imagery …It was shattered by a gun Heard a scream, 2-3 saw him fall, no one cried …how they wept, how they bled, how they died 18
Table 7 Figure of Speech of Under the Same Sun
No Imagery Corpus Lines 1 Hyperbola …sometimes I think I’m going mad were 25-26 loosing all we had and no one seems to care… 2 Paradox … is there a heaven in the sky why cant we get 8-9 it right…/ ...why cant we stop the fight.. 3 Allusion cause we all live under the same sun we all 10-12 walk under the same moon then why, why cant we live as one I saw the morning… 1 …I saw a mother 5 She was praying for her son… ..I saw the evening 13-15 fading shadows one by one we watch the lamb, lay down to the sacrifice… …I saw the children 16-17 The children of the sun...
B. Analysis of Lyrics
1. Imagine Analysis
a) Explication
Imagine is a super hits song that is written by John Winton Lennon in
1960. He is well known as a singer and musician who is also considered as the
follower of socialism teaching such as Vladimir Ulrich Lenin, Karl Mark, Leon Trotsky who utter the collective meaning that is together with his band “The
Beatles” guides the number of world’s musicians which give the big contribution
to the world reconciliation.
Imagine is a lyric, as a reaction against the Vietnam War, a bite and
lengthy conflict on the east coast of the Indochinese Peninsula for 18 years (1957
- 1975),43 which is well known as the second Indochina War.
The speaker uses the words such as heaven, country, possession and
religion within his lyric to symbolize the stumbling block for the people living in
peace life. The meaning of the words considered as the stumbling block will be
analyzed in Imagine symbol analysis.
b) Imagery Analysis
Regarding with the theoretical framework of how to build imagery – using
the description suggested as an object like view, idea and etc. or using the words
or the simple expression including in figure of speech – indicates that Imagine has
imagery inside which is developed from figure of speech used by the speaker.
Such was the case analyzed in further paradox analysis below could be
grasped that the following lyric “imagine there’s no heaven/ …imagine there’s no
country/ ...there’s no country it isn’t hard to do/ nothing to kill or die for/ and no
religion too…” describes the refusal or critic of the speaker to the previous
situation and all at one is a description of his daydreaming about the ideal world
suggested as visual imagery.
43 “Vietnam” The Encyclopedia Americana (1829), Volume 28, p. 110.
c). Figure of Speech Analysis
1) Symbol
Symbol is the visible object or action that suggests some further
meanings. The definition of symbol proposed in chapter II of this thesis is
manifested within the statement “a symbol may be defined as something that
means more than what it is.”44
The words such as heaven, country, religion, and greed in line 19 of
this lyric symbolize a few causes of dissension considered as the stumbling
block for all people living in peace. The words heaven is a place believed to
be the home of god and good people, and it also symbolizes a place or state
very quiet happiness where everybody competes to reach it. War is a kind of
symbol, which describing that competition.
Both religion and country symbolize the powerful doctrine of human.
While, the word greed that is translated in language (an excessive desire for
food, especially when one is not hungry or an excessive desire for wealth,
power, etc. for oneself, without consideration for the needs of other people)45
symbolizes the bad characteristic of human who is suggested has
consequences poor in quality or not good to the human life.
44 Siswantoro, op. cit., p. 43. 45 Jonathan Crowther, (1995), op. cit. p. 521. Beyond the cause of the Vietnam War, the word heaven, country, and
religion are some of the essential kinds that cause the dissension of war.
From this lyric, “imagine there’s no heaven/ …imagine there’s no country/
...there’s no country it isn’t hard to do/ nothing to kill or die for/ and no
religion too…” the writer sees how the speaker understands and offers the
ideal world symbolizing the oneness and unity of a country related to intimacy
among people.
2) Paradox
The paradox that defined as “an apparent contradiction that is
nevertheless somehow true that may be either a situation or a statement”
emerges in some lines of this lyric such as “Imagine there’s no heaven/
Imagine there’s no country/ …and no religion too.” The speaker emerges
some realities that are exactly believed by almost of people in this world such
as the existence of the heaven, religion, country. But, the impossibility of that
statement exactly possesses the rightness.
Such was the case analyzed in the symbol analysis above, that the
words such as heaven, country, and religion are suggested as stumbling block
for all people living in peace. The word heaven is a place believed to be the
home of god and good people, and it also symbolizes a place or state very
quiet happiness but no one could live peace in the earth because of the
antagonism, referring to the war.
2. Give Peace a Chance Analysis
a) Explication
This Give Peace a Chance lyric was recorded in Queen Elizabeth Hotel
room in May, 1967 attended by some guests such as Timothy Leary, Tommy
Smothers, Petula Clark and journalists, which is also conformity with the Bed In
action launched by John Winston Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono as a protest to
the Vietnam War.
The Beatles…after the break up or blak-blakan The Beatles…after the
break up published by PT Gramedia explicates that the Bad In action is a
reconciliation advertisement meant as the contrary of war advertisement used to
published in newspapers at that time. A translation work by Pandu Ganesa,
Lennon said:
Inti peristiwa Bed In secara singkat adalah iklan perdamaian, sebagai kebalikan dari iklan perang, yang diberitakan di surat-surat kabar setiap hari pada waktu itu… Bed In diadakan selama tujuh hari mereka boleh menanyakan apa saja_tak dtutup-tutupi, tak ada batas waktu sampai kau memperoleh semua yang kau ingin ketahui tentang John and Yoko. John desember 1980.46
Overall, this lyric describes the human character, preference and human
life style, ideology, etc. But, they constantly pretend to utter the peace described
in refrain of this lyric “all we are saying is give peace chance.”
b) Figure of speech Analysis
1) Synecdoche
46 David Bennahum, The Beatles…after the break up or blak-blakan The Beatles…after the break up Pandu Ganesa (Jakarta: PT Gramedia 2006), p. 76. Synecdoche that is defined as “a part is used to designate the whole”
emerges in the first, second and third stanzas of this lyric. The words such as
shaggy, drag, mad, rag, and tag could be suggested as a particular philosophy
or set of principles, or an individual preoccupation or way of life after added
by suffix ism47 in the end of the words such as shagism, dragism, madism,
ragism, tagism.
While the words that surfacing in the second stanza are the words or
terms related to the religion manifests or designates the whole of human belief
such as ministers (refer to a Christian Churches or priest),48 sinister
(suggesting an evil, or that something bad may happen),49 banisters (the posts
and rail that are fixed at the side of a staircase),50 canisters (a use metal
container for holding tea, or coffee, etc. or a small container filled with shot or
gas),51 bishops (a senior priest in charge of the work of the Church in a city or
district),52 fishops and rabbis (a Jewish religious leader or teacher on Jewish
law).53
The words in the third stanza where the speaker writes the line such as
“…everybody’s talking about revolution,54 evolution,55 mastication,56
47 This suffix is used very freely in modern English to form nouns which embody a particular philosophy or set of principles, or an individual preoccupation or way of life. Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 294. 48 Jonathan Crowther (1995), op. cit. p. 742. 49 Ibid. p. 1104. 50 Ibid. p. 80. 51 Ibid. p. 163. 52 Ibid. p. 108. 53 Ibid. p. 956. 54 Revolution (an attempt to change the system of government esp. by force or a complete or dramatic change of method, condition, etc. or a movement in a circle round a point, especially of one planet round another). Ibid. p. 1008. flagellation,57 regulations,58 integrations,59 meditations,60 united nations…”61
in which all of the words related to the political terms that symbolize the
preferences of human.
After grasping all of the words, the writer concludes that the words in
first, second and third stanza of this lyric describe the human philosophy or
way of life as the various description of human.
2) Symbol
In the first stanza of this lyric, the writer finds some word ended with
suffix ism such as bagism, shagism, dragism, madism, ragism, tagism this-
ism, that-ism. This suffix is used very freely in modern English to form nouns
which embody a particular philosophy or set of principles, or an individual
preoccupation or way of life.
The word bagism is the place for fans of John Lennon and The Beatles
to come together and learn, educate, and have fun. It is an interactive site
meaning that you will have to be an active participant rather than just being a
55 Evolution (the gradual devolvement of the characteristics of plants animals over many generations, especially the development of more complicated forms from earlier, simpler forms or the process of gradual movement). Ibid. p. 397. 56 Mastication (masticate to chew foot). Ibid. p.721. 57 Flagellations (flagellate to whip somebody or oneself as a religions punishment or for sexual pleasure). Ibid. p. 443. 58 Regulations (a rule or restriction made by an authority or the action or process of regulating something, control) . Ibid. p. 983. 59 Integrations (integrate to combine two things in such a way that one becomes fully a part of the other/ to become or make somebody. become fully a member of a community). Ibid. p. 620. 60 Meditations (the action or practice of meditating (meditate) to think deeply, use in silence, especially for religious purpose or n other to relax/ to plan something. In one’s mind; to consider doing something). Ibid. p. 728. 61 United Nations (an organization of many countries formed to encourage peace in the world and to deal with problems between nations). Ibid. p. 1304. passive observer. The underlying concept of John and Yoko's bagism idea is
interactivity among people without prejudice.62 In other words, it symbolizes
the intimacy among people.
Even as the words shagism,63 dragism,64 madism,65 ragism,66 and
tagism67 symbolize the life style of musician in 1960s, where the group of
rock music emerges with shaggy style, jeans, and pro drugs and lyric which
have love themes as a protest to the Vietnam War.
The word bagism, shagism, dragism, madism, ragism, tagism embody
a particular philosophy or set of principles or an individual preoccupation or
way of life that refer to 1960s decade.
3) Allusion
The speaker uses allusion defined as “a reference to something in
history or previous literature is like richly constitutive word or symbol, a
means of suggesting for more then it says to build the meaning far more what
its says” in the last of stanza of this lyric.
62 Anonymous, Bagism. Accessed on December 28, 2007. http://www.bagism.com/. 63 (Of hair, fur, etc.) Long, thick and untidy/ covered with long thick untidy hair, fur, etc.), retrieved from: Jonathan Crowther (1995), op cit. p. 1079. 64 (an of breathing in smoke from a cigarette, etc.), retrieved from: Ibid. p. 350. 65 (Mental ill/ very polish, crazy/ very interested in or enthusiastic about somebody/ something/ very exited, wild). Ibid. p.705. 66 (A piece of old, often torn, cloth used especially for cleaning things/ (piece ragtime music is a music played especially. on piano that originated in the USA in the 1890s and developed into jazz). Ibid. p. 958-959. 67 (A label or device attached to something/ somebody, e.g. to identify them/ a name or phrase applied to somebody/ something. That describes them/ it in some way/ a word of phrase that added too sentence for emphasis/ children’s game in which one child chases the other and tries to touch one of them). Ibid. p. 1214. The row of the names above is related to the icon of 1960s except
Here Krishna.68 But, the writer can conclude that they are the people who give
contribution such as thought, information, opportunity to produce works of
art, entertain etc.
Some rows of the people who give contribution are written by Lennon
within the line “…John and Yoko, Timmy Leary, Rosemary, Tommy smothers,
Bob Dylan, Tommy Cooper, Derek Taylor, Norman Mailer, Allan Ginsberg,
Hare...” They are the famous icons of 1960s, such as Lennon, an English rock
musician, singer and songwriter, who gained worldwide fame as one of the
founders of The Beatles,69 and his wife Yoko.
Timmy Leary whose full name Timothy Francis Leary (October 22,
1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer, psychologist, modern pioneer
and advocate of psychedelic drug research and use, and one of the first people
whose reaming have been sent into space. An icon of 1960s counterculture,
Leary is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits
of LSD.70
68 The Hare Krishna mantra, also referred to reverentially as the Maha Mantra ("Great Mantra"), is a sixteen-word Vaishnava mantra made well known outside of India by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (commonly known as 'the Hare Krishnas'). It appears within many traditions of Hinduism and is believed by practitioners to bring about a higher state of consciousness when heard, spoken, meditated upon, or sung out loud. According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, this higher consciousness ultimately takes the form of pure love of God (Krishna). Retrieved from: Anonymous, Hare Krishna. Accessed on March 14, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Krishna. 69 Anonymous, John Lennon. Accessed on March 14, 2008. http://www.solcomhouse.com/johnlennon.htm. 70 Anonymous, Timothy Leary. Accessed on March 14, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary. Rosemary Brown is an English psychic who claims to have been
contacted by the spirits of the dead, and given the opportunity to produce
works of art, music or literature, which under normal circumstances she would
be unable to create.71
Tommy smothers Thomas Bolin "Tom" Smothers, born February 2,
1937 is an American comedian, composer and musician from New York.72
New York. While Bob Dylan was born in Duluth, Minnesota on May 24,
1941 was one of many folk singers to come out of the 1960s. At twelve he
taught himself to play guitar and later began playing harmonica along with his
singing. His lyrics not only send a powerful message, they are stark, realistic,
incredible poetry.73
Tommy Cooper Tommy Cooper is one of Britain's best loved and
funniest comedians. At the age of 8 an aunt bought Tommy a magic set and he
would spend hours perfecting all the tricks. By the age of 16 he got a job as
magician on a boat.74
Derek Taylor, Derek Taylor was born in Liverpool in 1932. A local
Liverpool journalist, he worked for the Liverpool Daily Post and Echo, the
71Anonymous, Rosemary Brown. Accessed on May 8, 2008. http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/PaBrown104.htm. 72 Anonymous, Tom Smothers. Accessed on March 14, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Smothers. 73 Anonymous, Bob Dylan. Accessed on December 28 2007. http://www.wc.pdx.edu/bobdylan/ bobdylon.html. 74 Anonymous, Tommy Cooper Biography. Accessed on March 14, 2008. http://www.biographyonline.net/comics/tommy-cooper.html. News Chronicle, the Sunday Dispatch and the Sunday Daily Express, and he
was columnist and theatre critic for the Northern Daily Express.75
Norman Mailer was A major figure in post-war American literature,
Mailer's other credits include writing, directing and appearing in a number of
motion pictures. He was born in 1923 in Long Branch.76
Allen Ginsberg was born in Newark-New Jersey, June, 3 1926. During
the 1960s Ginsberg became one of the more prominent figures in the
American anti-war movement, as he also joined love-ins, took LSD, and
generally grabbed every opportunity to harass the authorities. Still, his anger
and rebellion were perceived as generally good-natured, and in 1974 he won
the National Book Award for The Fall of America: Poems of These States,
1965-1971. In his later years he served as a kind of Grand Old Man of pop
counterculture, even appearing in a video for MTV in 1996.77
Overall, the lyric is a description about the philosophy of people or
way of life such as inclination to talk about fashion, politics, pleasure, and
beliefs symbolizing the several kinds of human character. But, they constantly
utter the peace including the refrain “…all we are saying is give peace a
chance.”
3. Wind of Change Analysis
75 Anonymous, Derek Taylor Portfolio. Accessed on accessed on December 28, 2007. http://www.beatlesagain.com/ bderek.html. 76 Anonymous, Norman Mailer his Life and Works. Accessed on December 28, 2007. http://www.iol.ie/~kic/ index.html. 77 Anonymous, Allen Ginsberg, Poet. Accessed on December 28, 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/allen-ginsberg. a) Explication
Wind of Change written by Klaus Meine and Bruce Fairbairn illustrates
the end of continuous war’s situation. The lyric is exactly happy reaction to the
collapse of Berlin Wall (Die Berliner Mauer), which makes their country longer
separate to be West Germany that is well known as Bunder Republic
Democratiche and Deutschland Republic Democratiche which is capitally in East
Germany.78
The happy reaction is described by speaker through the lines 7-12 of this
lyric “…the world closing in did you ever think that we could be so close, like
brothers the future's in the air I can feel it everywhere blowing with the wind of
change.” It exactly symbolizes the moment of Berlin wall’s collapse.
The original wall built of barded ire and cinder blocks was subsequently
replaced by a series of concrete wall (up to 15 feet [5 m] high) that were topped
by quarried which watchtower and unpleasant wires separates them to be at a
distance of each other.
The collapse of Berlin Wall that is described in the following lines “…the
world closing in did you ever think that we could be so close, like brothers…” is a
situation that is suggested as the future that could be felt everywhere that
supported by phrase wind of change.
The wind of change is personified as storm wing that could break all the
things out till it also rings the freedom bell for peace of change. The freedom for
78 Anonymous, Tembok Berlin. Accessed on October 23, 2007. http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Berlin. the peace of change refers to breaking of Berlin Wall where the German could fell
it as happiness.
b) Imagery Analysis
In Give Peace a Chance, the speaker does not use detail words indicating
imagery. Yet, the speaker uses some figures of speech words that could be used
by the reader to build imagery – as one of ways to build the imagery.
The speaker uses simile to compare the objective reality; that is war
situation hoped by him altering to be intimacy situation like brothers. The
situation that is compared by the speaker could be appreciated through the
following line“…The world closing in/ did you ever think/ that we could be so
close, like brothers...” The ideal world constitute speaker’s dream measured as
visual imagery about a peace state that is German without separation.
c) Figure of Speech Analysis
1) Simile
In a simile items from different classes are explicitly compared by a
connective such as “like,” “as,” or “than,” etc. or by a verb such as “appears”
or “seems.”79
In this lyric “…The world closing in/ did you ever think/ that we could
be so close, like brothers,” the speaker uses simile to compare the object
reality, that is situation hoped by him thai is like brothers.
79 Sylvan Barnet, A Short to Writing about Literature. Boston: Little, Brown Company, 1968. p. 103. The word brother means (a man or boy having the same parents as
another person or a man who is united with others by belonging to the same
group, society, profession).80 That word gives description about the situation
among people before separation where they live in neighbours then,
immediately removed by the Berlin Wall.
The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier separating
West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany. The longer “inner
German border” demarcated the remainder of the East-West German border
between the two states. Both borders were part of the Iron Curtain.
The wall separated East Berlin and West Berlin for 28 years, from the
day construction began on August 13, 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989.
During this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross
the Wall into West Berlin, according to official figures. However, a prominent
victims' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee
from East to West Berlin.
The speaker also uses the simile in the lines 27-30 of Wind of Change
“...The wind of change blows straight/ Into the face of time/ like a storm wind
that will ring/ the freedom bell for peace of mind….” Here the speaker
describes the alteration or change is like storm wind that rings the freedom
bell for peace of mind. Wind of Change is a description of alteration or change
that is compared with storm wind.
80 Jonathan Crowther, op. cit., p. 554.
2) Personification
Personification that is consists in giving the attributes of human being
to an animal, an object, or a concept81 appears in the end lines of the lyric
“…storm wind that will ring the freedom bell for peace of mind.” Here the
speaker attributes the human characteristic through the phrase storm wind. He
personifies the human character on this word that can ring the the freedom
bell for peace of mind.
The speaker makes uses the personification in the last line of this lyric
“let your balalaika sing” and “what my guitar wants to say.” The speaker
personifies the attribute of human character on balalaika and guitar that both
are the inanimate object (music instrument) can sing and say like human.
3) Apostrophe
Closely related to personification is apostrophe, aphostrope consisting
in addresing someone absent or dead or something non human as if that
person or thing were present and alive and could reply to what is being said82
emerges in the first line of Wind of Change, the speaker apostrophizes the
wind of change such as a person and living creaturer that could be heart by the
soldiers passing by listening to the wind of change related to the breaking of
Berlin Wall’s news.
81 Perrine, loc. cit., p. 64. 82 Ibid. p. 65.
4) Symbol
The word balalaika in line“…let your balalaika sing” is a national
instrument of Russia, originating from the Tatar domra, a fretted instrument
similar to a guitar, the balalaika is usually three stringed, with a triangular
sounding board and a finger board made in six sizes to form a complete
family, the balalaika rages in size from its counterpart, the traditional guitar,
up to huge models resting on the floor. Almond shaped holes on the surface of
the sounding board. Tending concentrically to form a star or a circle, resemble
somewhat the S’s on the sound box of the violin. Two strings are tuned
unison, usually at c and the third string is tuned at a, while the word guitar in
the following line “what my guitar wants to say” is an instrument too.
Both of these words balalaika and guitar are the instruments that give
pleasure situation to people through the sounded tone. They symbolize the
freedom of the world in which everybody can sing, say and share each other.
5) Allusion
In the first line of the quotation of this lyric, the speaker uses allusion
to describes their journey to Moscow that could be simplified within the line
“I follow the Moskva/ down to Gorky Park/ Listening to the wind of
change…” The wind of change here symbolize the news of the breaking of
Berlin Wall.
4. Under the Same Sun Analysis
a) Explication
Under the Same Sun is written as reaction against the Cold War in
Germany; Germany to be West Germany supported by USA, England and French
and East Germany by Soviet union.
The war situation could be seen from line 13 – 18 of this lyric. “I saw the
evening/ fading shadows one by one/ we watch the lamb, lay down to the
sacrifice/ I saw the childre/ the children of the sun/ how they wept, how they bled,
how they died.” This stanza explicates about the dibble of evening, we watch the
lamb, lay down to the sacrifice and he (persona I) saw the children how they
wept, how they bled, how they died. While, in the previous line, the word
morning emerges in line “” that refers to the pleasure and freshness that is
suddently shattered by gun, weeping, scream, and view of victim who falls, a
mother who pray for her son.
Something paradox emerges in lines “…Do you ever ask your self/ is
there a heaven in the sky/ why can’t we get it right/ cause we all live under the
same sun/ We all walk under the same moon/ then why, why cant we live as
one…” Here the speaker uses the word heaven within the paradox lines to
symbolize a place believed to be the home god and good people, and it also
symbolizes a place or state very quiet happiness but why we can not live in peace
beneath like the serene life in the heaven. This lyric will be analyzed in this research by analyzing the imagery and
figure of speech found to support the massages. b) Imagery Analysis
Visual imagery and auditory imagery appears all at once in this stanza. In
the first line of this lyric, the speaker emerges the sight effect to the reader about
the morning that is immediately shattered by a gun. The auditory imagery joins
with the frightened scream reverberated in the whole of worlds.
The shooting of the gun shatters the beauteous morning seen in line “I
saw the morning/ …it was shattered by a gun/ heard a scream, saw him fall, no
one cried… .” Here is a description of frightened screams of victims and scornful
of society. In those wildness and savagery situations, the speaker saw everyone
victimized, felt and no one cried. Here is a description about indifferent of war
wildness and debauchery.
The line “…I saw a mothe/ she was praying for her son…” brings the
reader to the sight effect where the speaker (persona I) sees the morning shattered
by gun and a mother who is praying for her son. In a strain tone, the mother said
“...bring him back, let him live don’t let him die…” an expectation and prayer of
mother for his son’s life sake.
In the line 14 - 15, the speaker uses visual imagery. This is closely related
to the first line, but, slightly different in using the word morning for the former
and evening for the later. Here, the speaker visualizes the evening fading shadow
one by one. The portrait that is described in the first stanza refers to something
happens in the further line of this lyric “I saw the evening/ We watch the lamb, lay down to the sacrifice/ I saw the children/ the children of the sun/ how they wept, how they bled, how they died… .” The speaker visualizes the sight effect to the readers.
In the end of the lyric above, the readers pass the nature situation of peaceful village without war, but the sequel of this statement immediately describes the war situation so that all children are hoped to be the future generation who will struggle for the country have to weep loosing their family and something they have.
c) Figure of Speech Analysis
1) Hyperbole
The hyperbole situation appears in the following statement
“…sometimes I think I’m going mad…” The speaker said that he is acts as
though he is mad. The hyperbole that is defined as a statement is made
emphatic by overstatement appears in “…sometimes I think I’m going mad/
were loosing all we had and no one seems to care...” The speaker describes the
line of anguish experienced by him. That is the morning shattered immediately by
gun and the others rifferring to the Cold War in germany. All of these
situation unify within the hubbub and confusing of the speakers thought.
2) Paradox
Paradox that is defined as an apparent contradiction that is
nevertheless somehow true. It may be either a situation or a statement emerges
in the following lines of this lyric: …is there a heaven in the sky why can’t we get it right
…cause we all live under the same sun we all walk under the same moon then why, why cant we live as one
Regarding with the lyric above, the writer finds the paradox situation here by means of word heaven symbolizes an agent of peace assumed as the real of happiness source giving a protection or patronage properly to everyone who live in the earth. But, the people can not get it right.
The paradox situation could be understood through the lines “...we all live under the same sun/ we all walk under the same moon/ then why, why can’t we live as on…” here the speaker criticizes the situation through the end of the lyric “…why we can’t live as one,” in which every can not live like borthers.
The life in under the same sun and walking under the same moon describes the intimacy, familiarity of life among people nevertheles, it give nothing to the people stay beneath.
The speaker also proposes the paradox situation in the continued lines of this lyric“...we all live under the same sky/ we all look up at the same stars/ then why, tell me why cant we live as one,” in which both of these stanzas describes some short images of paradox condition that is properly living as one, even wage war.
3) Allusion
Referring to the definition of the allusion “a reference to something in
history or previous literature is like a richly constitutive word or symbol, a
means of suggesting far more than it says,”83 the writer can concludes that
some of of lines “I saw the morning/ It was shattered by a gun/…I saw a
mother/ she was praying for her son/ …I saw the evening/ …we watch the
lamb, lay down to the sacrifice/ I saw the children…” categorized as symbol
that could be said as allusion too such as the words morning and evening. The
word such as mother, lamb, children are also indicated as allusion, because
the row of the words refers to something in history or previous literature as
background of this lyric considered suggesting far more than it says.
The word morning written by the speaker in first line of this lyric
describes an allusion describing the opposite situation with the situation
proposed by the word morning indicating the freshness, cold, etc. such was
the case evening, mother, lamb, children referring to the turpitude of war.
C. The Concept of Peace
Overall, the four lyrics describe the ideal world referring to the way of the speaker grasps the peace itself. But, the concept of peace constructed by them constantly refers to the concept of peace that is defined by some prominent figures such as Takeshi Ishida, Anatol Rapaport, Rudolph Rummel, Gunnar Johnson and
John Macqurrie their concepts are submitted in theoretical framework of this thesis.
83 Ibid. p. 120. The speaker uses the figure of speech such as simile, metaphor, personification or apostrophe etc. and imagery give the good effects to the readers and of course the four these shout people to give a chance for peace.
In the theoretical framework of this thesis, Gunnar Johnson presents three major concepts of peace: 1) peace as a world without war, 2) peace as world justice, and 3) peace as world order, abstracts element of these concepts into theoretical categories.
The third category of concepts is closely related to something that is proposed by the speaker within the lyric “Imagine” “…Imagine there’s no heaven,” “imagine there’s no country it isn’t hard to do nothing to kill or die for and no religion too,” and “imagine no possessions…” that is measured as the stumbling block for people to live in peace. The paradox situation that emerges the analysis is a description of the speaker to the previous situation that is Vietnam War that construes the concept of peace; how people can live as one and without differences.
While Give Peace a Chance describes the concept of peace through the refrain of this lyric “All we are saying is give peace a chance.” This refrain is invitation to all people to give peace a chance where peace is suggested as a colloquialism that refers to a state of being mentally or spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress. Being "at peace" is considered by many to be healthy (homeostasis) and the opposite of being stressed or anxious.
The word bagism in the first stanza of this lyric understood as the place for fans of John Lennon and The Beatles to come together and learn, educate, and has fun. It is an interactive site meaning in which everyone will have to be an active participant rather than just being a passive observer.
The underlying concept of John and Yoko's bagism idea is interactivity among people without prejudice proposing the concept of peace that is the intimacy situation, intimation of one to the others and all people could be active in making the peace such as described in the refrain of the lyric“…all we are saying is give peace a chance.”
The concept of peace that is proposed by this lyric related to the concept of peace proposed by John Macquarrie – peace is viewed as a process of creating a more peaceful world, or of manifesting the latent true nature of humanity, where that peaceful world or latent nature is ideal states or goals. The actual attainment of the goal or the existence of the goal is taken as a matter of faith, or of transcendent experience. However the process of creation is seen as more immediately important.
The figure of speech used by the speaker in this lyric indicates a symbol describibng a process of creating peace in the world.
Wind of Change and Under the Same Sun written by Scorpions is a lyrics delivered to their country conflict as ctritic of the speakers to the war situation.
Through both of lyrics, the writer concludes that the peace is the situation where people could be so close like brother and every body can feel peace everywhere.
Even as, Under the Same Sun constructs the concept of peace through the paradox situation. The paradox situation appeals from the word heaven symbolized as an agent of peace that is assumed as the real of happiness source giving a protection or patronage properly to the people in the earth. Yet, why can not we live as one. The speaker described that situation in lines “…do you ever ask yourself/ is there a heaven in the sky/ why cant we get it right/ cause we all live under the same sun/ we all walk under the same moon/ then why, why cant we live as one.”
The oncept of peace proposed by the speaker through above lyric related to the concept of peace proposed in Wind of Change, that is the situation in which people could be so close like brother.
Based on both of the concept of peace above, the writer concludes that Wind of Change and Under the Same Sun describe the concept of peace that is nearly same with the concept of peace that is proposed by Gunnar Johnson within the first category of three categories presented by him “peace as a world without war.” This category is concerned with disarmament, control of or elimination of war, understanding the root causes of war, and the control of or elimination of war like to these ends most of peace research has been dedicated.
Overall, the concept of peace that is proposed by the four of these lyrics describe the situation without war and the people could be so close like brother.
CHAPTER IV
CONCULUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. CONCLUSION
Based on the focus of the study, the writer focuses the research only in analysing figure of speech and imagery used in the Beatles songs (Imagine, Give
Peace a Chance) and Scorpion song (Wind of Change, Under the Same Sun) that are considered as lyrics. Categorized as poem, those lyrics consist of the intrinsic elements that poem have. Imagery and Figure of speech construct the concept of peace, considered as the research finding of this thesis.
Four of these lyrics Imagine, Give Peace a Chance, Wind of Change and
Under the Same Sun, describe the ideal world such as visualized in Imagine, the speaker visualizes the mental picture or a description of his dream where there is no heaven, country, religion and possession assumed as stumbling block for people to live in peace.
The word heaven that is suggested as a place believed to be the home of god and good people symbolizes a place or state very quiet happiness, in fact gives nothing to the peoples stay in its bellow. Here construes the paradox description of this lyric describing the critic of the speaker to the Vietnam War.
Based on the above examples, the writer concludes how imagery and figure of speech construct the concept of peace considered as the research finding of this thesis. In chapter III, the writer can see how figure of speech helps to deliver the messages covered within the lyric, the speaker used the allusion84 to build the meaning far more what its says as seen in following lines “…John and Yoko, Timmy
Leary, Rosemary, Tommy smothers, Bob Dylan, Tommy Cooper, Derek Taylor,
Norman Mailer, Allan Ginsberg, Hare... .” The row of that name related to the icon of 1960s, gave contribution such as thought, information, opportunity to produce works of art, entertain etc. The words that used in the first stanza of this lyric
“…bagism, shagism, dragism, madism, ragism, tagism this-ism, that-ism...” embody a particular philosophy or set of principles, or an individual preoccupation or way of life.
The word bagism for example is a place for fans of John Lennon and The
Beatles to come together and learn, educate, and have fun. It is an interactive site meaning that you will have to be an active participant rather than just being a passive observer. The underlying concept of John and Yoko's bagism idea is interactivity among people without prejudice.85 In other words, it symbolizes the intimacy among people.
The other examples could refer to the personification appeared in lines 19 and
30 of Wind of Change “…storm wind that will ring the freedom bell for peace of mind...” The speaker attributes the human characteristic with the storm wind that can ring the freedom bell for peace of mind.
84 Allusion is a reference to something in history or previous literature-is, like richly constitutive word or symbol, a means of suggesting for more then it says to build the meaning far more what its says. Perrine, loc. cit., 101. 85 Anonymous, Bagism. Accessed on December 28, 2007. http://www.bagism.com/. While, the symbol appearing in lyric Under the Same Sun, the speaker uses the word morning and evening to build the natural situation. Both of these words give the freshness and peaceful exciting impression to the reader’s mind. The word morning describes the beautiful sunset fading shadows one by one that is shattered by gun immediately. Meanwhile, the word gun is also regarded as a symbol describing the war situation seen from the following lines “…Heard a scream, saw him fall, no one cried” and “…Fading shadows one by one/ We watch the lamb, lay down to the sacrifice.” From some proposed lines above, the writer can see the turpitude of war.
Finally, by analysing the imageries and figures of speech of those lyrics, the writer concludes that those lyrics construct the concept of peace that is the situation without war and the people could be very close like brothers.
B. SUGESTION
The thesis entitled Figure of Speech and Imagery Analysis on The Beatles and
Scorpions Lyrics: Imagine, Give Peace a Chance, Wind of Change, Under the Same
Sun is one of many exertions to find the news treasure in literature and this thesis hoped could giving the appreciation to literature itself.
The writer suggests those who are interested in studying about lyrics, especially in The Beatles and Scorpions lyrics, they can use many approaches such as figure of speech and imagery in comprehending the context and message of their works. And, anyone who is interested in studying of grasping deeper about their lyrics may use more approaches than the writer has that related to the intrinsic or extrinsic element of poem have, because the lyric is a part of poem its self. The discourses of any authors, readers and appreciators upon the literary works in websites, and books and discourses are some helpful to accomplish this thesis.
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APPENDIXS
A. Vietnam War The Vietnam War is also known as the Second Indochina War, the Vietnam Conflict, and, in Vietnam, the American War, occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and its communist allies and the US-supported Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). It concluded with the defeat and dissolution of South Vietnam. For the United States, the war ended in the withdrawal of American troops and the failure of its foreign policy in Vietnam Over 1.4 million military personnel were killed in the war (only 6 percent were members of the United States armed forces), while estimates of civilian fatalities range up to 2 million. On April 30, 1975, the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, fell to the communist forces of North Vietnam, effectively ending the Vietnam War.86 The Effect of War on U. S. Society, The war had profound effects on American society as well as on the U. S. role abroad. Unpopularity of the war with large portions of the American public was a major reason for President Johnson’s refusal to run for the Democratic nomination to a second term in 1968. The strong showing of Sen. Eugene McCarthy in Democratic primary balloting was interpreted by the president as a repudiation of his leadership. Vice president Hubert H. Humphrey was not able to dissociate himself sufficiently from the Johnson was policies, and the result was the election of republican Richard M. Nixon as president in 1968. Other political effects, one of the war’s early political effects on the domestic scene was its impact on the already developing radicalization and polarization of the country’s youth. Young persons were in the forefront of the 1968 presidential drives of Senators McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy. The young led demonstrations at the Democratic convention in Chicago and dominated antiwar demonstrations. The intensity of youth’s reaction against the war was shown in the spring of 1970. Almost all collage campuses were disrupted, and some of the schools ere forced to close, as students expressed their opposition to the U. S. South Vietnamese intervention in Cambodia. Student leaders accused President Nixon of expanding the conflict, and the fatal shooting of four students by Ohio National Guardsmen during a demonstration at Kent State University in May intensified the reaction against the government. The opsonisation of youth to other war drew the greatest attention; party because of the dramatic ways in which it expressed itself. But many clergymen,
86Anonymous, Vietnam War. Accessed on May 13, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War. educators, and businessmen had expressed their disapproval of the government’s Vietnam policies as early as the mid-1960’s, and the numbers grew in subsequent years. As late as 1968, however, a majority of the public apparently did not favor disengagement from Vietnam. Initially, the public believed that the United State should not have become involved in the conflict, but that since it was involved it should see the war through to the end. By mid-1971 a majority of the public seemed to believe that the United States should get out of the war. A Harris poll in May had shown that 60% of the persons polled favored continued U. S. withdrawal even if the government of South Vietnam should collapse Escalation of a war that was never formally declared led to a strain on the constitutional system of checks and balances. Although congressional and senatorial criticism of the war mounted after 1965, it was clear that public-distrust of government was increasing. This attitude seemed to be dramatically justified when in 1971 several U. S. newspapers exposed high-level deception of the American public over Vietnam by publishing excerpts from the “Pentagon Paper,” a classified government study. The subsequent illegal entry into the office of Dr. Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist –Ellsberg was chiefly responsible for the disclosure of the Pentagon Papers underscored continued government irregularities. The Vietnam War thus contributes to a strong national reaction to the cover up of the June 1972 Watergate break-in, which led of let to the attempt to impeach President Nixon, his historic resignation in1974, and the succession of Gerald R. Ford to the presidency. The irony was that President Nixon was largely responsible for American disengagement from the Vietnam War. The congers elected in 1974 included an unusually large number of new faces. It was younger and more liberal than any Congers had been for years. The radicalization of some aspects of American politics, a feature of the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, had given way to a more measured liberal presence. But American political complacency had been shaken. A new responsiveness had been introduced into the political process, and the Vietnam War had played a significant role in the change. There was also a domestic response to the overextension of American power abroad and to the excessive assumption of responsibility for other nations’ affairs. Termed “neo-isolationist,” this sentiment was clearly a reaction to the length, cost, and outcome of the war. Effects on U. S. Economy, the reaction against an activist foreign policy was not exclusively induced by the Vietnam War. Increasingly, Americans showed growing concern over neglected areas of domestic policy-the deteriorating state of many cities, environmental pollution, and expanding welfare rolls. But it was the general state of the economy as much as anything else that caused increasing public concern in the first half of the 1970’s. The economy cost of U. S. involvement in Vietnam was probably the least appreciated aspect of the decisions of those who first involved the United States in the war and then dramatically escalated the conflict in the mid 1960’s. By the war’s end in 1975, its total cost to the United States, including higher prices fir other government activities not directly related to the foreseen, government controls of the sort that had been introduced in previous major wars were not immediately established. The inflation that gripped the nation in the first half on the 1970’s, although not wholly induces by the Vietnam War, was much influenced by the cost. As early as the mid 1960’s such areas as the construction industry were hard hit as war spending drove up mortgage interest rates. By the early1970’s, the inflation was the worst the nation had experienced since the years just after World War II. Overall economic activity slowed down considerable after nearly a decade of fairly rapid growth and subsequent compensatory moves, combined with the decline of U.S. participation in the war, increase unemployment. By 1974 the country was clearly in a recession and the difficulties of the American economy were having worldwide effects. A largely uncontrolled war economy appeared to have driven up the costs of many American non-war goods, to have forced capital and related activity out of the country and to have laid the basis for overlapping inflation and recession. The consequences of the Vietnam War for the United States were not limited to its domestic economy. The high priority accorded Vietnam had adverse effects for the United States in internationally as well. While the United States was devoting billions of dollars a year to military investment developed at an unprecedented pace. Japan began invading U.S. domestic markets and underrating U.S. sales abroad. Eventually as foreign confidence in the dollar sagged, the U.S. currency was allowed to float on the international market. In effect, it was expending its missile and naval capacities, its economy unburdened by the adverse effect of a costly foreign war.87
B. Cold War in Berlin (Berlin Wall) The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany. The longer 'inner German border' demarcated the remainder of the East-West German border between the two states. Both borders were part of the Iron Curtain. The wall separated East Berlin and West Berlin for 28 years, from the day construction began on August 13, 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989. During this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin, according to official figures. However, a prominent victims' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from East to West Berlin. The GDR/East German government gave shooting orders to border guards dealing with defectors; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which GDR officials have denied exist. When the East German government announced on November 9, 1989, after several weeks of civil unrest, that visits in West Germany and West Berlin would be permitted, crowds of East Germans climbed onto and crossed the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by
87 “Vietnam” The Encyclopedia Americana (1829), Volume 28, p. 112g. souvenir hunters; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it After the end of World War II in Europe, what territorially remained of Nazi Germany was divided into four occupation zones (per the Potsdam Agreement), each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers: the Americans, British, French and Soviets. The old capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the Soviet Union. Although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern Germany together inside the 1947 borders, the advent of Cold War tension caused the French, British and American zones to be formed into the Federal Republic of Germany (and West Berlin) in 1949, excluding the Soviet zone, which then formed the German Democratic Republic (including East Berlin).88
The Effect of Cold War in Berlin, After the downfall of Hitler's Third Reich, the division of East and West Germany separated the "Land In the Middle of Europe." The continued shifts in boundaries only clarified Germany's uneasy role in Europe. After an evil dictatorship by Hitler and the horrors brought about by Word War II, for nearly fifty years the division of Germany appeared to insure stability into the Cold War. "A nation of former Nazi's seemed to be being transformed into two nations, one of Democrats, the other of Communists-and each appeared to be a model instance of its type. These two Germany's, created by the superpowers, faced each other on the Iron Curtain, which ran down the inner-most frontier of the largest divided nation. East and West Germany were almost polar opposites. They saw everything in black and white. They were each other's greatest enemies. This was shown on April 26, 1960. The East German Ministry of Cultural Affairs issued as order that the word "Germany" would no longer be used in any documents. The two German states would henceforth be called the "German Democratic Republic "and "West Germany."
88 Anonymous, Berlin Wall. Accessed on May 13, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall. Germany had failed to develop a well-settled properly fused society. Since the greatest concentrations of heavy industry lay in the Western zones of occupation, a portion of reparations from those zones was to be turned over to the Soviets. The Russians, whose country had suffered enormous devastation from many years of warring, felt justified in seizing as much German industrial equipment as they could. The question then arose of how to deal with the country as a whole. The Soviets made the most changes, which were in line with their Communist ideology; they socialized much of industry and affected a radical, agrarian reform that distributed land to farmers in Communist fashion. Russia believed that the best hope for united and free Germany lay in establishing a new government for at least part of the country so as to bring about political stability. This political stability would be supported by a Communist foundation to ensure rapid economic recovery. The Marshall Plan shocked the Soviet leaders in Moscow. They would no longer be able to use poverty in Western Europe to spread Communism. Moscow's reaction to the Marshall Plan was swift. The military governors of the Soviet Union announced that they would inspect all freight shipments coming into West Berlin. The officials of the United States would not agree to this because the Soviet leaders had agreed to allow open traffic through a corridor connecting West Berlin with West Germany. By July1, 1948, the Soviet Union had blocked all land and water routes into West Berlin. The people of West Berlin could not survive long without food and other necessities for survival. They would be forced to become part of Communist East Germany. By the Nineteenth Century the idea of Socialism in Eastern Europe had been called into question. Communism in Germany could not be efficient because it lacked the essential properties needed for rational allocation of resources. The disintegration of Communism is primarily due to the lack of market conditions. Tangible goods hold more value than cash, which becomes the preferred medium of economic exchange. Another large problem with Communism was private ownership. Private initiative is the leading force for market performance. If workers interests are tied to the company he or she works for, he or she will work more efficiently. As time continues and technology matures, the crisis laid in the Soviet system, which was no longer, an attractive political model for the future. There was no longer a monolithic Communist movement.89
C. The Beatles Biography
89 David Eisenstein, How the Separation of Germany Contributed to the Disintegration of Communism in Eastern Europe. Accessed on July 02, 2008. http://econc10.bu.edu/economic_systems/NatIdentity/EE/Germany/Disintegration.html.
Inspired by the "skiffle boom," a student at Quarry Bank School in Liverpool named John Lennon decided to form a group in 1957 which laid the foundation to what was to become the most famous rock band of all time. John's original name was "The Blackjacks". However, this name only lasted a week and John used the school name as inspiration for the later name "The Quarry Men" in March 1957. John sang and played guitar, Colin Hanton played drums, Eric Griffiths on guitar, Pete Shotton on washboard, Rod Davis on banjo and Bill Smith on tea-chest bass. Bill was soon replaced by Ivan Vaughan. John was inspired by "Heartbreak Hotel" and became a fan of American rock 'n' roll music. He introduced songs by Buddy Holly, Carl Perkins, The Coasters, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis and Gene Vincent into their repertoire. On July 6, 1957, Ivan Vaughan invited Paul McCartney to see their gig at The Woolton Parish Church Fete. The fifteen-year-old McCartney was introducing to sixteen-year-old Lennon and a unique song writing partnership began. The line-up of The Quarry Men increased to seven with Paul on guitar and vocals, John Lowe on piano and George Harrison on guitar and vocals. Soon Griffiths and another member would leave, leaving e-piece band. The group appeared at several local talent contests but had very few gigs. By January 1959, the group wasn't operating. Although John and Paul kept in touch, George had joined the Les Stewart Quartet. That might have been the end of The Quarry Men but they had a stroke of luck. The Les Stewart Quartet had been booked as a resident band at a new club called "The Casbah." It was run by Mrs. Mona Best to support her son's Pete and Rory. Stewart, upset because his guitarists Ken Brown help decorate the club, refused to play there. Ken and George walked out of the group and George contacted John and Paul, and The Quarry Men were reunited as a quartet. After about seven gigs at the club, Ken Brown left over a disagreement about money. From October 1959 to January 1960 John, Paul and George continued as a trio with Paul on drums. They called themselves "Johnny & the Moondogs." By this time John was enrolled in The Liverpool College of Art. John knew that they needed a bass player so he asked two students if they would like the position. The two were Stuart Sutcliffe and Rod Murray. Both could not afford a guitar, so Rod started to make one by hand. However, Stuart was able to sell one of his paintings to a John Moores Exhibition and was able to buy a Hofner bass guitar and join the group in January, 1960. At this time the group had changed its name to "Silver Beetles". They also began shifting drummers around, the first was Tommy Moore who toured with them through Scotland and then left. The next was Norman Chapman but he left after only a few weeks. Finally, George suggested that Pete Best, the son of club owner Mrs. Mona Best, become the group's drummer. Paul contacted Pete and offered him the drummer seat, he took it. The group had finally settled on "The Beatles" just before their first trip to Hamburg in August, 1960. Now John, Paul, George, Stuart and Pete would head off for Hamburg. At that time The Beatles weren't considered to be the leading group in Liverpool and in most cases were looked down upon. In Hamburg they pulled their act together musically. This was caused by the fact that they had to play such long hours and were bullied by the club owner Bruno Koschimider to "make a show". It wasn't just Hamburg that made them special. The fact that Liverpool had so many venues for local acts to play at, coupled with the rivalry between more than 300 Merseyside groups, continued to forge The Beatles until they were to be regarded as Liverpool's top band. At the time, Pete Best was regarded as the most potent symbol in the band. After Hamburg, Stuart Sutcliffe had left and now The Beatles were a four-piece band and Paul took over as bass guitarist. John, Paul and George were the three front-line guitarists and they alternated as lead singers and also performed vocal harmony with either John and Paul or all three. Pete Best played drums and occasionally sang one song but he had developed a distinctive drum sound called "the atom beat" which many other drummers tried to copy. By this time, The Beatles had hired Brian Epstein as their manager and he signed them up for an audition with Decca Records. The head of Decca Records told The Beatles manager, "Guitar groups are on their way out Mr. Epstein.". The Beatles were devastated by their failed audition but Epstien secured them a contract with Parlophone Records. George Martin became their A&R Man. In August of 1962, Pete Best was replaced by Ringo Starr. Their first single "Love Me Do" was issued on October 5, 1962, and was a modest hit. 1963 and 1964 proved to be the most important years in their careers. In 1963 the "Beatlemania" craze had started in Britain and The Beatles were no longer support acts at concerts. Now they were starring in the Royal Variety Show and the highest rating TV show "Sunday Night At The London Palladium." Their biggest year was 1964 when they conquered the biggest record market in the world - America. The group became symbols. America was mourning the death of President John F. Kennedy and The Beatles appeared on the scene to bring them fun and excitement and end their mourning. They also brought back rock 'n' roll to America. After Elvis had join the army, he lost much of his early rebelliousness. Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry were rocked by scandals and their careers suffered. Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens had been killed in an plane crash. The American media was promoting what The Beatles called "One-Hit-Wonders" such as Frankie Avalon, Tab Hunter, James Darren, etc. Ed Sullivan had been at London airport when The Beatles return from Sweden and saw all the girls screaming, the boys cheering and the media taking pictures. He knew they were something special and he booked them on his TV show "The Ed Sullivan Show". That show received the highest ratings in the history of television up to then. That same year The Beatles toured America for the first time and starred in their first motion picture "A Hard Day's Night". In 1965, The Beatles second motion picture "HELP!" premiered. Later that year, The Beatles performed at Shea Stadium in New York to a crowd of 55,000 screaming fans. The largest live audience in history. Their tours did have their darker moments. The first being in Tokyo, Japan where The Beatles were locked up in their hotel and were not allowed to come out until show time. The next was in the Philippines when, on a day off, Madam Marcos asked them to attend a Royal dinner. The Beatles politely turned down the invitation and the public was furious. The Beatles quickly left. In 1966, The Beatles were under heavy pressure from the press after John made a remark that The Beatles were more popular than Jesus. John had to apologize and explain himself several times. Not only that but their tour of America was plagued with mishaps. On August 19, 1966 they receive a death threat in Memphis and a firecracker went off during the show terrifying The Beatles. The next day in Cincinnati a concert promoter failed to provide a stage canopy and can't understand why The Beatles were unwilling to play electric guitars in a rainstorm. Paul becomes so agitated he becomes ill. On August 28, 1966 at Dodger Stadium, L.A. cops are seen beating teenage girls. Dozens are trampled in the chaos. During the sixties, The Beatles not only became a musical phenomenon, they affected the styles and fashions of the decade. They transformed the record industry as well. They brought about royalties for artists and producers, revolutionized music tours, and started the Pop promo film or what we know today as "The Music Video". Everyone of their albums, from Please Please Me to Abbey Road were all popular and unique in their own way. But after the death of their long time manager Brian Epstein, things would start to fall apart for The Beatles. Due to outside interests the group focused less and less and the band. In late 1964 they were introduced to marijuana and would experiment with more drugs such as LSD which they were first introduced to in late 1965. The Beatles played their last concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco on August 29, 1966. In 1967, their manager Brian Epstein died of a accidental drug overdose. Some friction was caused between John and Paul because Paul was trying to become the leader of the group after Brian's death. Ties were still strong at this point between the band members despite Ringo leaving the band for a short time during The White Album because he felt left out. When Ringo decided to return he found his drum kit decked with flowers and the others tried to include him more. After The White Album they embarked on the "Let It Be" project. The idea was to see The Beatles jam, rehearse and record a whole new album of songs. At the end they would give a concert from some spectacular place. Tensions were high between Paul and George as they started recording at Twickenham Film Studios. John was off in his land of love with Yoko and Ringo was left in the background. One day George walked out on a session after a disagreement with Paul. George came back to finish up the album but as John would later explain, "We couldn't play the game anymore, we just couldn't do it." The Beatles gave their last public appearance on top of the Apple building on January 30, 1969. However their "Let It Be" album was deemed un-releasable. It was handed over to Phil Spector who added lush orchestrations to such songs as "The Long and Winding Road", infuriating Paul. Despite all of this, The Beatles decided to get together to make one final album "Abbey Road" which would go on to become their biggest selling record in history. It was mainly Paul who kept the group together this long, encouraging them to make Magical Mystery Tour back in 1967 after Brian's death and trying to get them all excited about recording and performing. Recording yes, Performing no. From Sgt. Pepper's through Abbey Road these were considered to be their "studio years" where they rarely got together except to record. The Let It Be album was finally released on May 8, 1970 less than a month after Paul publicly announced he was no longer a member of the group. In the end, The Beatles became true legends. Their music touched all our lives. The Beatles wanted more than just to "Be Beatles," they wanted happiness. A happiness that they once had back when they first became successful. John found happiness with his one true love Yoko, his Plastic Ono Band, and son Sean; Paul found happiness with Linda, his children, and Wings; George found happiness with his solo career, Olivia, and his son Dhani; and Ringo found happiness with his solo career, acting career, Barbara, and his sons. They will always be the greatest rock 'n' roll band in history.90
D. Scorpions Biography Scorpions are a hard rock/heavy metal band from Hannover, Germany, best known for their 1980s rock anthem “Rock You Like a Hurricane” and their singles “Wind of Change,” “No One Like You”, “Still Loving You,” and “Send Me an Angel.” The band has sold over 70 million records worldwide.
Formation and early history (1965-1973) Rudolf Schenker, the band’s rhythm guitarist, set out to find a band in 1965. At first, the band was school-kind with beat influences and Schenker himself on vocals. Things began to come together in 1969 when Schenker’s younger brother Michael and vocalist Klaus Meine joined the band. In 1972 the group recorded and released their debut album Lonesome Crow with Lothar Heimberg on bass and Wolfgang Dziony on drums. During the Lonesome Crow tour, Scorpions opened for upcoming British band UFO. At the end of the tour the members of UFO offered guitarist Michael Schenker the lead guitar job; an offer which he soon accepted. Uli Roth was then called in temporarily to finish off the tour. The departure of Michael Schenker led to the break up of the Scorpions. In 1973, guitarist Uli Roth, a friend of the Schenker brothers, was in a band called Dawn Road. He had been offered the role as lead guitarist in Scorpions after
90 Anonymous, The Beatles Biography, Accessed on December 15, 2008. http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/The-Beatles- ography/9B5665A6978FDF4B4825685D00067CE3 Michael Schenker’s departure but turned the band down. Rudolf decided that he wanted to work with Roth but did not want to resurrect the last Scorpions lineup. Rudolf Schenker attended some of Dawn Road’s rehearsals and ultimately decided to join the band, which consisted of Roth, Francis Buchholz (bass),Achim Kirschning (keyboards) and Jurgen Rosenthal (drums). Roth persuaded Rudolf Schenker to invite Klaus Meine to join, which he did soon after. While there were more members of Dawn Road than Scorpions in the band, they decided to use the Scorpions name because they had released an album and were known in the German hard rock scene.
Rise to popularity (1974-1978) In 1974 the new line-up of Scorpions released Fly to the Rainbow. The album proved to be more successful than Lonesome Crow and songs such as “Speedy’s Coming” and the title track began to establish the band’s sound. Achim Kirschning decided to leave after the recordings but subsequently guested on keyboards for the next two albums. Soon after, Jürgen Rosenthal had to leave as he was being drafted into the army, and was replaced by a Belgian drummer, Rudy Lenners. He later joined German progressive rock band called Eloy in 1976 and recorded three albums with them. It wasn’t until the following year that the band hit their stride with the release of In Trance. In Trance marked the beginning of Scorpions’ long collaboration with German producer Dieter Dierks. The album was a huge step forward for Scorpions and firmly established their hard rock formula, while at the same time garnering a substantial fan base, both at home and abroad. In 1976, Scorpions released Virgin Killer. The album’s cover, which featured a fully nude prepubescent girl, brought the band considerable criticism and was ultimately pulled or replaced in several countries. In spite of the controversy - lead singer Klaus Meine even expressed shock - the album garnered significant praise from critics and fans alike. The following year, Rudy Lenners resigned due to health reasons and was replaced by Herman Rarebell. The follow-up to Virgin Killer, Taken by Force, was the first Scorpions record to be aggressively promoted in the United States. The album’s single, “Steamrock Fever,”was added to some of RCA’s radio promotional records. Roth was not happy with the label’s efforts and the commercial direction the band was taking. Although he performed on the band’s Japan tour, he departed to form his own band, Electric Sun prior to the release of the resultant double live album Tokyo Tapes. Tokyo Tapes was released in the US and Europe six months after its Japanese release. By that time in mid 1978, Scorpions recruited new guitarist Matthias Jabs.
Commercial success (1979-1990) Following the addition of Jabs, Scorpions left RCA for Mercury Records to record their next album. Just weeks after being evicted from UFO for his alcohol abuse, Michael Schenker also returned to the group for a short period during the recordings of the album. The result was Lovedrive. Containing such fan favorites as “Loving You Sunday Morning,” “Holiday” and the instrumental “Coast to Coast,” the “Scorpions formula” of hard rock songs mixed in with melodic ballads was firmly cemented. Love drive peaked at 55 on the US charts proving that Scorpions were gathering an international following. After the completion and release of the album, the band decided to retain Michael in the band, thus forcing Matthias Jabs to leave. But after a few weeks of the tour, Michael, still coping with alcoholism, kept missing a few gigs and Matthias Jabs was brought back to fill in for him on those occasions when he couldn’t perform. In April 1979, during their tour in France, Matthias Jabs was brought in permanently to replace Michael Schenker. In 1980, the band released Animal Magnetism, again with a provocative cover showing a girl kneeling in front of a man’s crotch. While Animal Magnetism contained classics such as “The Zoo” and “Make It Real,” it was a critical disappointment when compared with Love drive. The band then began working on their next album. Blackout was released in 1982 and quickly became the band’s best selling to date, eventually going platinum. Blackout spawned three hit singles: “Dynamite,” “Blackout” and “No One Like You.” It was not until 1984 and the release of Love at First Sting that the band finally cemented their status as rock superstars. Propelled by the single “Rock You Like a Hurricane,” Love at First Sting went up the charts and went double platinum a few months after its release. MTV gave the album’s videos “Rock You Like a Hurricane,” “Bad Boys Running Wild,” “Big City Nights,” and the power ballad “Still Loving You” significant airtime, greatly contributing to the album’s success. The band toured extensively behind Love at First Sting and decided to record and releases their second live album, World Wide Live. Recorded over a year long period and released at the height of their popularity, the album was another success for the band, peaking at 17 on the charts. After their extensive world tours, the band finally returned to the studio to record Savage Amusement. Released in 1988, four years after their previous studio album, Savage Amusement represented a more polished pop sound similar to the style Def Leppard had found success with. On the Savage Amusement tour in ‘88, Scorpions became only the second Western group to play in the Soviet Union (the first being Uriah Heep in December 1987), with a performance in Leningrad. The following year the band returned to perform at the Moscow Music Peace Festival. Wishing to distance them from the Savage Amusement style, the band separated from their long-time producer and “Sixth Scorpion,” Dieter Dierks, ultimately replacing him with Keith Olsen when they returned to the studio in 1990. Crazy World was released that same year and displayed a less polished sound. The album was a hit, propelled in large part by the massive success of the ballad “Wind of Change.”
Later days (1991-present). After the release of Crazy World Francis Buchholz, the band’s long- serving bassist left the group. Replacing him was Ralph Rieckermann who handled bass duties until 2002. In 1993 Scorpions released “Face the Heat.” For the recording process, Scorpions brought in producer Bruce Fairbairn. The album’s sound was more metallic than melodic. Face the Heat was a moderate success. In 1995, a new live album, Live Bites, was produced. The disc documented live performances from their Savage Amusement Tour in 1988, all the way through the Face the Heat Tour in 1994. While the album had a much cleaner sound in comparison to their best-selling live album, World Wide Live, it was not as successful. Prior to recording their 13th studio album, 1996’s Pure Instinct, drummer Herman Rarebell left the band to set up a recording company. Curt Cress took charge of the drumsticks for the album before James Kottak took over permanently. 1999 saw the release of Eye II Eye and a significant change in the band’s style, mixing in elements of pop and techno. While, the album was slickly produced, fans were unsure what to make of the band, responding negatively to almost everything from pop-soul backup singers to the electronic drums present on several songs. The video to the album’s first European single, “To Be No. 1,” featured a Monica Lewinsky look alike which did little to improve its popularity. The following year Scorpions had a fairly successful collaboration with the Berlin Philharmonic that resulted in a 10-song album named Moment of Glory. The album went a long way towards rebuilding the band’s reputation after the harsh criticism of Eye II Eye. In 2001, Scorpions released Acoustica, a live unplugged album featuring acoustic reworking of the band’s biggest hits, plus new tracks. While appreciated by fans, the lack of a new studio album was frustrating to some, and Acoustica did little to return the band to the spotlight. In 2004, the band released Unbreakable, an album that was hailed by critics as a long awaited return to form. The album was the heaviest the band had released since Face the Heat, and fans responded well to tracks such as “New Generation,” “Love ‘em or Leave ‘em” and “Deep and Dark.” Whether a result of poor promotion by the band’s label or the long time between studio releases, Unbreakable received little airplay and did not chart. Scorpions toured extensively behind the album, and played as special guests with Judas Priest during the 2005 British tour. In early 2006, Scorpions released the DVD 1 Night in Vienna that included 14 live tracks and a complete documentary. In May of 2007, Scorpions released Humanity - Hour 1 in Europe. Humanity - Hour 1 became available in the U.S. on August 28, 2007 on New Door Records, entering the Billboard charts at number 63.91
91 Anonymous, Scorpions Biography. Accessed on November 30, 2008.
http://www.last.fm/music/Scorpions/+wiki.