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Torres / Aporte C NUEVA SOCIEDAD oyuntura Ramiro Escobar La Cruz Perú: de la incertidumbre al escándalo (y viceversa) Ramiro Escobar La Cruz El fin de 2003 coincidió en el Perú con la mitad del periodo presidencial de Alejandro Toledo, pero también con una crisis política muy seria, que terminó con la renuncia de la primera ministra Beatriz Merino, y que estuvogatillada más por inconfensables apetitos de poder que por una estrepitosa situación económica. Curiosamente, esto ocurrió cuando el mandatario señalaba, en positivo, que su administración se acercaba a un «punto de quiebre». El presente artículo explica las dimensiones internas y externas de esta crisis, y por qué puede agudizarse hasta provocar, a mediano plazo, desenlaces imprevisibles. asi a la medianoche del lunes 8 Ese día era feriado en el Perú, debido Cde diciembre de 2003, el congre- a la fiesta de la Inmaculada Concep- sista Luis Solari se presentó en La boca ción, pero tras varias semanas de es- del lobo, un sintonizado programa de cándalos no parecía quedar en el país televisión y, contrariando su flemático un solo político impoluto. Solari, ex- estilo, exhibió unas inusitadas fauces presidente del Consejo de Ministros y políticas. Amenazó con enjuiciar a dirigente de Perú Posible (PP), el par- Guillermo Gonzales Arica, un contro- tido del presidente, se defendía así de vertido asesor del presidente Alejan- una acusación nada elegante: haber dro Toledo, y dijo que, desde ese pre- ido donde el arzobispo de Lima con ciso instante, «cortaba sus relaciones maledicencias sobre Beatriz Merino, su con el Palacio de Gobierno». sucesora. Ramiro Escobar La Cruz: periodista peruano, columnista del diario Perú 21, Lima; colaborador del diario El País (España) y de las revistas GEO (España) y Gatopardo (Colombia). Palabras clave: situación y proceso políticos, cultura política, Gobierno, Perú. NUEVA SOCIEDAD C Perú: de la incertidumbre al escándalo (y viceversa) oyuntura Intrigas pala-ciegas fesionario? En realidad, la arremetida contra ella venía desde más atrás y por ¿Cuáles eran esas maledicencias que, motivos bastante menos celestiales. A supuestamente, Gonzales Arica filtró diferencia de sus dos predecesores (el a la prensa sin piedad? Increíblemen- mencionado Solari y Guillermo Dañi- te, la versión sostenía que Solari había no, un abogado de prestigio en Was- llevado, o hecho circular, por las ofici- hington), Merino gozaba de una po- nas del arzobispo Juan Luis Cipriani pularidad mucho mayor que la del (único cardenal del Perú y miembro primer mandatario. A Toledo eso no del Opus Dei) y de Rino Passigato, el parecía preocuparlo in extremis, pero nuncio apostólico, la ficha de propie- sí a buena parte de su bancada y sobre dad de la casa de Merino. El pecado: todo al Frente Independiente Morali- la copropietaria era otra mujer. Irma zador (FIM), grupo aliado de PP y co- Chonati, asesora de la Superintenden- mandado por el actual embajador del cia de Administración Tributaria (Su- Perú en España, Fernando Olivera. Las nat) y vieja amiga de la actual premier, zancadillas a la premier, según cada no solo compartía con ella la propie- vez hay más indicios, venían de la mis- dad sino que vivía en el mismo recin- ma entraña de la alianza gobernante. to. Así, entre las rendijas de otra su- Y de algunos extraños consejeros del puesta acusación (que ingresó a la despistado presidente. Sunat con ayuda de Merino, ex-direc- tora del organismo), se filtraba la bea- Una de las ecuaciones políticas, absur- ta e inconfesable sospecha de que am- da e infantil, pero al parecer vigente bas eran lesbianas. era la siguiente: si la popularidad de Merino continuaba, se perfilaba como Ridículo, trasnochado, alucinante, pe- potencial candidata para 2006. Por ro cierto. No en el sentido de haberse añadidura, como ella no pertenece a comprobado (cosa por lo demás irre- PP, la militancia de esta especie de pá- levante, incluso para otros obispos más lido grupo de interesados que sigue al sensatos) sino en el sentido de haber mandatario no la veía con buenos ojos. enrarecido el ambiente político de ma- Se estaba robando, según este ciego nera infame. En rigor, la denuncia de punto de vista, avemarías ajenas. Es que Merino había favorecido a su ami- una posible interpretación de lo que ga, y a algunos de sus parientes, tenía ocurrió con Merino, ya renunciada, sustento, pero estaba inevitablemente pero no la única ni acaso la más certe- envuelta en una homofobia rampante. ra. Más al fondo, en el sustrato del ice- berg de intrigas que amenaza hoy la ¿Qué pasaba en el Perú para que el estabilidad política del país, hay varios destino de la primera ministra se ju- laberintos más, que conducen al pasa- gara por esta suerte de intrigas de con- do, remoto y cercano, y al presente tor- C NUEVA SOCIEDAD oyuntura Ramiro Escobar La Cruz mentoso, y que están minando el fu- tribuyentes casi alcanza apenas 14%. turo político y social muy peligrosa- No parece casual, por eso, que los em- mente. bates contra su gestión hayan surgido cuando, gracias a facultades extraor- Impuestos, tributos y cabes dinarias que le fueron otorgadas al Po- der Ejecutivo, los cambios tributarios En líneas generales, la situación eco- comenzaban a asomar la nariz. Una de nómica del Perú no es desastrosa, no las medidas, por ejemplo –que se dis- se ha «argentinizado». La administra- cute aún al cierre de estas líneas–, era ción de Toledo ha manejado ese deli- la puesta en vigencia de un impuesto cado ámbito de la política, y la vida de 0,15% a casi todas las transacciones cotidiana de la gente, con cierta res- bancarias. Algo que hizo alborotar el ponsabilidad. No hay hiperinflación, avispero. ha habido un crecimiento importante del PIB en lo que va de gobierno (has- Una iniciativa como esta es candidata ta 3%, algo curioso en América Lati- a la impopularidad, incluso antes de na) y las exportaciones han crecido nacer. Asusta al tímido ahorrista como unos cuantos puntos. El problema, sin al inversionista voraz. La pregunta que embargo, sigue siendo la espantosa hay que hacerse, no obstante, es si un desigualdad que agobia al país, la mis- país en las condiciones del Perú tiene ma que no mejora por la pura salud otra forma de neutralizar, aunque sea de las estadísticas o indicadores. Al suavemente, la dramática desigualdad menos 40% de la población se mantie- en la que habita. Si no hay una revolu- ne por debajo de la línea de pobreza, ción, el único instrumento a la mano la sanidad pública no mejora sustan- es subir la temperatura tributaria. Me- cialmente y la mayoría de sueldos son, rino en la Sunat y después en el pre- por decir de algún modo, de fantasía. mierato, había intentado hacer eso. Es extraño el peruano que viva gordo Pretendía ampliar la base tributaria y y feliz con una sola remuneración. en cierto modo formalizar al menos la actividad económica (se calcula que en La estrategia del actual gobierno para el Perú la actividad económica formal enfrentar este drama –que por cierto apenas llega a 25%). No aspiraba a «eu- también tiene raíces seculares– ha con- ropeizar» la tributación peruana, lo sistido en buscar la estabilidad ma- que sería suicida, sino simplemente croeconómica, fortalecer algunos pro- procurar una cierta, mínima, coheren- gramas sociales e introducir ciertas cia entre el Estado y la realidad. No reformas. Una de ellas, con la que es- solo no lo logró sino que terminó fue- taba fuertemente comprometida Me- ra del cargo. ¿Tuvieron que ver las in- rino, era la reforma tributaria, urgente trigas homofóbicas con la rabieta que en un país donde la presión a los con- provocó en las grandes empresas y NUEVA SOCIEDAD C Perú: de la incertidumbre al escándalo (y viceversa) oyuntura entidades bancarias el mencionado mente se detuvo, atenazada además proyecto de impuesto? No se puede por denuncias contra el nuevo minis- estar del todo seguro, aunque como tro, quien parecía tener más de un especula el semanario Caretas, es pro- asunto por aclarar. Tiempo después, bable que en la lista de francotiradores debido a la inminencia de un escánda- contra Merino estuviera gente ligada lo administrativo relacionado con Sa- a estos sectores. nabria, Rospigliosi volvió al Ministe- rio. Recién entonces se pudo retomar Al garete la reforma. Ciertamente, esas y otras pequeñas Una situación parecida se ha vivido en medidas no hacían verano1, pero apun- el Ministerio de Defensa, donde el an- taban a establecer algo que desde julio terior ministro, Aurelio Loret de Mola, de 2001, cuando Toledo asumió, casi se vio obligado a anunciar pública- no había existido: un rumbo mediana- mente que el dinero no le alcanzaba. mente claro, un plan de administración Tras el cambio de gabinete producido y reforma del Estado. Hasta antes de por la salida de Merino, fue reempla- Merino, los intentos de poner en mar- zado por el general en retiro Roberto cha un verdadero programa de gobier- Chiabra, ex-comandante de las Fuer- no habían sido sinuosos, enrevesados, zas Armadas, aunque Toledo siempre llenos de contradicciones. Lo sucedi- sostuvo que a esta cartera iría un civil. do por ejemplo en el Ministerio del Interior es revelador de esta tendencia El colmo de esta tendencia a dejar casi regresiva y con frecuencia autodestruc- todo al garete se evidenció hacia el 19 tiva. Fernando Rospigliosi primero y de diciembre, cuando Nidia Puelles, Gino Costa después, dos ministros de otra militante de PP, renunció al Mi- Toledo que estuvieron a cargo de esta nisterio de la Mujer apenas cuatro días cartera, llevaron a cabo una profunda después de haberse juramentado jun- reforma de la Policía Nacional, en un to a los nuevos ministros.
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