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Creation of Ytterbium Quantum Gases with a Compact 2D-/3D-MOT Setup

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Creation of Ytterbium Quantum Gases with a Compact 2D-/3D-MOT Setup Creation of ytterbium quantum gases with a compact D-/D-MOT setup Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades des Department Physik der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Sören Erik Dörscher aus Hamburg Hamburg Gutachter der Dissertation: Prof. Dr. Klaus Sengstock Prof. Dr. Henning Moritz Gutachter der Disputation: Prof. Dr. Klaus Sengstock Prof. Dr. Andreas Hemmerich Datum der Disputation: . September Vorsitzender des Prüfungsausschusses: Prof. Dr. Peter Schmelcher Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses: Prof. Dr. Peter Hauschildt Dekan der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaen: Prof. Dr.Heinrich Graener Abstract In this thesis, a newly developed experimental apparatus for studies of ultracold quantum gases of ytterbium atoms in optical lattices using ultraprecise spectroscopy in the optical domain and rst experimental results on the creation of bosonic and fermionic quantum-degenerate gases are presented. Two-dimensional magneto-optical trapping of ytterbium is demonstrated for the rst time. Nearly pure Bose–Einstein condensates of Yb and highly quantum-degenerate Fermi gases of Yb with large particle numbers provide an excellent starting point for future experiments on novel strongly correlated quantum phases of ytterbium in optical lattices, e.g. Kondo insulators or SU(N)-symmetric systems. e experimental setup is based on a novel D-/D-MOT scheme using a miniaturised atom source in a compact glass cell. A D-MOT on the broad S ↔ P principal transition of ytterbium captures atoms directly from the atomic beam emitted by a dispenser and is used to load a D- MOT on the narrow intercombination transition S ↔ P. e D-/D-MOT setup provides excellent optical access for future experiments in optical lattices. It is well suited for experiments on ultracold mixtures, because it allows magneto-optical cooling of rubidium atoms in the same setup. Efficient loading of an intercombination D-MOT requires active broadening of the laser spectrum and large intensities to enhance its capture velocity, but temperatures of about 20 μK are achieved by a nal single-frequency cooling phase. Loading rates of up to 1.5 × 107 s−1 have been achieved for Yb. ey demonstrate that the performance of the D-MOT is comparable to or even exceeds that of Zeeman slowers for ytterbium. Quantum-degenerate gases are produced by all-optical means in a crossed dipole trap. A deep horizontal trap with a maximum trap depth equivalent to 0.6 mK is used for initial trapping and evaporative cooling of atoms transferred from a strongly compressed D-MOT. A second, vertical dipole trap creates additional connement in the crossing region. During forced evaporation by lowering of the trap depth atoms are rst concentrated into and subsequently cooled to quantum degeneracy within the crossed region. e generation of nearly pure BECs of 1 × 105 Yb atoms 4 and degenerate Fermi gases of typically 2 × 10 Yb atoms at temperatures of T/TF = 0.15 is demonstrated, but temperatures as low as T/TF = 0.09 have been observed. erefore, the experi- mental setup presented herein is very well suited for future experiments studying novel quantum phases of ultracold mixtures of ytterbium atoms in the ground state S and metastable state P in tuneable optical lattice potentials. Finally, concepts for the application of ultraprecise Doppler- and recoil-free spectroscopy on the ultranarrow S ↔ P clock transition in order to measure interaction and correlations in quantum gases, especially spin–spin correlations between the states S and P or adjacent lattice sites, are discussed. iii Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein neuentwickelter experimenteller Auau zur Untersuchung von ultrakalten Ytterbiumquantengasen in optischen Gitterpotentialen mit Hilfe von höchstprä- ziser Spektroskopie auf einem ultraschmalen Übergang im optischen Frequenzbereich vorgestellt. Dabei ist es im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals gelungen Ytterbium aus einem thermischen Atom- strahl in einer zweidimensionalen magnetooptischen Falle zu fangen und zu kühlen. Darüber hin- aus werden erste experimentelle Resultate zur Erzeugung von quantenentarteten Bose- und Fer- migasen der Isotope Yb und Yb in diesem Auau präsentiert. Die Verfügbarkeit ultrakalter Quantengase mit großen Teilchenzahlen bildet hierbei einen hervorragenden Ausgangspunkt für die Untersuchung bislang wenig erforschter, stark korrelierter Quantensysteme und -phasen, die durch ultrakalte Ytterbiumatome in periodischen Potentialen realisiert werden können, beispiels- weise Kondoisolatoren und Systeme mit SU(N)-Spinsymmetrie. Das vorgestellte Experiment basiert im Kern auf einem neuartigen D-/D-MOT-Konzept für Ytterbium. Hierbei wird zunächst eine D-MOT, die den breiten Übergang S ↔ P verwendet, direkt aus dem Atomstrahl eines Dispensers geladen. Der von ihr erzeugte Strahl kalter Ytterbi- umatome wird seinerseits zum Laden einer D-MOT auf der Interkombinationslinie S ↔ P verwendet. Durch die Verwendung dieses schmalen Übergangs können minimale Temperaturen von etwa 20 μK in der MOT erzielt werden, allerdings ist für effizientes Laden aus der D-MOT eine anfängliche Erhöhung der Einfanggeschwindigkeit durch die spektrale Verbreiterung sowie höchstmögliche Intensität des Kühllasers notwendig. Die in diesem D-/D-MOT-Auau erziel- ten Laderaten sind mit typischerweise 1.5 × 107 s−1 für das bosonische Isotop Yb ähnlich hoch wie in Yb-MOTs, die aus einem Zeemanslower geladen werden, oder sogar höher. Darüber hinaus bietet er exzellenten optischen Zugang für zukünige Experimente. Insbesondere erlaubt die Ver- wendung von Dispensern als Atomquellen den Betrieb der D-MOT in einer kompakten Glaszelle und damit Laserkühlung von Rubidium in demselben Auau, wodurch die Erzeugung ultrakalter Quantengasmischungen aus Ytterbium und Rubidium stark vereinfacht wird. Zur Erzeugung quantenentarteter Gase wird das lasergekühlte Ytterbium anschließend aus der stark komprimierten MOT in eine gekreuzte optische Dipolfalle umgeladen. Diese besteht aus ei- ner starken horizontalen Falle, deren anfängliche Tiefe einer Temperatur von 0.6 mK entspricht, sowie einer zweiten, vertikalen Falle, die zusätzlichen horizontalen Einschluss in der Kreuzungsre- gion erzeugt. Im Zuge erzwungener evaporativer Kühlung des Gases durch fortlaufendes Senken der Fallentiefe werden die Atome, die anfangs ausschließlich in der horizontalen Falle gefangen werden, in der Kreuzungsregion konzentriert und dort wiederum weiter bis in das quantenen- tartete Regime gekühlt. Es wurden auf diese Weise Bose-Einstein-Kondensate aus 1 × 105 Yb Atomen ohne erkennbaren thermischen Anteil und hochentartete Fermi-Gase von typischerweise 4 2 × 10 Yb bei Temperaturen von T/TF = 0.15 sowie minimalen beobachteten Temperaturen von T/TF = 0.09 erzeugt. Der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte experimentelle Auau ist daher bes- tens für die zukünige experimentelle Untersuchung der neuen Quantenphasen, die in gemisch- ten ultrakalten Quantengasen des Grundzustands S sowie des metastabilen Zustands P von Ytterbium erwartet werden, geeignet. Abschließend werden mögliche Anwendungen doppler- und rückstoßfreier Spektroskopie auf v dem ultraschmalen Uhrenübergang S ↔ P zur Messung von Wechselwirkungen und Korrela- tionen in jenen Quantengassystemen behandelt. Insbesondere wird hierbei auf Möglichkeiten zur Beobachtung von Spinkorrelationen zwischen den Zuständen S und P sowie zwischen angren- zenden Gitterplätzen eingegangen. Contents List of Publications xi List of Figures xiii List of Tables xv List of symbols xvii Acronyms xxv Introduction Ytterbiuminanutshell . Vapour pressure . . Isotopes .......................................... . Electronic structure . .. Angular momentum coupling . .. Excitations of f-shell electrons . . Ground state properties . .. Principal transition . .. Intercombination transition . .. Parity-violating transitions . . Metastable states . .. Radiative decay . .. Non-radiative decay . .. Ultranarrow transitions . .. Applications of the metastable states . .. Pumping and cycling transitions . . Atomic interactions . .. Interaction of ground state atoms . .. Interaction of metastable atoms . .. Modication of the scattering lengths . . Mixtures of ytterbium and rubidium . .. Assisted cooling of ytterbium . .. Laser cooling of ytterbium and rubidium . .. Interactions of ytterbium and rubidium . .. Related research . vii . State-dependent potentials . .. AC–Stark polarisabilities of ground and metastable states . .. Magic-wavelength lattices . .. Anti-magic wavelengths . .. State-selective potentials . . Nuclear spin decoupling . A novel D-/D-MOT concept for studies of ultracold ytterbium . Benets and challenges of a D-MOT for ytterbium . . Transverse loading of a D-MOT . . Direct loading of an intercombination MOT . . Evaporative cooling . Experimentalsetup . Vacuum system . .. D-MOT cell . .. Transfer stage . .. Science cell . .. Vacuum maintenance and monitoring . .. Observed background pressures . . Magnetic elds . .. D-MOT coils . .. Primary coils . .. Compensation coils . . Opticalsetup ....................................... .. D-MOT . .. Science cell — vertical plane . .. Science cell — horizontal plane . Laser cooling of ytterbium in a D-/D-MOT system . Laser systems . .. D-MOT laser system ( nm) . .. D-MOT laser system ( nm) . .. Beam apparatus . .. MOT imaging system (z)............................ . Basic D-/D-MOT of ytterbium . . BroadbandMOT ..................................... . Pushing beam . . Optimal D-MOT parameters . . Temperatures and the single-frequency MOT . . Compression . . Intercombination MOT at large detuning . . Fermion MOT . viii All-optical creation of quantum-degenerate gases . Evaporative cooling in optical dipole traps . . A vertical crossed dipole trap . .. Elliptic beams . .. Choice of wavelength . .. Trap parameters . . Implementation of the optical dipole traps . .. Dipole trap laser system ( nm) . .. Horizontal trap . .. Vertical trap . .. Alignment of the cylindrical telescopes . .. Alignment of the crossed dipole trap . .. Imaging of ultracold ytterbium . . Experimental sequence . .. Trap loading . .. Evaporation ramp . ..
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