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Youth Gambling: the Role of Individual and Family Factors in Youth Problem Gambling

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Youth Gambling: the Role of Individual and Family Factors in Youth Problem Gambling Youth gambling: The role of individual and family factors in youth problem gambling Filipa Calado A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. Statement of Originality I declare that the work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original and my own work, except as acknowledged in the text. The material, presented as my own has not been submitted previously, in the whole or in part, for a degree at any other institution. Statement of Contribution of Others In cases in which the work presented in this thesis was the product of collaborative efforts, I declare that my contribution was substantial and prominent, involving the development of original ideas, as well as the definition and implementation of subsequent work. Detailed information about my contribution to collaborative work in this thesis is outlined in Appendix I. 1 Dedication I would like to dedicate this work to my Father, António Riço Calado, who unfortunately passed away before I submit this thesis and got my first lecturer position. I really want to thank him for his inspiring life, for his precious wisdoms, and above all for always had taught me that it is possible to achieve our dreams as long as we have the courage to pursue them. Without him, I would never be able to come to England for doing my PhD. My next endeavour, following an appeal from my entire family, will be to write a book about his valuable contributions to the Portuguese community. 2 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank to my PhD supervisor, Professor Mark Griffiths, for his continued support, encouragement of my ideas, and for opening the doors of academia to me. My PhD journey was a very inspiring experience, and I need to thank him every single day of this journey. Secondly, I would like to thank to my second supervisor, Joana Alexandre from Lisbon University Institute for in a first place, having sent me to Nottingham to pursue my PhD, for always had believed in my work, and for her tireless guidance, feedback and support, especially in times when it was more difficult for me to be far away from Lisbon. I would like to thank to my family, especially to my mother, Maria and my sister Sofia. Without them, I would never be able to write this thesis. I would also like to thank to other people that made the realization of this work possible. Firstly, I would like to thank to Pilar Mousinho for her valuable help in participant recruitment and data collection in Lisbon. Moreover, I would also like to thank to the students Liah Rosenfield and Rafaela Pereira for having accepted the challenge to deliver my prevention program in a school, and therefore made possible the realization of the last study of this thesis. Many thanks go to Marisa Pereira, psychologist of the school, for understanding the importance of conducting gambling-related interventions among high-school students. Also, many thanks to my incredible colleagues for their support throughout this journey, and for the good time we spent Azheen, Moon, Silvia, Verusca, Melina, Jo, just to name a few. Many thanks to Nat for his immensurable help. My deepest thanks go to my lifelong friends Cristina, Alice, Sara, Ana, Maria, Vasco (“Lisbon tile gang”) for their limitless support in every single day of this demanding period. Finally, thank you to all my research participants, and last but not least, I would like to thank to the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology for the amazing scholarship. And now, I can say it is done. 3 List of Outputs Arising From This Thesis Peer-reviewed journal papers Calado, F., Alexandre, J., Griffiths, M. D (2018). A cross-cultural study between Portuguese and English youth, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9980-y Calado, F., Alexandre, J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). How coping styles, cognitive distortions, and attachment predict problem gambling among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 648-657. Calado, F., Alexandre, J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Prevalence of adolescent problem gambling: a systematic review of recent research. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33, 397-424 Calado, F., Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Portuguese validation of the DSM-IV- MR-J. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 1096-1106. Calado, F. & Griffiths, M.D. (2016). Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000–2015). Journal of Behavioural Addictions, 5, 592–613. Calado, F., Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Mom, Dad it's only a game! Perceived gambling and gaming behaviors among adolescents and young adults: An exploratory study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12, 772-794 Papers under review Calado, F., Alexandre, J., Rosenfeld, L., Pereira, R. Griffiths, M.D (2019). The efficacy of a gambling prevention program among high-school students, under review. Refereed book chapter Griffiths, M.D. & Calado, F. (2017). Adolescent gambling. In Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Psychology (pp.1-12). Oxford: Elsevier. 4 Non-refereed papers Calado, F. & Griffiths, M. D (2017). Problem gambling in Europe. A review of empirical research. Prisma, 7(3), 41-81. Conference papers (oral presentations) Calado, F., Alexandre, J., Rosenfeld, L., Pereira, R. Griffiths, M.D (2018, April). The efficacy of a gambling prevention program among high-school students. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Behavioural Addictions, Cologne, Germany. Calado, F., Griffiths, M.D. (2017, March). A model to test problem gambling among a student sample. Paper presented at the School Research Conference, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom. Calado, F., Alexandre, J., Griffiths, M.D (2017, February). A cross-cultural study between Portuguese and English youth. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Behavioural Addictions, Haifa, Israel. Calado, F., Alexandre, J., Griffiths, M. D. (2016, September). Portuguese validation of the DSM-IV-MR-J. Paper presented at the 11th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policies, Lisbon, Portugal. Calado, F., Alexandre, J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015, September). "You bet, but I don't!" A preliminary study about gaming and gambling perceptions and behaviors among Portuguese youth". Paper presented at the First European Conference on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies, Lisbon, Portugal Calado, F., Alexandre, J., & Griffiths, M.D. (2015, July). Should we care about gambling among youth? Paper presented at the Postgraduate conference, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom. Calado, F. (2014, September). "Mãe, Pai, é apenas um jogo!" Perceções sobre jogo e motivações para jogar numa amostra de adolescentes e jovens adultos portugueses: um estudo exploratório [“Mom, Dad it’s only a game!” Perceptions about gambling and 5 motivations in a sample of Portuguese adolescents and young adults]. Paper presented at IX Iberoamerican Conference of Psychology, Lisbon, Portugal. 6 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1: The psychology of gambling – A review of the literature ........................... 15 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 16 Definition of gambling ................................................................................................................. 16 Demographics of gambling and problem gambling.................................................................... 18 Theoretical Models ....................................................................................................................... 20 Psychoanalytic model ............................................................................................................... 20 Behavioural theories ................................................................................................................. 22 Need-state models and theories of addiction ............................................................................ 25 Biological and dispositional theories ....................................................................................... 27 Situational characteristics ........................................................................................................ 30 Structural characteristics .......................................................................................................... 32 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 33 Why it is important to conduct research on youth gambling?.................................................... 35 Gambling and the digital media convergence ............................................................................
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