HAO, Núm. 34 (Primavera, 2014), 115-125 ISSN: 1696-2060 HUNGARIANS OF ROMANIA: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS FOR THE PAST ONE AND A HALF CENTURY István Horváth Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 16 Abril 2013 / Revisado: 3 Noviembre 2013 / Aceptado: 22 Enero 2014 /Publicación Online: 15 Junio 2014 Resumen: En los últimos 150 años, la dinámica thereafter starting with the early 13th century demográfica del grupo de los Húngaros de different Germanic populations settled. Basi- Rumanía (la mayoría viviendo en la provincia cally the pre-modern period the Hungarians, histórica de Transilvania) ha sido espectacular. Romanians and the Germanic populations El artículo presenta esta dinámica analizando el represented the most significant ethnic contexto de los altos y bajos en cuanto al segments. However the later immigrant popu- volumen y aportación de este grupo de los lations like the Jews (significant presence from Húngaros de Rumanía. Los cambios the 16th century), the Armenians and the Roma demográficos naturales, la migración, la (Gypsy) should be mentioned too. asimilación y la lógica de la clasificación étnica q sufrió varios cambios, ha determinado los Starting with the 19th century, the ethnic cambios en volumen de esta población. Este structure of the population become the object of artículo es una análisis longitudinal de la a rigorously structured demographic discourse manera en el cual cada uno de los aspectos and mindful ethnic policies articulated within mencionados ante-riormente ha contribuido a la different national projects pursued first by the dinámica demográfica cambiante (crecimiento y Hungarian state (until 1918 when Romania take decrecimiento del volumen y de la proporción) control over Transylvania), thereafter by the de la minoría Húngara de Transilvania. Romanian authorities. The result was a gradual reduction of the ethnic, linguistic and religious Palabras clave: Hungarians of Romania, diversity of the province, the richness of a demographic dynamic of the Hungarian colorful and complex ethnic map being minority in Transylvania, demographic changes, considerably abridged to our days. Considering assimilation, ethnic classification. both: the focus of the paper (the demographic dynamics of ethnic Hungarians of Transylva- ______________________ nia), and the fact that a detailed analysis of the process of overall ethnic diversity reduction 1. LONG TERM DEMOGRAPHIC would exceed the limits of this paper, only some TRENDS aspects of the decline in diversity will be ransylvania1 as a medieval principality highlighted. was from the beginning of its First we will present the long term demographic T foundations (10th – 11th centuries) by evolution of the Hungarian popu-lation in the Hungarians was an ethnically rather he- Transylvania and highlight several terogeneous structure and during its early methodological aspects relevant for interpreting history the ethnic landscape of this territory the figures as provided for different period of become even more complex. Thus beneath time. After that, in three separate subchapters Hungarians, representing a considerable strata of (one focusing on Transylvania under Hungarian the population, coexisted considerable segments rule, the other two on Transylvania under of Romanians, different Slavic populations, Romanian rule) we will analyze the dynamic ©Historia Actual Online 2014 115 Hungarians of Romania... István Horváth and highlight the major causes of the increase or and also the Romanian state systematically decrease of the ethnic Hungarian population of organized censuses after taking control over this province. Transylvania in 1918. Thus there is a systematic, methodologically relatively consistent series of 2. THE INCREASE AND DECREASE OF data based on which the demographic dynamic TRANSYLVA-NIA’S ETHNIC HUNGA- of the ethnic Hungarians can be reconstructed RIAN POPULATION BETWEEN 1896-2011 for the last one and a half century. Starting with the mid 19th century the institution of modern census was introduced in Hungary, Table 1. The evolution of the number and share of the Hungarian population in Transylvania and Romania between 1869 and 2011 Hungarians in Transylvania Hungarians in Romania Census year N % N % 1869 1,052,300 24.99 1880 1,007,425 25.10 1890 1,198,147 27.18 1900 1,433,252 29.56 1910 1,653,943 31.64 1930 1,349,563 24.45 1,423,459 9.97 1956 1,558,254 25.06 1,587,675 9.08 1966 1,597,438 23.77 1,619,592 8.48 1977 1,691,048 22.55 1,713,928 7.95 1992 1,603,923 20.77 1,624,959 7.12 2002 1,415,718 19.60 1,431,807 6.60 2011 1,224,937 18.91 1,237,746 6.50 Compiled by author. Data until 1992 based on Varga2, for 20023 and for the year 2011 used the provisory data of 2011 census published by the Romanian National Institute for Statistics4. As observable in Table 1 the number of the ethnic Hungarians of Transylvania gradually Of course such dynamic has a multitude of started to increase in the last decades of the 19th reasons some of them are demographic in the century with a considerable increase in the first very strict sense of the notion, being related to decades of the 20th century. The decrease is changes in fertility and mortality, or related to seemingly higher than the average population territorial mobility. Others are related to dynamic within the province since the share of migration, identity and/or language shift. These the Hungarian within the province increases too. will be highlighted in the following subchapters. However the first (reliable) census taken after However some of the causes of the variable the incorporation of the province to Romania in dynamic of the number of the Hungarians are 1930, reveals a rather dramatic decrease. related to the manner and logic how different Compared with 1910, in 1930 the number of censuses were taken in different period of time. ethnic Hungarians shrunk by 18.4%, and the Hungarians share within the overall population Census enjoys the aura of providing an accurate of Transylvania lowered from 31.64% to and incontestable mirror of the (ethnic) structure 24.45% in 1930. The data for the communist of a population. Nevertheless the figures regime (lasting in Romania between 1945-1989) provided by census are often contested the number of Hungarians constantly increased, especially by subordinated ethnic groups however their share within the province and contesting the accuracy of the figures on ethnic compared to Romania’s overall population structure. However, though not exceptional, is decreased. The first census taken after the fall of rare when behind such contestation is a the communist regime reveals a decreasing demonstrable blatant fraud, consisting in a tendency of the absolute volume of the deliberate and systematic distortion of the Hungarians, and also a constant decrease of their reality, like altering the declaration of peoples share compared both with the province and the during the registration or statistical processing country’s overall population. of the data. States have no need of such 116 ©Historia Actual Online 2014 HAO, Núm. 34 (Primavera, 2014), 115-125 ISSN: 1696-2060 techniques since they not just control the Hungarian speaking Jews were directed (in infrastructure of production of ethnic statistics some cases by using some forms of pressure11) (successfully claiming to be decisive and to identify as having Jewish nationali- legitimate authority in this field), but also they ty/ethnicity. employ census not just as fact finding process, but as “technologies of truth production”5. Via Thus the Table 1 includes the figures on mother the formulation of census questions and tongue (subsumed) as ethnicity until 1910 categories census takers are imposing a logic of (while Transylvania under Hungarian rule), and definition of ethnic identity and logics of thereafter (from 1930) based on the declaration ethnically categorize the subjects6. This means of nationality/ethnicity. Though Romanian that states decides what cultural/identity census asked also for mother, it would have characteristics are registered, how to define been a possibility to present the data series ethnic belonging, what categories are considered based on the similar criteria. However we prefer major ethnic categories, and what group to assume this inconsistency while in the identifications are to be considered as imagination of the states the statistics are subordinate in relation with these major reflecting the reality. Both Hungary and categories7. Romania not just simply registered but in a certain sense shaped the statistical realities The series of data above presented in Table 1 are resulted after a given census, but both states somewhat misleading (but not erroneous) relied on the figures and advocated them as the because of the fact that Hungarian and legitimate figures based on the classificatory Romanian census takers had different views on logic they used while planning the census. Thus what ethnicity means and how should be in none of the cases we cannot speak of a registered. Hungary registered mother tongue as narrow-minded manipulation of figures in major and criteria to ascertain peoples (ethnic) accordance with a given national interest, and in 8 identity , and mother tongue was defined in both cases we can raise questions on the validity terms of function and competence as the best of classifications. But in none of the cases we known and/or most frequently used language. In should not make abstraction that employing due circumstances peoples shifting their