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Home , Anatol (play), Arthur Schnitzler, Dream Story, Hello Again (musical), Michael Schnitzler, Professor Bernhardi

Arthur Schnitzler (15 May 1862 – 21 October 1931) 2 Literary works was an Austrian author and dramatist.

Schnitzler’s works were often controversial, both for their frank description of sexuality (in a letter to Schnitzler 1 Personal life confessed “I have gained the impres- sion that you have learned through intuition – although actually as a result of sensitive introspection – every- thing that I have had to unearth by laborious work on other persons”)[4] and for their strong stand against anti- Semitism, represented by works such as his play and his novel Der Weg ins Freie. However, although Schnitzler was himself Jewish, Professor Bern- hardi and Fräulein Else are among the few clearly identi- fied Jewish protagonists in his work. Schnitzler was branded as a pornographer after the re- lease of his play Reigen, in which ten pairs of char- acters are shown before and after the sexual act, lead- ing and ending with a prostitute. The furore after this play was couched in the strongest anti-semitic terms.[5] Reigen was made into a French language film in 1950 by the German-born director Max Ophüls as . Schnitzler’s birthplace Praterstrasse 16 The film achieved considerable success in the English- speaking world, with the result that Schnitzler’s play is Arthur Schnitzler was born at Praterstrasse 16, better known there under its French title. Roger Vadim's Leopoldstadt, , capital of the (as film Circle of (1964) and ’s Der Reigen of 1867, part of the dual monarchy of -Hungary). (1973) are also based on the play. More recently, in He was the son of a prominent Hungarian laryngologist, Fernando Meirelles' film 360, Schnitzler’s play was pro- Johann Schnitzler (1835–1893), and Luise Markbre- vided with a new version, as has been the case with many iter (1838–1911), a daughter of the Viennese doctor other TV and film productions. Philipp Markbreiter. His parents were both from Jewish In the novella Fräulein Else (1924) Schnitzler may be families.[2] In 1879 Schnitzler began studying medicine at the and in 1885 he received rebutting a contentious critique of the Jewish character by (1903) by positioning the sexuality his doctorate of medicine. He began work at Vienna’s [6] General Hospital (German: Allgemeines Krankenhaus of the young female Jewish protagonist. The story, a first-person stream of consciousness narrative by a young der Stadt Wien), but ultimately abandoned the practice of medicine in favour of writing. aristocratic woman, reveals a moral dilemma that ends in tragedy. On 26 August 1903, Schnitzler married Olga Gussmann (1882–1970), a 21-year-old aspiring actress and singer In response to an interviewer who asked Schnitzler what who came from a Jewish middle-class family. They had he thought about the critical view that his works all a son, Heinrich (1902–1982), born on 9 August 1902. In seemed to treat the same subjects, he replied, “I write 1909 they had a daughter, Lili, who committed suicide in of love and death. What other subjects are there?" De- 1928. The Schnitzlers separated in 1921. Schnitzler died spite his seriousness of purpose, Schnitzler frequently ap- on 21 October 1931, in Vienna, of a brain hemorrhage. proaches the bedroom farce in his plays (and had an af- In 1938, following the , his son Heinrich went fair with one of his actresses, ). Professor to the United States and did not return to Austria until Bernhardi, a play about a Jewish doctor who turns away 1959; he is the father of the Austrian musician and con- a Catholic priest in order to spare a patient the realiza- servationist , born in 1944 in Berke- tion that she is on the point of death, is his only major ley, California, who moved to Vienna with his parents in dramatic work without a sexual theme. 1959.[3] A member of the avant-garde group Young Vienna (Jung

1 2 3 SELECTED WORKS

Wien), Schnitzler toyed with formal as well as social con- movie adaptation of the play in 1950; Roger Vadim ventions. With his 1900 short story Lieutenant Gustl, directed a second version in 1964, and Otto Schenk he was the first to write German fiction in stream-of- a third version in 1973. In 1998, it was reworked by consciousness narration. The story is an unflattering por- British playwright as .[10] trait of its protagonist and of the army’s obsessive code It was also adapted by theatrical songwriter Michael of formal honour. It caused Schnitzler to be stripped of John LaChiusa into an Off-Broadway musical called his commission as a reserve officer in the medical corps in 1994. Suzanne Bachner did a modern – something that should be seen against the rising tide of adaptation called “Circle” about 21st-century sexual anti-semitism of the time. mores in 2002. He specialized in shorter works like novellas and one-act • (1899) plays. And in his short stories like “The Green Tie” (“Die grüne Krawatte”) he showed himself to be one of the early • The Green Cockatoo (Der grüne Kakadu – 1899). masters of microfiction. However he also wrote two full- Composer Richard Mohaupt adapted the play and length novels: Der Weg ins Freie about a talented but not created 1954–1956 the one-act opera Der grüne very motivated young composer, a brilliant description of Kakadu, which premiered at the Hamburg State a segment of pre-World War I Viennese society; and the Opera on September 16, 1958. artistically less satisfactory . • The Lonely Way (Der einsame Weg – 1903) In addition to his plays and fiction, Schnitzler meticu- lously kept a diary from the age of 17 until two days • Intermezzo (Zwischenspiel – 1904) before his death. The manuscript, which runs to almost • Der Ruf des Lebens (1906) 8,000 pages, is most notable for Schnitzler’s casual de- scriptions of sexual conquests – he was often in relation- • Countess Mizzi or the Family Reunion (Komtesse ships with several women at once, and for a period of Mizzi oder Der Familientag – 1907) some years he kept a record of every orgasm. Collections • of Schnitzler’s letters have also been published. Living Hours (1911) Schnitzler’s works were called “Jewish filth” by Adolf • Young Medardus (Der junge Medardus – 1910) Hitler and were banned by the Nazis in Austria and • Germany. In 1933, when organized The Vast Domain (Das weite Land – 1911). The play was adapted as Undiscovered Country by Tom book burnings in Berlin and other cities, Schnitzler’s [11] works were thrown into flames along with those of other Stoppard (1979). Three film versions of this play Jews, including Einstein, Marx, Kafka, Freud and Stefan have been made, the first by in 1960 Zweig.[7] with Attila Hörbiger as Hofreiter, the second by Peter Beauvais in 1970 with O. W. Fischer, the third His novella Fräulein Else has been adapted a number one in 1986 by and starring Michel Pic- of times including the German silent film Fräulein Else coli. (1929), starring , and a 1946 Argentine film, The Naked Angel, starring Olga Zubarry. • Professor Bernhardi (1912) • The Comedy of Seduction (Komödie der Verführung – 1924) 3 Selected works • Comedies of Words and Other Plays (1917) 3.1 Plays 3.2 Novels • (1893), a series of seven acts revolving around a bourgeois playboy and his immature rela- • Beatrice (1901) tionships. • The Road into the Open (Der Weg ins Freie – 1908) • Flirtation ( – 1895), also known as The Reckoning, which was made into a film by Max • Therese. Chronik eines Frauenlebens (1928) Ophüls and adapted as Dalliance by (1986)[8] and Sweet Nothings by for the in 2010.[9] 3.3 Short stories and novellas • Fair Game (Freiwild – 1896) • Dying (Sterben – 1895) • Light-'O-Love (1896) • None but the Brave (Leutnant Gustl – 1900) • Reigen (1897), more usually called La Ronde is still frequently presented. Max Ophüls directed the first • Berta Garlan (1900) 3

4 Publications

• , Arthur Schnitzler als Psychologe (Minden, 1913) • H. B. Samuel, Modernities (London, 1913) • J. G. Huneker, Ivory, Apes, and Peacocks (New York, 1915) • Ludwig Lewisohn, The Modern Drama (New York, 1915)

5 References

[1] “This day, May 15, in Jewish history”. Cleveland Jewish News.

[2] “The Road to The Open (JC Verite European Clas- sics Book 1) – Kindle edition by Arthur Schnitzler, J. Chakravarti, Horace Samuel. Literature & Fiction Kin- dle eBooks @ Amazon.com.”. amazon.com.

[3] http://www.regenwald.at/de/project-information/ who-is-michael-schnitzler.html

[4] Schnitzler’s hidden manuscripts explored at research- horizons.cam.ac.uk

[5] Arthur Schnitzler scandal at virtualvienna.net

Memorial in Vienna [6] Barker, Andrew (2001). “Race, Sex and Character in Schnitzler’s Fräulein Else.” German Life and Letters. v. 54(1):1–9. • Blind Geronimo and his Brother (Der blinde Geron- imo und sein Bruder – 1902) [7] Liukkonen, Petri. “Arthur Schnitzler”. Books and Writ- ers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. • The Prophecy (Die Weissagung – 1905) [8] Dalliance was staged at the National Theatre by Peter • Casanova’s Homecoming (Casanovas Heimfahrt – Wood. It opened in the Lyttelton Theatre 27 May 1986. 1918) [9] Sweet Nothings was directed by Luc Bondy at the Young Vic and opened on 25 February 2010. • Fräulein Else (1924) [10] The Blue Room was staged at the in • Rhapsody – also published as (Traum- London by Sam Mendes, opening on 22 September 1998. novelle – 1925/26), later adapted as the film by American director [11] Undiscovered Country was staged at the National Theatre by Peter Wood. It opened in the Olivier Theatre 20 June 1979. • Night Games (Spiel im Morgengrauen – 1926)

• Flight into Darkness (Flucht in die Finsternis – 1931) 6 External links • The Death of a Bachelor • Works by Arthur Schnitzler at • 3.4 Nonfiction Works by or about Arthur Schnitzler at • Youth in Vienna (Jugend in Wien), an autobiography • Works by Arthur Schnitzler at LibriVox (public do- published posthumously in 1968 main audiobooks) • Diary, 1879–1931 • Arthur Schnitzler at the Internet Broadway Database 4 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Works by Arthur Schnitzler at Open Library

• Additional works by Arthur Schnitzler (eLibrary Projekt – eLib)

• Schnitzler Archive, a research institution at the ger- man Freiburg University which holds a copy of Schnitzler’s literary estate such as drafts of his works and some unpublished works

• PushkinPress.com English editions of works by Pushkin Press 5

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text

• Arthur Schnitzler Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler?oldid=718985590 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Brion VIB- BER, Mav, JeLuF, Deb, Ortolan88, William Avery, KF, Olivier, Ellywa, Heidi S, Robbot, Matt91486, Caknuck, Wikibot, Everyking, Varlaam, Mukerjee, DragonflySixtyseven, Ganymead, Karl-Henner, D6, Pyrop, Rich Farmbrough, Sicilarch, Rajah, HasharBot~enwiki, Philip Cross, DorisAntony, Japanese Searobin, Stemonitis, Kelly Martin, Woohookitty, Robert K S, Sdornan, Ewlyahoocom, Ourbold- hero, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius, Giirving, Chick Bowen, PhilipC, Superslum, David Pierce, Tony1, CLW, Poldy Bloom, Teiladnam, Nolanus, Libro, Stumps, NickelShoe, SmackBot, Kevinalewis, Chris the speller, MalafayaBot, Nbarth, Kcordina, Huon, SashatoBot, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Prof02, Michael Bednarek, MTSbot~enwiki, Dekaels~enwiki, Vedek Wren, JoannaSerah, Georgejmyersjr, John Thax- ter, Cydebot, William Wiltshire~enwiki, Thijs!bot, TonyTheTiger, JAnDbot, Magioladitis, Charlyz, Tibor, Catgut, Lutzv, Alerion, Com- monsDelinker, Hans Dunkelberg, Nemo bis, Cometstyles, Kolja21, Shortride, Tesscass, Testbed, Broadbot, Longsnout, Worm2, Austri- acus, Sambina~enwiki, ReadQT, Fratrep, All Hallow’s Wraith, DionysosProteus, Enthusiast01, Niceguyedc, Nymf, Alexbot, Lord Corn- wallis, Seatdistrict, Bridgetfox, Addbot, 14victoire, GargoyleBot, MrOllie, LaaknorBot, Favonian, LinkFA-Bot, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Hohenloh, AnomieBOT, Bob Burkhardt, Intelati, The Evil IP address, Heslopian, Omnipaedista, Tabled- hote, Kienberg-Karli, Green Cardamom, FreeKnowledgeCreator, Cmaric, D'ohBot, Moonraker, TobeBot, Lotje, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Screensavant, Juan.goldnick, BartlebytheScrivener, DanielPerrine, Gumruchobot, Rfbarrington, ChrisGualtieri, JYBot, Dexbot, Desmon- dous, Praterstern, Buspirtraz, VIAFbot, Emaregretable, Krokodilgemüse, FireflySixtySeven, EvaristoAugello, বৃক্ষদল, KasparBot, Ulphilos, Santorsola14 and Anonymous: 71

7.2 Images

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Schnitzler-birthplace_Praterstrasse1.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/ Schnitzler-birthplace_Praterstrasse1.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Praterstern • File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Mobius assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Wien_A_Schnitzler_memorial.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Wien_A_Schnitzler_ memorial.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Doris Antony, Berlin • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

7.3 Content license

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