No. 36 Spring/Summer 2002

NEWS Network

Forest Resources Assessment

TABLE OF CONTENTS Research

ETFRN and EC News 1

List of Articles 3

Forest Organisations - Programmes 5

Research Cooperation Sought 68

Internet Features 71

Funding/Opportunities 73 Tropical

Other News 75

Publications 83

Past Issues of ETFRN News 92

International Calendar Enclosed European Editorial

Dear readers,

Many thanks are due to our guest editor for this issue, Giovanni Preto. He was involved in the FAO Forest Resource Assessment 2000, and this experience has not deterred him from offering to guest edit an ETFRN News issue on ‘Forest Resources Assessment: Issues and Perspectives’. In his overview article (p.5) he presents the objectives for this issue. He also highlights the challenges in forest resources assessment. These are definitely not limited to finding and applying the newest inventory techniques.

Many of the unanswered questions relate to the actual use of the assessment information in forest management and policy development. This is a recurring theme in most development-oriented research: how does one bridge the gaps between research, policy and practice; and how can research results be communicated in such a way that they contribute to sustainable development? One example of an attempt to bridge some of these gaps was the ETFRN workshop on participatory monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity (p.2 and p. 75). The workshop explored the potential of participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity (PAMEB) for reconciling local and national information needs in biodiversity management. One of the conclusions was that ‘The process of negotiating, observing and analysing indicators may bring about more change than the data gathered itself, and in particular can enhance benefit-sharing, as well as be more sustainable than externally led processes. However to achieve this, changes in education, training of scientists, and institutional networking are needed.’

This leads to the thought that in forest resources assessm ent research, probably as much attention should be paid to the process, and to who should be involved, and at what stage, as to the development and use of new techniques. The new techniques discussed in this issue do present exciting opportunities. Visualising land use change through satellite images and aerial photographs can be a powerful tool to generate discussion on the use and management of forest and land resources. Has anyone been involved in using GIS in participatory assessments of forest resources?

Hoping you will enjoy reading this issue; please remember that ETFRN CU always welcomes comments, and contributions for future issues. Please note the themes and deadlines for the next two issues on the back cover.

Willemine Brinkman ETFRN Coordinator

PS Please note that we have included a list of past issues on the last page, following a suggestion by one of the participants in the ETFRN Steering Committee.

ETFRN Coordination Unit c/o Tropenbos International PO Box 232, 6700 AE Wageningen Cover illustration: Measuring the biomass of The Netherlands conifers, Cape Verde Tel: +31 317 495516 Fax: +31 317 495521 Email: [email protected] Http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn Photograph by: Ch. Errath 1987 Source: FAO Mediabase Editor: Willemine Brinkman http://www1.fao.org/media_user/_home.html Guest Editor for this issue: Giovanni Preto Editorial assistance: Jacqui McGrath

ETFRN News 36/02 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes Organisations - Institutions - Programmes List of Articles List of Articles

Page Dominican Republic (Henning) 43

Challenges in Forest Resources Assessments (Preto) 5

Forest Resources Assessment :Issues & Perspectives (Singh, A) 8 Tropical Deforestation + Carbon release in S.E Bangladesh using Remote Sensing + Field Inventory (Rahman et al.) 45 Information Needs Assessment (Lund) 11 Forest Inventory + land cover mapping in Zambia at the provincial forestry Exploring Community Priorities in Tropical Forest Landscapes (Sheil) 15 action programme ii (Vesa & Wamunyima) 47

Experiences in the elaboration, implementation and follow-up of forest Perspectives for sustainable management of mangrove eco-systems management plans in natural tropical forests using computers, computer in Cameroon (Din & Ngollo) 48 software and other technological packages: a Case Study on Borneo (Castaneda & Palmberg-Lerche) 17 Development of a protocol for eco-efficient wood harvesting on sensitive sites (ECOWOOD) (Owende, McDonnell & Ward) 51 Emerging Technologies for forest resources appraisals + landuse planning (Singh, KD) 19 The Challenges of Bamboo Forest Management in India (Lakshmana) 53

Application of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Mangrove research at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels (Dahdouh-Guebas & Koedam) 55 the monitoring and protection of a Special Protected Area in Greece. (Meliadis &Tsiontis) 22 Forest Surveys Using Non-specialist Volunteers (Turner & Cadbury) 59

Weather independent Tropical Forest monitoring in Indonesia Survey + Monitoring of Dracaena cinnabari Balf (Petroncini) 61 (Schut & Vrielink) 24 The Home Gardens of Soqotra (Ceccolini) 63 Optimisation applied to Management of Natural Forests (Fernandes da Silva et al.) 26 Global Forest Information Service (GFIS) (Nöbauer) 65

Tropical Forest Inventory in the Costa De Jalisco Region Mexico: Methodology and Preliminary results (Hernández, Gallegos & Pelz) 27

Inventory techniques in French Guiana to elaborate and apply multi-functional forest management plans (Brunaux. Demenois & Ingrassia) 29

A new National Inventory for Australia’s Forests (Norman & Vanclay) 32

Methodology for Assessment of Growing Stock of Forests in India (Rawat & Saxena) 34

Assessment of Tree resource Outside the forest (Kleinn & Morales) 38

Mapping Human Induced threat to a Sanctuary in Southern India (Aravind et al.) 41

Forest Inventory and Sustainable Forest Management on the hillsides of the

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contribute to an objective evaluation of the becoming more and more disconnected from continuous system of inventorying and Challenges in Forest Resource relevance and applicability of different real-life practices of natural resource monitoring the land-use and land-cover Assessment surveying procedures for good forest m anagement and use, as well as being changes, at national and international level, ecosystem management in other socio- unresponsive to the actual needs and is enormous. Besides adequate financial By Giovanni Preto economic and environmental conditions; and requirements of pursuing an environmentally support networking users, scientists, and their contribution to the evaluation of the sustainable livelihood. institutions in order to achieve a broader The Spring/Summer 2002 ETFRN-NEWS viability of the applied inventorying contribution to the global forest resource focusses on “Forest resources assessment: techniques under different circumstances is In the last twenty years many new assessment program is urgently needed. issues and perspectives” and covers the limited. technologies have been introduced and There is also a need to raise awareness and technical aspects of inventory and monitoring applied in forest resource assessment and inform people as objectively as possible on techniques, particularly in developing In spite of the significant number of articles monitoring. Computers, databases and the state and change of forest resources, countries. While planning this issue of the and technical notes on specific inventory programs have shown an exponential growth us ing all available media and forms of ETFRN-NEWS, our main objective was to techniques and of the widespread circulation and are steadily becoming more powerful education and extension. provide an overview of the current stage of of information on experience gained in land- and cheaper. Data capture devices permit development of forest resources cover surveying and mapping, or in forest the easy recording of data in permanent and Wider co-operation among research assessment techniques. This overview has resource assessments, little is known temporary plots. Other remote sensing institutions and national and international two main purposes. First, it is aimed at regarding the impact of the inventory activities techniques are currently used in animal organisations is also required for tackling the evaluating the effectiveness of forest in promoting sustainable use of forest population studies, to record and monitor following inventory problems: resource inventories in achieving expected ecosystems. It appears that forest resource environmental parameters such as stream results and required statistical outputs; assessment is only marginally linked to flows, temperatures, daily changes in tree • The compatibility and possibility of second, it aims to develop sound appraisals forest ecosystem management, and that diameters, etc. Space borne remote sensing integrating various inventories on a of the manifold functions and values evaluation of forest resources is an end in is now widely and successfully used in many spatial, temporal and institutional level; (ecological, economic, social) of tropical itself and not a prerequisite for proper large area inventories and imagery data • The realisation of international co- forest ecosystems in view of their management of these resources. While processing has made extremely rapid operation towards unifying global sustainable use. Moreover, the intended forest users and managers want research to progress. By means of Global Positioning monitoring programs of all natural objective of the NEWS is to provide updated be more relevant and applied and require System (GPS) the location of sample areas resources and the environment; information on the use of the information greater knowledge about others' experiences and relevant terrain features has become • The transfer of information and acquired through forest resource and decision-making processes, forestry more and more accurate and easily recorded technology from industrialis ed countries assessments in attaining a sustainable use research - particularly that related to and digitised. Geographical Information to developing countries; of forest resources; and on the drawbacks evaluation and monitoring forest and Systems (GIS) have been widely • The integration of various fields of and successes of scientific inventorying and environmental resources – is becoming implemented for land and human resource research in order to attain sustainable monitoring activities of natural resources. more and more sectional and fragmented, inventories and have become operational for yield and overcome the current imbalance and is increasingly less related to the forest inventory and monitoring applications in the distribution of wealth. These objectives have been accomplished objective of devising an approach to in most temperate and tropical countries. At only to some extent. Most of the contributions sustainable use and sound ecological, the same time Digital Elevation Models Technological advances , matched with have only given partial account of the economic, and ethnologic balance of natural (DEM) have contributed to a better scientific progress in bio-ecology, geo- problems faced in planning and resources. understanding of forest characteristics in statistical sampling procedures, implementing local, nation-wide, regional, relation to other environmental features. Even mathematical modelling, and information and global surveys of forest resources (in the Notwithstanding the progress made in in tree measurements substantial technology, play an essential role in broadest sense); of the response of the interdisciplinary research processes, most improvements have been achieved with the speeding up data collection and in acquired information to the surveying analyses of forest and natural resources are introduction of laser devices for measuring ameliorating information quality and objectives; and of the actual use made of the still highly site specific, thematically partial, timber volumes, and with permanent plots, reliability, but the availability and disposability information for the practical implementation sectorally compartmentalised, and both terrestrial and aerial, for monitoring of this new knowledge remain limited and of forest resource management plans at composed of fragmented information. This forest changes and growth. only a few highly specialised institutions are various levels. Many of the contributions lack of clear interaction and co-ordination, in the position to make full use of them. submitted are based on local experiences or and of well-defined, and practical target- The task of assisting developing countries in Training facilities and programs , teaching on specific techniques applied in particular oriented objectives results in natural compiling, analysing and exchanging forest and up-grading courses, technical and contexts. As such they can only marginally resources assessment and monitoring resource data and in developing a knowledge extension tools for implementing

ETFRN News 36/02 5 6 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes new inventory and monitoring techniques are that they should provide basic knowledge on solutions, eliminating the barriers between traditional knowledge of forestry users. limited. Moreover, the flow of scientific natural resources and detailed information the information gathered through monitoring information, particularly from the advanced on ecological, economic, social and systems and its use. They must anticipate Giovanni Preto countries to the lesser developed ones and operational parameters for sustainability. the demand for information that Italian National Node – European Tropical to the field operators, is lacking. Linking However, in most cases these statements accompanies economic development, Forest Research Network (INN-ETFRN) researchers, practitioners, and users are wishful thinking and there are only a few analyse the intrinsic contradictions in man’s Instituto Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura, through networks plays an important role in signs that forest managers and scientists, relationship with nature under the current Via delle Cascine 1, 50144, Firenze, sharing experiences, in returning research locally and globally, have started to look system of production and point out possible Florence findings to the research sites and beyond the trees forming the forests and are alternatives. The challenge for forest Tel:+39 055 360061 Fax: +39 055 362034 participants, in improving communication no longer regarding the forests as “large resource assessments is to link Email: [email protected] among research institutions and in fostering tracts of land covered by trees”, instead of technological and scientific achievements Http://www.cesit.unifi.it/amazon/ the globalisation of knowledge. Transferring considering them as a complex ecosystem1, with management practices and to knowledge on inventory techniques and as dynamic, totally integrated synergistic reorganise and formalise the existing 1. According to the definition of Sukachev “from a siviculture point of view any area of forest must be regarded as a specific natural unit, where all concepts will not only promote scientific work system complexes, of which mankind is a scattered knowledge into consistent vegetation, fauna and micro-organisms, soil and atmosphere exist in a state of close interpersonal relationship and interaction” (Sukachev V. & N. and collaboration and create new channels part and integral expression. operational scientific reference-points. Dylis: Fundamentals of Forest Biogeocoenology. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh for fostering sound management of forest & London 1964). resources, but will also contribute to the In the past, forests have been considered an Overworked expressions, like stakeholders, 2. The term ecological surplus provides a better understanding of the emergence of new research topics and to inexhaustible source of goods - particularly sustainable use/development, holistic nature of ecosystems and mans integral part therein. “Ecological surplus depends both on the inherent capacity of the different components shaping new fields of knowledge. wood-, and forest resources have been policy/decision makers, etc., often hide a to generate a surplus and our capacity to influence the process”. Alston considered as “properties or materials” to be shortage of analysis of the real objectives of R.M., Wikstrom, J.H., 1989: Ecological Surplus: defining the concept Proceedings of the Global Natural Resource Monitoring and Regrettably, the inventory infrastructure of found in the woodlands. The increasing forest resource assessments and of the Assessments: Preparing for the 1st Century. G. Lund & G. Preto (eds), most forestry organizations and services is awareness that forest resource use is bound people and target groups that should benefit American Society of Remote Sensing, Bethesda, USA. obsolete relative to current information to ecological factors and to the capability of from the research results. Forest resource science/technology and/or societal the forest ecosystems to generate, without assessment is an integral part of the forest Forest Resources Assessment: Issues & information requirements about forest deteriorating, an ecological surplus upon management process, which is essentially a Perspectives ecosystems. This organisational handicap, which all life depends”2 should lead to knowledge and action system. As a matched with the increasing abandoning the traditional reactive and knowledge system, forest inventories must scientific/technological gap between passive way of using natural resources. With ensure that comprehensive information on by Dr. Ashbindu Singh advanced industrialised countries and the deeper knowledge of the dynamics and forest ecosystems is obtained and South and the “top-down” approach in interactions taking place in the forest presented to the users by using the most Issues carrying out regional, national, and global ecosystems, we should improve our capacity appropriate scientific instruments and There are numerous studies and reports on inventories, is hampering the acquisition of to influence the process of generating technical tools. However, the conventional forest area and forest loss. However, there comprehensive information on forest ecological surpluses and, at the same time, view of forestry as a professional activity are significant differences in results due to ecosystems and the possibility of sound to maintain and renew forest ecosystems. needs to change and more attention should different methodologies, perspectives and resource management. Informational be given to traditional local understanding of definition of forests. Furthermore, due to a integration needs to be addressed and The problem is how to build up an the role of forest in the communities’ lack of regular monitoring systems it has knowledge on innovative statistics relevant to interdisciplinary approach in assessing livelihood and to the wide variety of been a challenge to assess the status and multi-resource and ecosystem-oriented natural resources and environment, how to conditions under which forest resources are trends of actual forest cover in many forest inventory must be spread and break with the traditional methods of singly managed. A closer link among forestry countries. Despite the apparent accuracy of appropriate computerized knowledge- inventorying natural resources and how to research institutions, field operators, and the quoted figures for the area under forests systems must be developed to provide easily integrate inventory information with local communities is required in order to and the annual rate of deforestation, there is used and understandable interfaces for field economic, social and political data in order to implement environmentally sound a large uncertainty regarding the exact foresters and resource managers. identify alternatives to the current approach in management practices, while institutional magnitude of the problem. A detailed review the use of the biosphere. Modern inventories adjustments in the formal professional of the problems associated with It is commonly agreed that forestry research should not be limited to simply recording with organizations and in the structure of the assessment of deforestation is available in and natural resources inventory programmes ever greater accuracy the global level of forest administrations is required to make various Food and Agriculture Organisation should be based on the needs of forest decay produced by consumer society, but full use of both the scientific advance in (FAO) Forestry Papers (1982, 1996, 2001), users/stakeholders and policy makers, and they should also propose alternatives and resource assessment techniques and the UNEP (2001) and WRI (2000). According to

ETFRN News 36/02 7 8 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes these reports, the assessment of global For example, in India after regular monitoring 1997). FAO. (1982)Tropical Forest Resources deforestation within a country is complicated of forest cover using satellite data, it was Forest Land: Land at least 10% stocked by Assessment (United Nations Food and due to several reasons: discovered that although the designated forest trees of any size, including land that Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, . forest area in the country was about 23% of formerly had such tree cover and that will be FAO. (1990) Forest Resources Assessment • There is no globally accepted definition of the geographical area, some kind of forest naturally or artificially regenerated (USFS, 1990: Global Synthesis. FAO Forestry Paper forest or deforestation. Some definitions cover existed over 19% but real and 1993). 114, 46 (United Nations Food and Agriculture include only primary forest whereas meaningful forest cover (i.e. closed canopy Forest Land: The data regarding Canada’s Organization (FAO), Rome.1995). others include all forests (primary or forest with density >40%) extended to only forest land are based on the Canada Forest FAO. (2001)State of the World’s Forests 2001 disturbed, and closed or open). about 11% of the area (FSI, 1997). The World Inventory 1991 (revised 1994) (CFS, 2000). (United Nations Food and Agriculture • Assessing deforestation requires a Resources Institute (WRI, 1997) in the report Organization (FAO), Rome). minimum of two consistent observations “The Last Frontier Forests” assessed the In order to obtain geographically over time. In many countries or regions, state of the world’s remaining large intact comprehensive and up to date information Forest Survey of India. (1987)The State of even one observation is lacking due to natural forest ecosystems using the existing there have been several studies to map Forest Report (Ministry of Environment and weak capacity in forest inventory. global map of current forest cover and input forest cover using satellite data at the Forests, Dehra Dun, India,). • Rain forests located in inaccessible of experts around the world. The quality, regional or continental scale. Unfortunately, terrain are costly to survey. Perpetual accuracy and dates of these national and remote sensing based studies are also UNEP . (2001) An assessment of the status of clouds in the equatorial zone prevent regional maps vary and annotation of based on varying classification systems and the World’s Remaining Closed Forests, acquisition of cloud free imagery aerial boundaries of forest areas by experts methodologies, making the comparison of (United Nations Environment Programme, photographs. Radar imagery, due to the seems to be a rather subjective. the results of numerous studies rather Nairobi, cloud penetrating capabilities, holds a Some definitions of forests are cited here to difficult. promise, but offers less information. highlight the issue. UNESCO.(1973) International Classification • Sometimes, ineffective methodologies Perspectives and Mapping of Vegetation, 23 (United are employed and figures are reported for Definitions of Forests It is critical to reach an international Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural a country without giving the associated Forest Area: Forest includes natural forests consensus on the definitions of forests to at Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France). error. and forest plantations. The term is used to least facilitate the higher level of aggregation. • Even in countries with a tradition of forest refer to land with a tree canopy cover of 10 It is not feasible to change the definitions USFS, (1993). Forest Resources of the United inventory, techniques used have not percent and area of more than 0-5 ha (FAO, currently employed in numerous forest States, 1992 (Forest Service of Department of always been very appropriate for 2001). inventories but it may be possible to develop Agriculture of United States (USFS), Fort monitoring changes and do not provide a some sort of objective translation Collins, Colorado) statistically sound comparison of Recorded Forest Area: All lands statutorily mechanism. Remote sensing data should estimates on two dates. notified as forest though they may not be used to develop baseline information and WRI. (1997) The Last Frontier Forests • Sometimes areas reported as "forest" necessarily bear tree cover. (FSI, 1997). analysis change. A network of ground Ecosystems and Economics on the Edge based upon remote sensing studies may Forest Cover: All lands with a tree canopy sample plots is needed for growth and yield (The World Resources Institute (WRI), not be considered "forests" by others - i.e. density of more than 10 per cent, though they studies and biomass estimation. Washington D.C.). orchards, oil palm plantations, etc. may not be statutorily notified as forest. (FSI, Technological innovation can contribute to 1997). the way forests are protected. The use of WRI, (2000) Pilot Analysis of Global For the assessment of global forest Closed Forests: is defined as all lands with satellite imagery for regular monitoring and Ecosystems: Forest Ecosystems, (The World resources, FAO mainly depends upon the a forest cover of trees with their crowns Internet for information dissemination Resources Institute (WRI), Washington D.C.). information furnished by the countries. FAO interlocking and a canopy density of 40% or provides an effective tool for raising compiles the statistics related to forests above. The boundary of 40% coverage is awareness worldwide about the significance Dr. Ashbindu Singh, Regional Coordinator following a common system of classification convenient because it can be estimated with of forests and intrinsic value of nature. UNEP Division of Early Warning and and definitions. Because of the differences in ease when the coverage of the trees is 40% Assessment -North America the classification and definition the figures the distance between two tree crowns References EROS Data Center published by FAO sometimes do not tally equalling the mean radius of a tree crown Canadian Forest Service (1999), The State of Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 with the figures reported by the individual (UNESCO 1973). Canada’s Forests—1999-2000 Forests in the Tel :1 605 594 6107/6117 countries. Furthermore, areas, designated New Millennium Fax: 1 605 594 6119 as “forest lands” may not necessarily have Frontier Forests: are the world’s remaining (http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/). E-mail:[email protected] tree cover. large intact natural forest ecosystems. (WRI, http://www.na.unep.net

ETFRN News 36/02 9 10 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

Conference on Environment and areas and indicators to be monitored for By answering the above questions you will Development in 1992. Documents arising agreements arising from UNCED. be well on your way to designing a The Information Needs Assessment from UNCED include Agenda 21, the Forestry Figure 1(Pg 13 ) – Start with laws, meaningful and up-to-date forest inventory. (INA) Principles, the Conference on Biological regulations that govern your organization. Diversity, the Framework Convention on Next identify criteria and indicators. From References By H. Gyde Lund Climate Change, and the Convention on these, determine the measurements or Anonymous. 1992. Earth Summit Agenda 21 Desertification. If your last national inventory observations to be made on various The United Nations Programme of Action The information needs assessment or was carried out before UNCED chances are parameters. from Rio. New York, NY: United Nations. 294 analysis (INA) is the most important step in that you do need a new inventory, as there p. developing a forest resource inventory. If you are new information requirements as a result You should be able to trace any data element Anonymous. 1993. Documents of the Earth are a large company or agency and have not of these agreements. you collect or measure in the field back to a Summit (Diskette). Rectors of the Costa performed an INA since 1992, then you required report or law. If such a link cannot Rican Public Universities. probably need one now. The concept of 2. Who wants to know and when? People be made, there probably is no need to collect forestry and the information required for requiring the inventory may be the that data. H. Gyde Lund sustainable forest management has government, NGOs, the public, industry or Forest Information Services changed dramatically in the last ten years academia. As to when, the answer is usually 4. How often will ‘they’ need the 8221 Thornwood Ct. especially since the United Nations as soon as possible. How soon the information? The answer to this question Manassas, VA 20110-4627, USA Conference on Environment and information is actually required helps dictate has a huge bearing on the inventory Tel: +1-703-368-7219; Development. In the past the main focus of the method used to gather the data. infrastructure one sets up and on the Fax: +1-703-257-1419 forest inventory was for timber production. inventory design employed. Given the 3. What do ‘they’ (those wanting the requirements for tracking change, one may Now we need to be concerned about Exploring community priorities in biological diversity, carbon sequestration, information) need to know? Start with the wish to consider establishing a continuous tropical forest landscapes. and environmental protection as well. This rules, regulations, and laws that apply to your forest inventory system using permanent means we may have to collect more organization. Examine them for data sample plots. information in our inventories. requirements. Next look at any international By Douglas Sheil obligations you may have. In all probability 5. What would happen if Ireland did not A basic question is “what data should be “they” will want to know the amount, have an inventory? / How good do the The Challenge collected?” The answer is simply answered condition, production and location of the answers have to be? The answers depend The academic approach to biological surveys by the following equation: ____ resources on ____ lands. (The blanks on what is the impact on the resources, what has generally been to match specific (What do you NEED to know) – (What you to be filled in later). is the impact on the decisions, and what is methods to specific questions. However, the already know) = Information you must gather. the impact on the decision-maker if there is most obvious and urgent practical questions We do know that we have to manage our no inventory or if the data are weak. remain too broad for such clear resolution. There are certain key questions that must be forest resources on a sustainable basis. One such question encapsulates the answered to help you decide what you truly Since 1992, the concept of sustainable forest 6. The big question - How much are ‘they’ essence of our study of marginalized Dayak need. management has changed. The old concept willing to pay? In my opinion, those that are communities in Kalimantan: "How can we was essentially the use and management of requesting the information should pay for it find out what we should know to make better 1. First and foremost “Why do you need a forestland by producing more timber than is be it timber data, biological diversity, etc. decisions about tropical forest landscapes?" forest inventory?” Possible answers – the harvested. The new concept is the What funds are likely to be available also inventory is needed for national strategic stewardship and use of forests and forestland impacts the inventory design and how ‘good’ For many stakeholders, especially planning, you need to meet international in a way and at a rate, that maintains their the information will be. commercial enterprises, their motivations commitments, or your boss says so. Table biodiversity, productivity, regeneration are relatively clear and easily communicated, 1 lists typical information needs by various capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill 7. Which lands shall you include? and decision makers can take note. But, for decision levels. now and in the future, relevant ecological, International agreements tend to promote the indigenous rural communities, their needs economic and social functions, at local, increase of forest area. That implies that you and perceptions remain veiled to most Many nations need a national level inventory regional, national, and global levels and will need data on areas that currently do not outsiders unless a specific effort is made to for strategic planning and to meet does not cause damage to other ecosystems. have trees but should have. Do you wish to uncover them. When the real impacts on the international obligations especially those include these current non-forested areas in land come from external forces, as they often resulting from the United Nations Tables 2 (P.13) and 3 (P.14 )list the types of your assessment? do, local communities and the environment

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Table 1. Typical Decision Level Characteristics Areas to be monitored according to documents arising from UNCED (Anonymous 1992,1993).

Level Characteristics and information needs Area Agenda 21 Forestry Convention on Convention on Convention on principles Biodiversity climate change Certification conservation International Goal: To develop international programs or action plans to foster development, reverse the depletion of resources and degradation of the environment; foreign trade agreements Low-lying coastal Yes Yes to shift surplus to meet demands; or cooperative agreements to control pests and diseases or to address other catastrophic occurrences. Information sought includes the present state of the resources and the rate and pattern of change. Data are usually Arid and semi-arid Yes Yes Yes collected nationally and assembled by an international organization. Suitable for reforestation Yes National Goal: To develop long-range Federal policies and programs for public and private land- administrating organizations within a given country. National assessments often provide Suitable for afforestation Yes Yes basic and relevant data on renewable resources held by all types of owners within a nation, appraising changes in supplies of resources and demands for them, the outlooks Prone to natural Yes Yes for future, and possible alterations in these outlooks by changes in national program end disasters policies. National assessments include descriptions of the present situation and estimated changes due to management, cultural influences, and natural or secondary Liable to drought & Yes Yes factors. The data are usually assembled and compiled by a Federal agency or an desertification association dealing with a specific resource product. The primary users of the information are the executive branch, Congress, and regulatory agencies. Private High urban Yes Yes industries also use long-range estimates of production and trends to develop their own athmospheric pollution strategies. Fragile ecosystems Yes Yes Agency Goal: To develop an ovearall strategy for the management of resources within the agency's jurisdiction; define a policy; to express that policy as a set of regulations; and Forested Yes Yes Yes Yes to carry out and execute the policy through agency's program. The information required usually reflects current values end or and rates of change. Inventories conducted at Figure 1 this level may be considered as a prelude to the development of the resource. Inventories focus on the resource stock and the land's capability to produce on a sustained yield basis. The inventory units used in planning are usually based upon political or administrative boundaries. Broad management goals and objectives and financial plans for the organization are the eventual products Information needs assessment

Region, Goal: To develop long-term direction for each management or administrative unit (e.g. Forest, Region, Forest, District) within an organization. The resources and their condition and potential are described only in sufficient detail to direct the manager’s attention to Laws District specific portions of the management unit for more intensive planning. Area, volume, and International Agreements production estimates are usually tied to each unit. For timber planning, information National Reports sought includes areas by land class, soil-vegetation types, estimates of growing stock within the classes, and accessibility. The product is a management plan. Criteria Sustainable Forestry Compartment and Goal: To determine what, where, and when specific treatments are to take place. Stand Decisions regarding timber sale locations and prescriptions for specific stands are examples. Inventories to assist the decision maker often include maps of vegetation Economic Situation Indicators Social Situation conditions by compartments and stands, description of vegetation and terrain within Forest Land the units, and accessibility and relevant classification of the units with respect to the alternatives selected under the land use planning process. Data observed include vegetation factors, potential productivity, accessibility, and economic factors in order Area Vegetation Type Canopy Cover to determine specific management actions to take place within the treatment unit. The local resource manager usually conducts the inventories. The output is a functional action plan showing the treatment areas and indicating what is to be done when, Tree Species Tree Height where, and how. The plan is used for the day-to-day operations of the lowest level field office.

Figure 1 - Start with laws, regulations that govern your organisation. Next identify criteria and indicators. From these, determine the measurements or observations to be made on various parameters.

Table 2

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Table 3

Indicators to be monitored according to documents arising from UNCED (Anonymous 1992,1993).

Area Agenda 21 Forestry Convention on Convention on Convention on principles Biodiversity climate change Certification conservation

Biomass Yes Yes

Climate Yes Yes

Ecosystems & Habitat Yes Yes

Emission sources and Yes Yes removals

Employment Yes

Energy Yes

Fodder Yes

Food Yes Yes

Fuel Yes

Land Cover Yes

Land degradation Yes Yes

Land Productivity Yes

Land use Yes Yes

Landscape Diversity Yes

Minerals Yes

Medicine Yes

Plants & animals Yes Yes Yes

Recreation Yes

Shelter Yes

Soils Yes

Water and water use Yes Yes

Wildlife Yes Yes

Woodstocks Yes

Note that many of the indicators involve observing things other than trees and nearly all require the measurement of change. This new direction means new information. To protect and create more natural biological diversity for example, one needs information not only on the trees but on other flora, fauna, soils, site, and habitat as well. These kind of things should be built into new inventories. Once the information requirements are known, the next task is to break the requirements down into data to be measured (figure 1)

14 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes are often joint losers. The problem is that of community territories based on these perceive include the recognition of their use publication in press. policy and decision makers are poorly samples. The data collected represents a of the forest by us, as a third party, and maps guided on how to address the needs of local ‘baseline diagnostic' phase within a longer- and documents that reflect this recognition. Link to cifor contact to get methods book or communities and biodiversity in landscapes. term research strategy. It was clear from their feedback that they also download from the internet. For more Field surveys are not an end in themselves. recognise benefits of openly discussing information on the cifor methods contact: Understanding what matters is fundamental. Our results clearly underline that local topics that they have previously not given cifor web link. http://www.cgiar.org/cifor communities have complex dependencies much explicit attention, and in learning how What is needed are methods, that can upon forest landscapes that need to be to make their views apparent to outsiders like CIFOR is supported by the Consultative reduce the understanding gap and provide a respected and understood. For Indonesia, ourselves. Group on International Agricultural Research comprehensible summary of what matters this message requires a steady revolution (CGIAR) locally, determine what is important, to that must impact all the institutions and Conclusions http://www.cgiar.org/ whom, by how much and why, and provide a processes related to forest management. Decision makers require guidance on how to means to make these preferences more deal with the needs of local communities Douglas Sheil apparent in the decision making process. While our methods attempt to be systematic, and biodiversity in landscapes. Our Center for International Forestry Research CIFOR and a team of national and results are not easily generalised. We need published methods bring together one suite (CIFOR), international partners have set about trying to to evaluate the complexity while avoiding of effective methods that can be used to P.O.Box 6596 JKPWB, address this. simplification. We tried to develop a survey tropical forest landscapes. The Jakarta 10065, Indonesia. "one–off" systematic "diagnostic" method, techniques provide conventional biophysical Telephone: +62 251 622622, The Methods and collected massive quantities of diverse descriptions of the landscape and explicitly Fax: +62 251 622100, The initial approach we have developed is data. Ultimately though, there will be relate this information to local needs, Email: [email protected] detailed in a new CIFOR publication (Sheil et difficulties in assessing local views unless preferences and value systems. These al. in press), developed during a study of we see the process as iterative – at the very methods can be used to make Experiences in the elaboration, seven communities in the forest-rich upper least we will need to check our conclusions recommendations on options about land use implementation and follow-up of forest portion of the Malinau watershed. The with the communities. The key point is to and policy, and to guide future research. The Malinau area (East Kalimantan, Indonesian develop a dialogue by learning to understand approach described provides a foundation management plans in natural tropical Borneo) was, until recently, little known each other. Our methods provide a step in for deeper dialogue between scientists, forests using computers, computer biologically though it was suspected that the the right direction. policy makers and the forest communities. software and other technological rugged forested landscape, next to the Kayan One crucial area that involves a distinct set of packages: a Case Study on Borneo. Mentarang National Park, would have a high concerns is intellectual property. There is Acknowledgements conservation significance. A major little doubt that the information provided by These activities were funded by the By Froylan Castaneda & Christel Palmberg- emphasis of CIFOR's Biodiversity research the community could have commercial International Tropical Timber Organisation Lerche in the areas has been to begin to document potential, whether in the identification of (ITTO) through the project ‘Forest, Science this biological wealth and its local relevance. pharmaceutically active plants or areas with and Sustainability: The Bulungan Model This is a summary of a Paper based on the specific resources. In our studies, we also Forest’ PD 12/97 Rev. 1 (F). work of Michael Kleine, with contributions Our methods emphasise quantitative made explicit that communities need not tell from Evelyn Jugi, Yosep Ruslim, Robert C. approaches, but not exclusively. A village- us anything they did not want to tell us. We I am grateful to the people of Paya Seturan, Ong, Albert Radin, Bernd Hahn-Schilling and based survey collected a wide range of specifically did not record detailed accounts Long Lake, Rian, Langap, Laban Nyarit, Long Alexander Hinrichs . August 2001. Forest qualitative and quantitative information about of how plants were used, or how medicines Jalan, Lio Mutai and Gong Solok. And to my Management Working Papers, Working the needs, culture, institutions and are prepared and administered. colleagues at CIFOR, LIPI, FORDA, BIOMA, Paper 2, Forest Resources Development aspirations of the communities, and and Inhutani II. Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, examined general perceptions of the local What is the immediate value of such surveys Rome (unpublished). landscape. A parallel field survey assessed to the community? These surveys take time Sheil, D. Puri, R.K., Basuki, I., van Heist, M., sample sites and recorded soil, vegetation and involvement from local people. Despite Syaefuddin, Rukmiyati, Sardjono, M.A., This case study summarises the and other site characteristics using both our own fears about possible community Samsoedin, I., Sidiyasa, K., Chrisandini, experiences in the use of computers, 'scientific' and local approaches. These field impatience, they have stayed enthusiastic Permana, E., Angi, E.M., Gatzweiler, F., and computer software and other technological methods emphasized landscape-scale and appear genuinely pleased that outsiders Wijaya, A. (2002) Exploring biological packages in the planning, implementation characterization through a large number of seek them out and discuss their views with diversity, environment and local people’s and monitoring of forest management in small data-rich samples, and assessments them. The more tangible benefits they perspectives in forest landscapes. CIFOR natural tropical forests. The methods and

16 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 17 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes procedures presented here have been tested spatial representation with the help of GIS I-00100 Rome (Italy) GPS. This generally means cellular phone- and are currently being used in three projects technologies. The inventory data processing [email protected] size equipment. Hand-held models allow in the Indonesian and Malaysian territories and yield regulation procedure make use of one to collect and maintain spatial data for on the Island of Borneo, Asia. The projects specially designed program packages. Their GIS use which is an ideal solution for located in East Kalimantan, Sabah and applications are explained in detail. mapping and managing spatial data in many Emerging Technologies for Forest Sarawak are collaborative efforts between applications, including natural resource Resources Appraisals and Land Use the local forest authorities, the private sector Operational planning at the compartment mapping and environmental studies. One Planning and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für level is the component within the forest may also record customized attributes of Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), the management system dealt with in the third information. These field data can then be German Agency for Technical Co-operation. section. A computer-assisted method to By K. D. Singh incorporated seamlessly into GIS. They aim to develop management systems design improved topographic and tree suitable for the sustainable utilisation of location maps is presented. These are Introduction Geographic information system tropical forests within the local socio- important for reduced-impact harvesting This paper presents a short account of The term GIS is currently used in two different economic context. operations. In addition, this section also recent technological developments such as senses. In the narrow sense, it refers to contains a description of a silvicultural GPS (geo-positioning systems), GIS computer hardware and software for The report is organised according to the decision-support system that is based on (geographic information system) and handling geographic information. In the basic management concept for sustainable silvicultural diagnostic survey. This survey Modelling, which could be used with broader sense, it includes all GIS equipment tropical forest management as pursued in all applies aerial photographs to pre-stratify the advantage in national (forest as well as and operations, including the hard and three projects. forest area followed by a more detailed field agroforest) inventories. These technologies, software, input data, editing and storing, survey. in no way, obviate the importance of good processing of data and reporting (see figure In the first section the reader is introduced to field work or good interpretation of images. 1 pg 20 ) the forests and forestry sectors of East In the fourth section two monitoring and Their contribution consists of reducing the The value of GIS to deal with complex Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak. Brief control systems that are fundamental to cost and/or time of inventories and problems such as land use and descriptions are provided on the ecological sustainable forest management are enhancing the analytical capacity, environmental planning, resources and socio-economic environment, the current described. Both systems are complementary undoubtedly a contribution of great management, integrated area development, condition of the forest resources and the and build on each other, in terms of data importance. etc., has been known for a long time. institutional framework under which forest procurement and computer-supported However, recent advances in computer management takes place. This section also processing. The so-called compartment Geo-positioning systems technology such as data base management outlines the basic management concept register provides the most detailed The GPS is a satellite-based navigation systems (DBMS), computer- assisted pursued in all three projects. This approach information on forest conditions, input and system, which can be used for determining drafting and mapping (CAD/CAM) and is characterised by distinct levels and output at the lowest level of forest the coordinates (x-y-z) of any observation modelling techniques have made GIS a very phases of management ranging from management. A comprehensive cost and point. It is accurate within a few metres and powerful and at the same time affordable tool planning, implementation and monitoring to resource accounting system uses the enables one to map points, lines and areas even at the individual level. Using a relatively control. In order to better understand the databases generated at the compartment quickly and easily. The accuracy depends on inexpensive PC, it is now possible to input, function and use of the various computer- level. Through a structured process the the equipment, field conditions (in particular, integrate and store information in the form of supported methods and procedures of forest information is compiled and aggregated canopy cover), as well as the procedure data as well as maps; analyse and management, they have been organised allowing an overall financial analysis and used. Combined with survey maps such manipulate data and combine these with according to this structured management profit calculation for the entire FMU. systems could replace the traditional method complex modelling algorithms and display concept. of locating field plots with maps, chain and results in the form of computer graphs, maps For further information please contact: compass. An added benefit is that or tables. Together with the word processing The second section presents three key Froylan Castaneda, Forestry Officer (Tropical operations such as clearing paths and capability of computers, the final report can components of strategic planning in forest Forest Management) bypassing obstacles, are no longer required. be produced directly. management, i.e. forest zoning or land use Or In the past these operations significantly planning, forest inventory and yield Christel Palmberg-Lerche, Chief added to the cost of forest inventory. Through Experience indicates that input data for GIS regulation. The various aspects of land use Forest Resources Development Service GPS, the plot location becomes near- has to be very well prepared if cost and time planning are processed using a Forest Resources Division foolproof, fast and in-expensive. associated with a GIS project is to be comprehensive process of data collection, Forestry Department FAO minimized. In fact, to get the best out of a GIS, compilation with computer software and Viale delle Terme di Caracalla The trend is toward cheaper, more flexible a total planning is required, starting with

18 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 19 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes survey and analysis of user's output pro-active land management. planning. iii) The program for forest The main objectives were to: requirements, followed by input design, plantations must be high yielding to achieve • Develop image processing techniques reliable and relevant data collection and An example of modelling: formulation of self-reliance in the shortest possible time. to identify land cover changes using modelling. alternative wood-energy policies iv) The establishment and development of multi-temporal satellite imagery This section presents a model with the plantations must be secured with people • Develop a G.I.S. data bank which will be Modelling acronym APM (Area Production Model), which participation with control of grazing and illicit the baseline for the monitoring project Models are an abstraction of reality in a was originally developed by Nilsson and the removals. • Incorporate remote sensing and G.I.S. mathematical statistical language with a view present author for a World Bank investment v) Adequate finance on a continuing and data for management and protection of to study the interaction among various study in India back in the seventies. Since long-term basis must be secured. This will the study area components or dynamic behaviour of the then it has undergone a long period of call for an effective, creditworthy and efficient • Identify the environmental parameters entity or the process of change under improvement (see Nilsson 2000). The model management environment. that are critical for the area. alternative assumptions. Models need not simulates possible developments of land include all associated observations or use and primary area production. It can be References The study area was the Mountain Antichasia - measurements, but a subset of them which used in connection with production and Nilsson Nils-Erik 2000, The Area Production Meteora found in the central part of Greece. are relevant to the problem. A good model consumption studies at the level of civil Model: Background and Design, (Extracted The size is almost 826.127 ha and it belongs should, in fact, exclude unrelated details and district, commune or a development block to from a manuscript under preparation) to the Mediterranean zone. The SPA includes focus on fundamental aspects of the reality demonstrate impact of alternative a mosaic of different vegetation types of a under study. developments in the future land use. If Singh K. D. 2001, Guidelines on National Sub-Mediterranean character. Most of the possible, it should be run based on the Inventory of Village Forests, CIFOR, Bogor, area is covered by Quercetalia pubescentis Because models are used in such a wide experience of the current and past land use. Indonesia and only a small part of the higher altitudes variety of contexts, it is difficult to define even is covered by vegetation of the beech zone. broad types of usage without ambiguity. One The use of the model will be illustrated here For further information Please contact: The area has a poor economic development; major division is between descriptive and to analyse the impact of alternative policy K. D. Singh, the main sources of livelihoods are normative (or predictive models). The former decisions on fuelwood production and Adjunct Professor agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry. is concerned with some description of the consumption in a district of India viz. Adilabad University of Massachusetts at Boston, This zone has been characterised as an real world, such as a scale model, a map, a in Andhra Pradesh. Four scenarios are USA. Email: [email protected] Important Bird Area (IBA) according to the EC series of equations, and some other presented using the available forest Instruction 79/409/EC and it is considered resources and socio-economic data. Effort very important for the coherence of the analogue; the latter, an ideal type, is what Application of remote sensing and was made to make the model as realistic as Special Protection Network. might be expected to occur in the real world Geographic Information Systems for possible. The alternative scenarios and under certain conditions. Models have also the monitoring and protection of a been classified as static (steady state) or underlying assumptions are given in Table 1 For the study area the following data sources Special Protected Area in Greece. dynamic according to their changing nature; and results in Figure 2 Pg 21. in a graphic were used: deterministic and stochastic according to form. • Two LANDSAT TM images dated degree of probability associated with their By Ioannis Meliadis, Alexandros Tsiontsis 28/7/1989 and 1999 prediction; or holistic and reductionist • Aerial photographs at a scale of1:20.000 according to the level of detail included in the During an E.E. project in Greece for Special • Management plan maps at a scale of model. The following conclusions could be drawn Protected Areas, the techniques of remote 1:20.000 from the model study: sensing and Geographical Information • Topographic map at a scale of1:5.000. In complex modelling work, a start is made Systems (G.I.S.) have been used for • Land Resource Map at a scale of with establishment and testing of descriptive i) even in a district like Adilabad, with a forest monitoring and protection purposes. The 1:50.000. models to determine causal relationships cover of 40% today, a long term program is primary objective for the Special Protected between various variables. Once causal essential to balance the supply with the Area (SPA) was to reduce pressure on For the analysis two multi-temporal images relationships are known, it is possible to demand. In the best case scenario, it will natural habitats while supporting sustainable were used. The methodology adapted for this develop a hypothesis, theory, or model, take about 25 years to balance supply and development. The success of such activities study involved the classification of the which can predict outcomes given the same demand. depends to a large extent upon knowledge of LANDSAT data for both dates into land cover or similar circumstances in another area. ii) Both increasing production and controlling both the ecological and socioeconomic classes. A supervised classification using all Well-established relationships can make for consumption are necessary. This suggests environments. available bands was performed on a portion very powerful normative models essential for the need for an integrated development of a 30-m resolution TM image. With the

20 ETFRN News 36/02 22 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes

Table 1: Assumptions made in the model regarding future state of the district

Scenario Supply -side Assumptions Demand - side Assumptions

01 No change No change

-Improvement of wood production on agricultural land; and -Establishment of 100 000 ha of fuelwood 02 plantations No change

-Reduction of population growth rate; and -Reduction of 2% per year of biomass 03 No change demand per capita

-Improvement of wood production on -Reduction of population growth rate; and agricultural land; and -Reduction of 2% per year of biomass - Establishment of 100 000 ha of fuelwood demand per capita 04 plantations

Figure 2

Figure 2 : Fuelwood deficit (million m3) 0.0 SCENARIO 04 -0.5

-1.0

SCENARIO 03 -1.5

-2.0

SCENARIO 02 -2.5

-3.0 SCENARIO 01 -3.5 Year 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021

ETFRN News 36/02 21 Emerging Technologies for Forest Resources Appraisals and Land Use Planning Figure 1 Overview of a GIS system

Tropical Forest Inventory in the Costa De Jalisco Region Mexico: Methodology and Preliminary Results Figure 1. Systematic sample showing sample and sub-sample with different radii and evaluated areas Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes most recent TM data available, a map of land areas served as restriction zones for any processes. An important parameter of radar systems is cover classes was produced. This map annoyance of the wild fauna. The "habitat the frequency band. The most common contains: Forests, Partially Forested Areas, polygons" were also used as an input for the Dr. Ioannis Meliadis bands are: C-band (5.3 GHz), L-band (1.2 Agricultural Lands, Rangelands, Shrublands imagery-based analysis of potential habitat. NAGREF – Forest Research Institute GHz) and P-band (440 MHz). C-band has a and Urban Areas. These six classes are Individual positions of birds and expert Lab of Remote Sensing & G.I.S. relatively high frequency for earth observation sufficient to accurately capture biomass of delineation of historic habitat polygons Vassilika, Thessaloniki and is characterised by low penetration in the area and estimate the habitats for the served as the primary sampling unit for the 570 06 Greece vegetation layers. At lower frequencies the wild fauna. purposes of habitat prediction. In this [email protected] penetration is much stronger and analysis, the temporal dynamics of wild consequently also characteristics of the In order to obtain land use change data, the fauna areas were evaluated as a function of Dr. Alexandros Tsiontsis terrain underneath closed vegetation can be digital image of 1989 was used. The photo the temporal change in vegetation spectral NAGREF – Forest Research Institute made visible, eg (forest-) inundation, logs or interpretation of the aerial photos of 1987 signatures obtained from satellite imagery. Lab of Forest Soils biomass. was used for the delineation of the land cover Changes in vegetation communities are Vassilika, Thessaloniki classes which were used as reference in the related to features of the landscape such as 570 06 Greece There are many kinds of radar systems. By classification of the '89 LANDSAT image. vegetation phenology and condition. [email protected] addition of extra antennas modern radar The same digital processing procedure was systems can do a lot more than just imaging used for the older image. The change The main conclusions can be summarised the earth. The so called interferometric radar Weather Independent Tropical Forest detection analysis was conducted by as follows: can make three dimensional observations. subtracting the two classified images and Monitoring in Indonesia Polarimetric radar uses different developing a cross – tabulation operation. a) Effective Monitoring requires techniques polarisations through which it can observe that have an acceptable cost and provide By Vincent Schut and Arjen Vrielink additional structural characteristics of the Comparison between the images indicated information at the required level of accuracy. terrain and vegetation. that the areas occupied by forests, partially b) Digital remote sensing data are very This article demonstrates some of the forested land and shrublands decreased flexible and show potential for monitoring current possibilities of Remote Sensing (RS) SarVision is currently implementing several during the ten year period, while the programs techniques for weather independent monitoring systems in Indonesia. In this remaining classes showed an increase. A c) The combined use of multi-date satellite monitoring of tropical forests on different article, we focus is on two of these systems. new map was produced, indicating the areas imagery and the digital ancillary data sets of scales, both temporal and spatial. First a nationwide optical monitoring system where land cover had changed. G.I.S. has proved a useful technique for is discussed: SPOT vegetation mapping. producing the baseline for monitoring Traditional forest monitoring and inventory Second a regional radar monitoring system The new map was overlaid with G.I.S. layers. projects. techniques in the field suffer from three is discussed: monitoring the Mawas Showing the contour lines, point elevations, d) Multiple G.I.S. layers can easily be used for major problems: relatively small areas; no Reserve. road and river networks, habitat, land use, a more detailed spatial analysis of the replicability / timeliness; relatively high costs. soil, geology, land ownership, watersheds, ecosystems and isolation of environmental In other words: it is really expensive to have a SarVision has developed a new system for game refuges, culture, and protected areas. parameters that influence the monitoring fieldwork campaign for a large area every two large scale weather independent forest New information was derived by the project. months. Research has shown that satellite monitoring. Using SPOT Vegetation data, this processing of the above layers, such as the and airborne RS techniques can overcome system gives a fast overview of the remaining aspects, slopes and the Digital Elevation Proper use and monitoring of our land and thes e problems. However, one major forest resources of a large area, in a Model. environmental resources for quality of life constraint of optical techniques is that their resolution of 1 x 1 km. An algorithm has been and sustainable growth requires that timely, observations are hindered by cloud cover developed to aggregate the raw data into a The data bank of the G.I.S. was used for accurate data on land cover and land use be and haze and are limited to observations by cloudless, contrast-enhanced and spatial research on the parameters that most available continually. The complex questions daylight. classifiable product. The resulting forest and influence the area. For example, land being addressed internationally require that forest change maps can be used for ownership layers and access were researchers take advantage of new Contrary to optical sys tems, radar is ecological monitoring, (forestry) law determined to evaluate the necessity of technologies including remote sensing, characterised by the possibility of unhindered enforcement, forest fire damage conducting wild fauna surveys on non-public Geographic Information Systems (G.I.S.) and observation during cloud cover, smoke investigation, etc. They are ideal for a lands which would require access permits Environmental Information Management (forest fires) or during the night. Therefore multisensor approach, pointing towards and authorization from individual land Systems that may lead to simulation models radar is the ideal instrument for forest deforestation hotspots that can then be owners. Buffer zones around the protected for land management decision-making monitoring, especially in the humid tropics. investigated in more detail using spaceborne

ETFRN News 36/02 23 24 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes or airborne radar, or other (future) sensors. least every two months, with a delay of less Tel: +31 317 421526 interest in this area arises because many than one month. Fax: +31 317 428880 real-world problems are complicated by the The system is applicable worldwide and is E: [email protected] need to consider multiple objectives, but also perfect for extensive and long term forest Currently 25 m resolution ERS-2 (European W: www.sarvision.com because there are still unresolved questions monitoring. Due to the processing algorithm Radar Satellite, C-band) data are used, in the area. cloud and haze influences are effectively along with historical data (mainly ERS-1/2 Optimization Applied to Management eliminated. Patches of recent deforestation and JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Ecosystem management is an arduous task can easily be found and then investigated by Satellite, L-band)). In the future the use of of Natural Forests due to the great complexity of the system and other sensors, e.g. MODIS (250 m. ENVISAT-ASAR (recently launched) and the large number of variables that must be resolution), spaceborne radar or even ALOS-PALSAR (L-band system) is foreseen. By Gilson Fernandes da Silva; Rinaldo Luiz taken into consideration during planning. airborne radar for a very high resolution L-band seems superior to C-band for forest Caraciolo Ferreira; William Arthur Hoffmann; Climatic and biological processes and the investigation. Our straightforward and monitoring. Visibility of drainage and Nilton César Fiedler, Gerard Janin large number of other variables that affect automated processing algorithms and the hydrology in these swamp forests are much forest growth, compounded with long guarantee of future availability of SPOT better than in C-band (or in optical sensors Abstract: The objective of this ongoing production cycles and uncertainty in markets Vegetation data ensure a previously such as Landsat TM). It is therefore very likely research is to evaluate the use of multi- and societal demands make it unclear what unknown stability and accuracy in large scale that L-band will contribute to refined objective optimization models for the alternative is best. Brazilian forests are forest monitoring. ecological forest type mapping of this area. management of natural forests and to considered fragile ecosystems with regard to Within two years the service should be develop algorithms capable of solving the regeneration, growth, production, and Large forest areas in Indonesia are under completely operational. This monitoring proposed models, with particular emphasis biodiversity maintenance, therefore requiring severe threat because of illegal logging, concept can then also be applied to other on evolutionary algorithms. Economic, management regimes appropriate for these poaching and increased susceptibility to fire similar (forest) areas in the world. environmental and social objectives are characteristics and permitting sustainable due to recent forest degradation. One of the considered in the management model to be production. areas of major interest is a 273,000 ha area Until now large scale weather independent optimized. The multi-objective model will be in Central Kalimantan, east of Palangkaraya: RS monitoring is primarily discussed in capable of incorporating the above objectives Proposals to rationally use forest resources the Mawas reserve. This area still comprises relation to research projects. However, the and will evaluate diverse strategies for must be critically examined to consciously substantial areas of pristine lowland forest examples above show that SarVision is management. We also expect to implement deal with the above problems. It is necessary and the largest remaining orang-utan already operating RS monitoring systems in an algorithm capable of solving the model to determine which parameters best population (3,000 individuals). Under co- Indonesia. There are Plans to extend the optimization, utilizing evolutionary algorithm characterize forest composition, structure ordination of the government, local current monitoring areas to more forest theory. and dynamics, and subsequently seek to authorities and the Balikpapan Orang-utan areas in Indonesia and also to other develop management plans incorporating Survival Foundation (BOS) a three- countries with tropical forests. Introduction multiple goals, with economic, environmental component program is executed. These The increasing demand for wood and non- and social objectives. This requires not only components are: (1) fast detection of illegal SarVision is currently working hard to wood forest products associated with a management model for the forest, but also logging, encroachment or any other develop more advanced monitoring increasingly globalized market pressures methods and tools that make it possible to threatening conditions by remote sensing techniques. The aim is to combine require that forestry companies become solve and implement the model. satellites, (2) a flying team to collect evidence observations from different sensors in one increasingly competitive by producing high- and prosecute offenders, and (3) moving monitoring system. Also high resolution (3D) quality products at low cost. Modern forest Due to the need to increase production in a local population to buffer zones and providing airborne radar mapping systems are being management requires integration among the rational manner, using all the goods and them income and training. developed for detailed monitoring such as forest, industry, and the market to maximize services that the system can sustainably individual tree mapping. financial return while guaranteeing a provide, this research is based on current SarVision is setting up a monitoring system sustainable growing stock. Additionally, understanding as well as on maintenance based on spaceborne radar observation to For further information please contact: legal, environmental and social issues must and protection of the plant diversity in these deal with the first of the above mentioned Vincent Schut enter into a management plan designed to forests. The results of the research components. Of course, because of cloud email: [email protected] guarantee continuous production. described here, integrated with current cover, radar remote sensing plays a major Arjen Vrielink One of the potential tools for forest managers knowledge, will be directed to generate role. The objective is to set up an operational SarVision BV to deal with this type of problems is multi- technology that will make viable sustainable service to be able to inform local teams as Oudlaan 37 objective optimization, an active area of use of natural forest resources. fast as possible. It is planned to do this at 6708 RC Wageningen The Netherlands research in science and engineering. The

ETFRN News 36/02 25 26 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

Objectives Arthur Hoffmann; Nilton César Fiedler, and a lack of specialised technicians in this important to remark that 17 different tree The objective of this research is to generate Gerard Janin, type of forest. Therefore, a study has been species where found in one sample. In new approaches to use and manage natural Professor do Departmento de Engenharia undertaken to develop a forest management another sample, 48 different tree species forests. The specific objectives are: Florestal da UnB, Brasilia DF, Brazil basis for the "La Quebrada" watershed as where found. 1100 individual trees of Email: [email protected] well as to gain better understanding of this intermediate forest and 650 individual trees • Determine which variables or indices are of vegetation type.The main objective of the in regeneration were included. Using the primary importance for management of Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo project was the development of a forest Index of importance value (IIV) suggested by these forests, considering the objectives to Ferreira Professor do Departmento de inventory methodology for the management Lamprecht (1990), it was determined that the be reached, the philosophy of mathematical Ciencia Florestal da UFRPE, of the Jalisco tropical forest using species with the greatest value are modelling, and the available information on Recife, PE, Brazil Geographic Information System (GIS) and Brosimum alicastrum, Hura polyandra, and natural forests. Email: [email protected] remote sensing. Tabebuiae rosea with 37.5, 33.8 y 16.3 % • Propose a management model for natural respectively (Gallegos R. et al.). In relation to forests, taking into consideration multiple Methodology the calculated basal area, the analysis Tropical Forest Inventory in the Costa economic, environmental, and social The study area, "Cuenca La Quebrada", is shows that only in 5 samples the basal area De Jalisco Region Mexico: objectives. located approximately 70 km south of Puerto was greater than 60 m²/ha., the average • Develop an algorithm to solve the above Methodology and Preliminary Results Vallarta on the Pacific Ocean Coast. The size number of trees for the mature and model based on the theory of evolutionary of the area is 44,6 km². The altitude within the intermediate forest per sample was 18 and algorithms. by Efrén Hernández, Agustín Gallegos & study area ranges from 128 m.a.s.l. (meters the average time required for recording the Dieter R. Pelz above sea level), the location of the "Cajon information was 22 minutes. Material and Methods de Peña" hydroelectric project, to 760 m.a.s.l. The project with be carried out in two sites Introduction (Krüger, 2000). The dominant vegetation Conclusions protected by law: Tropical forests are an important resource in types are the mixed deciduous forest and The tree species of greatest ecological 1) Fazenda Água Limpa (4000 ha), a the coastal area of Jalisco/Mexico. They pure deciduous forest. importance in the area are concentrated in research farm owned by the University of show a high species diversity. Important two species; Brosimum alicastrum and Hura Brasília, and species such as "Cedro Rojo" (Red Cedar) Basically, the sample design was a polyandra. It is important to remark that the 2) the IBGE Ecological Reserve (1300 ha). Cedrela odorata and the "Caoba" or systematic grid of 500 m x 250 m. Plot Sabal mexicana and Acrocomia aculeata The vegetation of both sites is well "Mahogany" Swietenia macrophylla can be locations were permanent. A metal rod was palms represent 8.1 % of the IIV total. This preserved. Repeated censuses in cerrado found in these forests. Also non-timber located in the sample plot center and the plot indicates the presence of disturbance in the (savanna) and gallery forests have been products like "Palma real" and "Palma shape was concentric with 500 m² for mature area. There is a low abundance and carried out by researchers in the Forestry chamedora" are used for ornamental forest, sub-samples of 100 m² for dominance of commercial species, due to Department of the University of Brasília who purposes. In Jalisco State, changes in land intermediate forest and sub-samples of selective harvesting executed in an have offered their data to parameterize the use for agriculture and cattle raising have 12.57 m² for regeneration (Fig. 1). A total of inappropriate way, extensive cattle grazing, management model. been the cause of fragmentation of this forest 357 samples were taken, resulting in a and forest fires. on approximately 171,333.00 ha, according sampling intensity of approximately 0.4 %. It should be noted, that the field work for the Expected Results to the 1994 Forest National Inventory. The The central point was localised using a location of the samples was much easier • Identify specific variables that characterize inventory also confirms that the forest located global positioning system (GPS), Garmin because of the GPS. Similarly, the use of a natural forests which will serve to develop in the tropical zones has suffered the Personal Navigator 45 model. This laser instrument to measure the distances management plans for natural forests. greatest impact during the last decades. instrument was programmed with spatial facilitated the daily work. More data can be • Generate a management model for natural data of the grid that was previously designed. collected in less time compared to traditional forests that permits optimization of In the Costa de Jalisco region there are The exact location was determined by the procedures. resource use by evaluating multiple forests with good management. However metal rod in the plot center. The trees within objectives of forest planning. many areas are still without a forest samples and sub-samples were localised Future Activities • Elaborate an evolutionary algorithm for management plan. There is little information with an azimuth (compass). The distance Considering that there are no volume tables multiple objectives which will be available on forest resources and no was determined by laser measurements. available for the most important species of implemented by computer to solve the monitoring of forest dynamics has been the region`s medium forest, a special effort model proposed above. done. On the other hand, Ortega & Curiel will be undertaken to develop such tables. Results and Discussion For further information please contact: (2000) found technology deficits in the The ecological aspects of the area will also Gilson Fernandes da Silva; Rinaldo William productivity growth of new timber species Approximately 5,000 trees of 131 different be evaluated. On a more technical level, species were included in the larger plot. It is

ETFRN News 36/02 27 28 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes further studies on the use of high resolution Tropicales, “Perspectivas para un Manejo multi-functional management as the Step 12. Definition of the forest borders satellite images (IKONOS) for inventory of the Sostenido“ Predio “Las Agujas“ municipio de expression of a true concern to maintain tropical forests in Jalisco will be evaluated. Zapopan, Jalisco, Méx. biodiversity. This method is based on a rapid Step 13. Definition of the geomorphological characterisation of the forest composition. units 2 This project, "Development of a Geographical SARH.1994. Inventario Forestal Periódico del This approach provides information Information System (GIS) for the Estado de Jalisco. SFF. México. concerning timber resources and their Step 14. Elaboration of the theoretical road management of Tropical Forests in the geographical location, and takes especially network Costa de Jalisco Region, Mexico", is For further information, please contact: into consideration the biological diversity supported by the University Centre of Dieter R. Pelz within the forests concerned. Step 15. Definition of the areas not to be Biological and Agricultural sciences (CUCBA) Email: [email protected] and As the moist tropical forests of French exploited of Guadalajara University and the Mexican Efren Hernandez Guiana are still not well understood (aspects Council for Science and Technology Email: [email protected] of ecosystem functioning and of the Step 16. Definition of Access Network Units (CONACYT). University of Freiburg, distribution, abundance and status of the (ANU) 3 Department of Forest Biometry, animal and plant species present), not easily Step 17. Definition of Management Units Literature Cited Werderring 6 D-79085 Freiburg, accessible and very extensive, the approach Gallegos, R. A; & Hernández, A. E. 1999. Germany.Tel: +49 761 203 3750 relies on habitat study rather than on the Step 18. Classification of MUs into series; Desarrollo de un Sistema de Información species themselves. However, since a map of series Geográfica (SIG) para el Manejo de Bosques precise map showing all habitats in the Inventory techniques in French Guiana Tropicales en La Región Costa de Jalisco, forests to be managed is unrealistic, an 2. Management Field Inventory (MFI, DIAM in México. Propuesta de proyecto ante to elaborate and apply multi-functional indirect approach was adopted, based on a French) for each ANU of the production CONACYT. Predio “Las Agujas“ municipio de forest management plans geomorphological analysis of these areas. series Zapopan, Jalisco, Méx. by Olivier Brunaux, Julien Demenois, Florent Several steps to elaborate a multi- Step 21. Establishment of inventory trails Gallegos, R. A; Abundio, R. E; Moralez, R. M. Ingrassia functional forest management plan E; & Hernández, A. E. 2001. Valor de The aim of forest management is first to Step 22. Dendrologic and ecological survey Importancia de las Especies Arbóreas en un Global context of sustainable forest define long-term objectives and localise Bosque Tropical de la Costa de Jalisco. management in French Guiana them inside the coastal strip. This area is Step 23. Data analysis: resource Memorias del V Congreso Mexicano de divided into 54 forests (10 000 to 100 000 assessment, proposal of a road network, Recursos Forestales. SOMEREFO. By ratifying the Rio agreement in 1992, ha). Each managed forest is also divided into proposal of MUs to be inventoried and Guadalajara Jalisco, México. France made a firm commitment to ensure several areas defined by their dominant diagnosed sustainable and exemplary management of objective, called «series», combining the Krüger, J. 2000. Entwicklung und Aufbau its forests. To honor this commitment in individual Management Units 1 (MU, parcelle Step 24. Possible fitting of the classified MUs eines geografischen Informationssystemes French Guiana, and to break rapidly with the in French) with the same dominant objective. into series for this ANU. The MFI is a light für eine Forstinventur im Tropenwald von existing «mining» permit-style system, an Five types of series have been defined: inventory which first aim is to confirm, or not, Jalisco/México. Diplomarbeit, Universidad de essential step toward sustainable S timber production and global protection step 18. Secondly, it gives a reliable Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Alemania. assessment of the most abundant management was made between 1993 and of habitats and landscapes series; 1998. ONF (Office National des Forêts, State uses series; marketable species and is also a reliable Lamprecht, H. 1990. Silvicultura en los S Forest Service) instigated a simplified form of visiting public series; tool to judge the exploitability of a MU. trópicos. Los ecosistemas forestales en los S forest management. The first steps in this general ecological interest series; bosques tropicales y sus especies arbóreas S process established a permanent forest S particular ecological interest series. The MFI is based on transects of 40 m wide. –posibilidades y métodos para un area for timber production restricted to a Inside this strip, for each tree with a DBH > aprovechamiento sostenido. Traducido por 55 cm (for most species), the species and coastal strip 70 km wide; and implemented The forest management plan is elaborated Carrillo D. GTZ. Alemania. the diameter class are visually determined a harvesting system, organized in space and as follows: time, aimed at sustainable use. and noted. Besides, all marketable trees (35 Ortega, C. A. & Curiel, A. G. M. 2000. cm < DBH < 55 cm) are noted. They form the 1. Preliminary analysis Problemática en la Elaboración de Planes Since 1998, ONF, which is in charge of the future tree population. Environmental de Manejo para Bosques Tropicales. state-owned forests, has drawn up a new particularities are also noted. Step 11. Definition of the study area Memorias del Taller Internacional de development strategy for this forest area, with Evaluación y Monitoreo en Bosques the aim of implementing sustainable and The inventory or diagnosis trails cross the ETFRN News 36/02 29 30 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes technically exploitable areas defined at step logging companies a reliable assessment of northerly tropics to the most southerly cool A New National Inventory for 15. In order to verify the feasibility of the the floristic composition and also of the temperate), Acacia forest, and conifer- Australia’s Forests theoretical road network, they cross the volume of the exploitable trees. dominated forests (predominantly of passes and the other necessary roads. When the road network has been created endemic species of Callitris and Araucaria). and the TMUI completed for a MU, the latter is By Phillip Norman, Jerome Vanclay Substantial areas of plantations of exotic Data analysis consists of the calculation of sold to a logging company. Hence, this (predominantly Pinus) and native the resource index (number of trees/ha, company is in charge of the exploitation of In a first for Australia, the National Forest (predominantly Eucalyptus species) have volume/ha for each species or group of the MU. ONF controls the work throughout the Inventory has embarked on an ambitious also been established throughout the species) at three different scales: 100 linear exploitation. Each year, ONF sells about 12 plan to establish a new comprehensive country. meters, one MU and one ANU. Thus, poor 000 ha of primary forest – 40 MU as an inventory program of the nation continent’s and non-exploitable areas, slightly rich areas average – which can produce 60 to 80 000 forests and woodlands. The new program, Australia is a Federation of 8 where logging is possible under some m 3 (round wood). known as the Continental Forest Sampling States/Territories. Under the National conditions, and rich and exploitable areas Framework, will provide for the very first time, Constitution established in 1901 are defined inside the production series. Discussion consistent independent and reliable responsibility for management of natural Based on these analyses, a forest ONF wishes to use the TMUI results as an statistics to describe the full extent and resources, including forests, rests principally management plan is drawn up for a five-year attachment to the contract when selling a MU trends of Australia’s forests and woodlands. with the State/Territory Governments, whilst period. This document will define an to a logging company. This measure The program is being designed specifically responsibility for external affairs, including operational plan: roads to be created, MUs to appears necessary in order to better control to meet Australia’s obligations under international reporting on forests rests with be diagnosed and then MUs to be exploited. the exploitation – volume of timber extracted National and International reporting protocols the Federal Government. Individual compared to the resources, respect for the (such as the Montreal Process) by State/Territories have maintained forest Implementation of a multi-functional forest future trees marked – and to improve the establishing an accurate means of inventory programs of varying standard since management plan yields (5,5 m 3/ha in average). measuring trends in important forest the early 1900’s principally to quantify and characteristics such as age, size, and plan the utilisation of timber. Recent National ONF both elaborates and implements the Service Amenagement Forestier, ONF species composition, as well as changes in and International forest policy initiatives (of forest management plans. Each year, as the Guyane, forest management and tenure. particular note the National Forest Policy first step in the implementation of a forest Oivier Brunaux, [email protected] Statement of 1992 and the Montreal Process management plan, it invests in the road Florent Ingrassia [email protected] Australia has in excess of 150 million of the mid to late 1990’s) have highlighted network and creates 40 km of roads. Direction Regionale, ONF Guyane hectares of vegetation that meets the the need for national level forest statistics. Then, each MU of the production series is Julien Demenois accepted national definition of forest The National Forest Inventory (a partnership inventoried and diagnosed. To this end a B.P. 7002 97307,Cayenne Cedex, (National Forest Inventory 1998). Forests are of Federal and State/Territory Governments) Thorough Management Unit Inventory (TMUI, French Guiana. E Mail: [email protected] broadly distributed in a band of variable was established in the early 1990’s to DIPA in French) is carried out. Each MU is widths around the coastline of the continent, provide a vehicle for Australia-wide forest divided into Prospecting Units (PU, Unité de across latitudes ranging from cool temperate inventory and reporting. 1 A Management Unit is defined by the most important natural, and where Prospection in French) of 20 to 100 ha. Each necessary artificial, field borders. The area of one MU in the timber to tropical, soils ranging from deep fertile, PU is topographically homogeneous. Next, production and global protection of habitats and landscapes series is about recent volcanics to heavily leached tropical The limited resources available to the NFI, 300 ha. for each PU a TMUI is carried out in order to laterites, and rainfall ranging from several the demand for immediate information, and determine its accessibility, its exploitability 2 A geomorphological unit is defined as an area homogeneous according metres to less than 500 mm per year. the nature of the system of Government, to its relief and its geology and characterized by the area and the and the resources of the marketable distribution of relief shape units, by the shape and the direction of ridge It is not surprising, given the variability of meant that it had to rely initially on a species. lines and the hydrographic network, the dimension and the direction of the com pilation approach, bringing together interfluves, the average and maximal altitudes of reliefs and the kind of these environments, that Australia’s natural slopes. forests are extremely variable in their nature. existing data from a variety of sources and

The TMUI explores the whole area of the PU, 3 An Access Network Unit (Unité de Desserte in French) is an Whilst two largely endemic tree genera, collected to a variety of standards. This not only transects. Nevertheless, some parts autonomous forest area considering its accessability. It is defined by the Eucalyptus and Corymbia, overwhelmingly approach was largely successful in meeting of the PU can be not diagnosed because rivers or the reliefs which can not be jumped over by loggers. predominate, the more than seven hundred the urgent requirement for a snapshot of they are small or poorly accessible. The species contained in these genera take the Australia’s forests. However, its limitations visually collected data are the same as those form of anything from tall single-stemmed have been evident in attempts to report collected for the MFI. The timber quality is forest trees to low sprawling multi-stemmed comprehensively against their condition or also noted and the future trees are physically shrubs. Adding to this diversity are a variety trends (eg the Montreal C&I First marked. Thus, several results are obtained of other more restricted forest types including Approximation Report (Commonwealth of through the TMUI. It gives ONF and the rainforest (of various forms from the most Australia 1997) and Australia’s State of the

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Forests Report (National Forest Inventory (genus, species), growth stage, tenure Mr Phillip Norman, involved interpretation of satellite data and 1998)). In each instance the reports (including private individual, industrial, Principal Scientist – Sustainable Forestry Sciences, aerial photographs and processing of forest acknowledged that major gaps existed in institutional), reserve status (including Environment Protection Agency Queensland inventory data collected from about 170,000 Australia Australia’s capacity to report nationally (in reserves on private land), intended sampling units distributed all over the particular for areas of forest other than those landuse (areas zoned or intended to be Prof Jerome Vanclay, country. Presently, this methodology is being most intensively managed for timber managed for various objectives), Department of Forestry, used by the FSI in assessment of changes in production) and as a consequence many of disturbance, and forest health) Southern Cross University, forest cover and growing stock of forests in the indicators could only be reported in a Lismore, NSW, India between the period 1984 and 1994. narrative fashion making quantification of • be simple flexible and repeatable Australia. Email:[email protected] trends through time impossible. Even for • be based on permanent/relocatable site- Methodology those indicators for which quantitative based measurement Methodology for Assessment of Growing stock for the entire country (strata- reporting was possible, trends are at best • report to accuracies commensurate with Growing Stock of Forests in India wise according to major forest types) was indicative only due to the extent of spatial and current international practice assessed using information available from temporal inconsistencies in measurement • provide estimates of change at 5 yearly the vegetation maps, thematic maps and the methods and the sampling base. intervals By J. K. Rawat and Alok Saxena ground forest inventory conducted by the FSI. (Forest Survey of India, Dehradun, India) For this purpose all the then 31 States and These limitations have lead the NFI to the The sampling framework will apply Union Territories (UT) were divided into grids Introduction conclusion that the only way to substantially measurement methods that are: of 2.5’x 2.5’ (latitude x longitude). From improve Australia’s capacity to meet its S objective and measured (rather than India is a vast country with a geographical approximately 170,000 such grids, data were monitoring and reporting obligations is to subjective/estimated) area of 3.3 million sq km. The variety of its collected on parameters related to growing implement a standardised inventory across S yield continuous numerical values rather climate and agro-ecological zones has made stock. This exercise yielded information on the whole country using proven direct than categorical values India one of the 12 mega-biodiversity regions the extent of forest cover, composition (21 measures of relevant attributes. A quick S repeatable in the world. Its forest resources, covering species strata), density (3 classes) and review of international activity in this area has S a direct measure rather than a surrogate about 19.4 percent of the country’s inventory data on growing stock. The revealed a number of parallel attempts by of the attribute of interest geographical area (FSI, 2000), have been following information for each grid was other countries toward similar ends and in S not technology dependant (i.e. enduring) classified into 16 major and 221 minor forest collected: response to similar drivers. Of particular S link directly to the relevant Montreal types (Champion & Seth, 1968). It is not easy Density relevance are the efforts of Canada, which indicator to estimate at any one point in time the : The land use category occupying shares many similarities to Australia in the S meet national and/or international growing stock of a resource of such vastness more than 50% of the grid area was taken extent of its forests and their use and in its standards (where they exist) and variability by traditional field inventory into account e.g. if more than 50% of the area system of Government, to implement a new methods. Recently, remote sensing is forested, the grid was marked as forested sampling-based inventory. The Project Team is working, under the technology, through aerial photography and otherwise ‘non-forested’. Then in each guidance of a Technical Review Panel satellites, was found capable of providing the forested grid only one major density class The NFI has developed a set of Terms of including international experts, to develop a total picture of actual forest cover in the was taken as the density class for the entire grid. This information was collected from the Reference for the proposed inventory (see comprehensive inventory program that will country in a short span of time. By merging below) and has commissioned a project meet these Terms of Reference, whilst this information with the field inventory data latest vegetation maps prepared by FSI on team to develop detailed technical taking advantage of the efficiencies offered by from well-scattered sample plots a method 1:250,000 scale based on satellite image specifications for a pilot regional contemporary technologies (such as remote was developed for assessment of forest interpretation for the period 1989-91 (FSI, implementation from late 2002. sensing) and still stand the “test of time”. growing stock in the country. This was done 1996a). For each grid any one of the by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), a premier following three density classes were Terms of Reference for Proposed References organisation of the Government of India in obtained from the vegetation maps: the field of assessment of forest resources. Continental Forest Sampling Framework for Commonwealth of Australia (1997), Australia Australia’s First Approximation Report for the Though FSI has been assessing the forest Density Class Crown density The sampling framework will: Montreal Process. Bureau of Rural Sciences, cover of the country using satellite data on a 1. Very dense forest 70% and above • be designed to meet national reporting Canberra and monitoring requirements two-year cycle since the beginning of the 2. Dense forest 40 to 70% • measure a specified list of metrics National Forest Inventory (1998) Australia’s eighties, it developed a methodology for estimating the growing stock of the forests of (including - forest extent and structure State of the Forests Report 1998. Bureau of the country in 1995. The methodology 3. Open forest 10 to 40% (height, crown canopy cover), forest type Rural Sciences, Canberra

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Areas, with less than 10% forest density, 1982). forestry sector’ for India’s National cover in the country using aerial photographs were treated as scrub. Grids falling under In the present methodology, for estimation of Communication (NATCOM) to the United and satellite data for the last three decades. non-forest and scrub were not used further. the growing stock of any state, the number of Nations Forum on Climate Change It developed a methodology, using Any grid, which spread over more than one grids for each combination of density and (UNFCC). This is an important component in information generated from all the above state, was included in the state in which its each forest stratum was calculated. The the overall information being compiled on sources, for assessment of growing stock in maximum area fell. volume per ha for a particular combination of green house gases inventory on behalf of the country’s forests. Based on this density and forest stratum was generated by Ministry of Environment & Forests, methodology, the growing stock in the forests Forest composition: The major forest processing data from forest inventory surveys Government of India. Under this project, of India in 1995 was 4740.9 million m 3 with type/strata in each grid was marked using carried out in various states/UTs by the FSI. changes in the forest cover and growing volume per ha as 74.1 m 3. The paper briefly information from the following resources. Three wood volume factors were calculated stock of India’s forests between the period describes this methodology. for each stratum and density class for each 1984 and 1994 are assessed. • Thematic maps prepared by the FSI on a mapsheet for each state. Wherever the Assessment of Tree Resources Outside 1:50,000 scale using aerial photographs inventory data were not available for a grid, References the Forest were used to marking the major species wood volume factors were borrowed from Champion, H. G. and S. K. Seth. 1968. A composition of each grid. nearby areas considering the revised forest types of India. Publication • For the areas for which thematic maps agro–ecological zones (i.e., areas falling Division. Government of India, New Delhi. by Christoph Kleinn and David Morales were not available in FSI, the information under the same agro-ecological zone were on species composition was collected taken into consideration). Trees with less FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources The resource TOF and its status from the stock maps of the State Forest than 10 cm diameter and branches less than Assessment: Main Report. Forest and One of the current lines of development of the Department, irrespective of the year and 5 cm in diameter were not taken into account. Agriculture Organisation of the United assessment of tree populations, forests, and scale of preparation of the stock maps. The growing stock was first estimated for Nations, Rome. renewable natural resources tends towards • For the areas for which neither thematic each mapsheet and then summing up all the the inclusion of the tree resource found maps nor stock maps of state forest data in the mapsheets for each state, the FSI . 1995. Extent, Composition, Density, outside the forests. Trees outside forests departments were available, the total growing stock of each state was Growing Stock and Annual Increment of (TOF) constitute a resource that has received information was collected from the calculated. India’s Forests. Forest Survey of India, increasing attention during the past few inventory field forms. Dehradun. years. While most forestry and non-forestry • In areas for which none of the above Results experts are in complete agreement when it sources of information was available on In 1995, the total forest cover of the country FSI. 1996a. State of Forest Report-1995. comes to the acknowledgement of the species composition, the information, of was estimated to be 63,900 sq km and this Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. economic and ecological role and relevance adjoining area was taken into constituted 19.46 percent of country’s of TOF, which is obviously locally very consideration. geographic area (FSI, 1996a). Using this FSI. 1996b. Inventory of Forest Resources of different but in general high, there is likewise method the growing stock of the country was India. Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. agreement on the fact that little or no hard In all, twenty-one forest strata for major estimated to be 4,740.9 million m³ and data are available on this resource. This fact species compositions were identified (FSI, overall volume per hectare of forest cover to FSI. 2000. State of Forest Report-1999. was also confirmed by an international 1995a). These include fir, spruce, blue-pine, be 74.4 m³. The State/Union Territories wise Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. Expert Consultation convened by FAO in deodar, chir pine, mixed conifers, hardwood estimates of the growing stock and volume November 2001. mixed with conifers, upland hardwoods, teak, per hectare are given in Table I. These FSI. 1982. The Manual of Instruction for Field sal, bamboo, Dipterocarpus, khasi pine, estimates are for forests with more than 10% I nventories. Forest Survey of India, Traditionally forest inventories exclude TOF khair, salai, alpine pasture, western ghats crown density. Dehradun. and also agricultural surveys do not take evergreen, western ghats semi-evergreen, them into account. In order to integrate TOF western ghats deciduous and Applications Abstract into a “forest” inventory, the exercise must be miscellaneous. This methodology was again used in 1998- India’s forests are spread over about extended to all potential tree lands outside 99 to estimate the country’s growing stock in 640,000 sq km constituting 19.4 percent of the forest so that the inventory becomes a Forest inventory data: The data of forest the forests for supplying information to the its geographical area. A large variety of “landscape inventory”, or a “tree inventory”. inventory surveys conducted by the FSI in Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of ecosystems, forest types and tree species The Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) various states were used for determination of the United Nations for the Global Forest occur in the country. Forest Survey of India, Programme of FAO included TOF as one of growing stock (FSI, 1996b). Forest inventory Resources Assessment-2000 (FAO, 2001). an organisation of the Government of India, the Special Studies into the 2000 design was based on the methodology The same methodology is being used by the has been engaged in field inventory, creation Assessment and a series of projects have developed by the Forest Survey of India (FSI, FSI to prepare ‘Land use change in the of thematic maps and assessment of forest been ongoing aiming at a more concrete

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Growing Stock in the Forests of India Table 1 State/ UTs Geographic Forest cover Forest cover Growing Volume/ha area (sq.km.) (%) Stock forest cover (sq.km.) (million m3) (in m3) State/ UTs Geographic Forest cover Forest cover Growing Volume/ha area (sq.km.) (%) Stock forest cover (sq.km.) (million m3) (in m3) Punjab 50,362 1,342 2.7 1.0 7.1

Rajasthan 342,239 13,280 3.9 12.9 9.8 Andhra Pradesh 275,068 47,112 17.1 291.4 61.7 Sikkim 7,096 3,127 44.1 39.3 125.9

Arunachal Pradesh 83,743 68,621 81.9 775.1 112.8 Tamil Nadu 130,058 17,766 13.7 69.6 39.3 Tripura 10,486 5,538 52.8 15.5 27.9

Assam 78,438 24,061 30.7 304.4 124.2 Uttar Pradesh 294,411 33,986 11.5 338.6 99.7

Bihar 173,877 26,561 15.3 96.7 36.4 West Bengal 88,752 8,,276 9.3 22.9 37.7

Delhi 1,483 26 1.7 - - Andaman & 8,249 7,615 92.3 79.6 119.6 Goa, Daman & Diu 3,814 1,250 32.8 12.6 101.2 Nicobar Islands Chandigarh 114 7 6.1 - Gujarat 196,024 12,320 6.3 63.9 53.1

Dadra & Nagar 491 204 41.5 0.9 42.2 Haryana 44,212 603 1.4 1.4 27.9 Haveli

Himachal Pradesh 55,673 12,501 22.4 254.4 203.5 Lakshdweep 32 – - - -

Jammu & Kashmir 222,235 20,433 9.2 458.9 224.5 Pondicherry 493 - - - -

Karnataka 191,791 32,382 16.9 272.4 84.2 Total 3,287,263 639,600 19.46 4740.9 74.1

Kerala 38,863 10,336 26.6 98.9 95.7 Table 1 Cont’d Madhya Pradesh 443,446 135,164 30.5 698.2 51.6

Maharashtra 307,690 43,843 14.2 225.6 51.4

Manipur 22,327 17,558 78.6 95.5 54.1

Meghalaya 22,429 15,714 70.1 104.1 66.0

Mizoram 21,081 18,576 88.1 66.0 35.3

Nagaland 16,579 14,291 86.2 94.9 66.1

Orissa 155,707 47,107 30.3 246.2 52.2

36 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 37 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes identification and formulation of the issue; field work organization. Assessment of TOF is not standard. There field measurements should be selected and at local and regional quantification of the Low density and diverse patterns also are many small-area studies that assess the such that plots without trees are avoided. Air TOF resource. The authors have been make that the possibilities of detection tree resource on a farm level, particularly in photos or high-resolution satellite imagery involved in several of these activities with a and assessment by remote sensing are agroforestry projects and research. There are are best suited for this stratification into full geographical focus on Central and Latin limited mainly to aerial photography and also examples of large area assessments, and empty plots, which proved to have the America . high resolution satellite imagery. This though they are scattered: TOF assessment potential to drastically raise efficiency of Some of the resulting experiences have been depends very much on the actual actually has a long history in Great Britain sampling. When a cluster design is to be summarised below. In Kleinn (2000) the situation. The heterogeneity of TOF where hedgerows and other non-forest tree used, analysis of covariance functions of the issue is discussed in more detail. makes a classification difficult. At present, elements of the landscape are also included attributes number of trees and basal area there is no generally accepted system in assessments. A national inventory of suggested that a minimum distance of about Some characteristics of TOF inventories available. Classification criteria include Small Woodlands and Trees in the 350m should be maintained between An inventory of TOF has much in common geometric configuration (single isolated Countryside has recently been completed. neighbouring plots under the conditions with forest inventories: observation and trees, tree lines, strips of trees groups of Also in France and in the Netherlands, non- found in Central American TOF lands. assessment of trees as the main objects of trees, …), origin (planted, natural), forest trees were included in National Forest interest are the essential elements in both. function (shadow, wood, fruits, Inventories. Further large area assessments Conclusion Therefore, a TOF inventory will draw on ornamental function) have taken place in countries such as India TOF inventories do exhibit some particular general and specific experiences from the • Many of the trees outside forests are (FSI 1997), and Ghana (Affum-Baffoe 2001). characteristics but forest inventory field of forest assessments – in particular found on land which is predominantly The FRA programme of FAO in its initiative to techniques can be employed. Some when foresters are involved in the planning. used for non-forestry purposes, frequently support National Forest Inventories launched examples for and experiences with large- However, there are also a series of specific on agricultural fields. This poses pilot forest inventories in four countries area TOF inventories exist. It is likely to be characteristics of TOF inventories with problems for field work organization as (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Cameroon and The most efficient to integrate TOF inventories respect to their technical and organizational these trees are practically exclusively on Philippines) which include the tree resource into forest inventories or other ongoing implementation, some of which are briefly private lands; access permission has to outside forests by also interpreting non- programmes as the relatively low direct value addressed below. be sought and may be denied, or forest aerial photo-plots and by extending the of the resource TOF would not justify an impossible (during crop maturation) – on clusters of field plots to non-forest land use independent assessment. Integration into • Compared to a forest the resource TOF, the other hand, some measurements classes. forest inventories is straightforward and is in though also consisting of trees, has a (like total height) are facilitated. line with a current trend to extend forest completely different structure. This is • The TOF inventory data analysis has its In a research project carried out in Central inventories towards landscape level reflected, among others in a lower peculiarities also. While for forest America (INCO DC Program of the European inventories. Also, in forest inventories there is density, a different spatial distribution inventories there are usually volume Commission Project No. ERBIC18 CT98 the specific expertise necessary to assess pattern, different species composition, functions available (of varying quality and 0323 with three Central American and three trees outside forests. With this new and different growing conditions. Also, the local validity) there are practically no European partners) basic properties of TOF component (TOF) forest inventories would functions of the trees are more variable models available for trees outside forest inventories were analysed combining two develop towards tree inventories taking into (such as production of wood and non- nor is it clear to which extent forest data sources: A field inventory and aerial account the tree resource on all lands. Then, wood products, shadow for crops, live volume functions would apply. It is easy to photographs (or corresponding very high talking about areas with different tree fences, ornamental purposes), though see that TOF grow under completely resolution satellite imagery). Field densities, maybe some day the never-ending essentially similar to many of the forest different conditions, and different form observations are required to observe tree- discussion on the definition of forest may be tree functions. Low density also means factors etc. may be suspected. This related attributes not measurable in aerial overcome. that the resource has a relatively low argument indicates that TOF volume photographs, and the aerial photographs are value per unit area (particularly when only functions are different from forest volume used to optimise the overall efficiency by References timber value is considered). Inventories functions. However, particularly in Central facilitating field work planning and improving Affum-Baffoe K. 2001. Modified procedures have to be justified also in economic America, many of the huge trees on area estimates. For a large-area for tree resource assessment in off-reserve terms which is then obviously even more pastures that regionally make up the assessment through a field inventory a pre- areas of Ghana high forest zone. Ghana difficult for TOF. The diverse spatial major part of the wood volume are stratification is recommended (political Forestry Commission. Paper presented at distribution leads to problems in plot remnant trees that have grown most of boundaries, life zones etc.). The strata are IUFRO 4.11 Conference on Forest Biometry, design. The probability that independently their lives inside the forest – there, forest then subdivided into primary units, where Modeling and Information Science. June 26- 2 selected plots do not contain one single volume functions would probably apply. squares of an area of 1km were found to be 29, 2001.26-29.6.2001, Greenwich, England. tree is high. This obviously has workable under the prevailing conditions. implications for the plot design and for Examples Within the primary units, secondary units for FSI Forest Survey of India. 1997. State of ETFRN News 36/02 39 40 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes forest report 1997. Dehra Dun, India, Ministry Mapping Human Induced Threat to a efficiently. grazing and the disturbance activity levels of of Environment and Forests. Sanctuary, South India the grids. Highly threatened areas also had Methods low tree diversity suggesting that the derived Forestry Commission 2001. Here we describe a general protocol of threat maps do reflect the actual levels of http://ndad.ulcc.ac.uk/datasets/3/series.htm. By Aravind, N. A.,1 Narayani Barve,1 Uma developing such threat maps and anthropogenic pressures. We propose that Visited Nov. 25, 2001. Shaanker, R. 3 ,Poulsen, J.2 and demonstrate its application to the Biligiri the protocol followed here for mapping Ganeshaiah, K. N.4 Rangaswamy Temple wildlife sanctuary threats to the sanctuaries can be applied to Holmgren P, EJ Masakha and H Sjöholm. (BRT sanctuary) (77- 77016’ E and 110 other areas as well, with appropriate 0 modifications. 1994. Not all African land is being degraded: 1. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology 47’–12 9’N), a wildlife protected area that is a recent survey of trees on farms in Kenya and the Environment (ATREE), India. uniquely complicated due to human reveals rapidly increasing forest resources. 2. Center for International Forestry settlements within its boundaries. It harbors Based upon the identified threat Ambio, 23(7): 390-395. Research. CIFOR about 6000 indigenous people in 57 components, we suggest the following 3. Department of Crop Physiology and settlements who are dependent to a great mitigation measures to maintain the health of the ecosystem of the BRT sanctuary: a) Kleinn C and contributions of 9 other authors. 4. Department of Genetics and Plant degree upon forest products, farming and Ban plantations and encourage the labour 1999. Compilation of Information on Trees Breeding, University of Agricultural plantations located inside the forest. We also force working there to settle outside the Outside the Forest. Regional Special Study Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065, evaluate the resultant threat maps of the sanctuary by means of suitable incentives. b) for Latin America. Unpublished report to India. sanctuary with field data and discuss Facilitate the willing forest dwellers to move FAO, 15.5.1999. 61p + annexes. strategies to mitigate the threats. During our work in and on the sanctuary for the past ten and settle outside the sanctuary. Alternatively Introduction years, we have identified the most important encourage agro-forestry such that the Kleinn C. 2000. On large area inventory and Conservation and management of the threats that are likely to be affecting the forest dwellers derive their needs from within their assessment of trees outside forests. Unasylva network of protected areas is becoming the health structure and diversity. agro-ecosystems. c) Provide more protection 200 (2000/1) Vol. 51. p.3-10. major practice for protecting biological to the flat areas identified in the maps. d) diversity, especially in tropical countries such We considered the human settlements, Facilitate erecting ‘invisible’ barriers along Authors: as India. These protected areas however, are the edges such that the impact of the not completely insulated from threats and are human, cattle, and sheep population, roads Professor Christoph Kleinn and slopes of the areas as the factors villagers settled outside the sanctuary and Institute for Forest Assessment and Forest frequently subject to human associated their activities on the forest is minimized. pressures from both within and outside. influencing threat levels. We divided the Growth Science entire sanctuary into 30 ha grids and for each This can only be done by creating alternate University of Göttingen grid we computed three types of threat sources for their needs and by making them These pressures are temporally dynamic Büsgenweg 5 values: a) the settlement associated realize the importance of the forest for their and spatially heterogeneous. These threats D-37077 Göttingen pressures from human populations, cattle agriculture. e) Avoid the ‘tragedy of are particularly severe in the developing Tel:+49 551 39 3473 Fax:+49 551 39 9787 and sheep, b) developmental activity commons’ syndrome by regulating access to tropical countries where the daily needs of e-mail:[email protected] ass ociated threats due to major and minor resources. millions of humans dwelling in and around roads in the sanctuary and c) the forest ecosystems are derived from the accessibility threats due to steepness of the Implications David Morales protected areas. But most of these Research Associate terrain. Combining these three components The methodology developed demonstrates pressures are not easily visible and we derived a composite threat value for each the identification of sensitive and threatened Department of Forest Sciences quantifiable. Consequently, identifying the grid and correlated it with a) observed areas of a sanctuary. Based upon several CATIE sensitive areas that require special attention parameters of disturbance b) disturbance physical parameters and socio-economic Turrialba 7170 and protection is a demanding task and as activity levels and c) tree diversity of the grids. data layers and by using GIS tools, we show Costa Rica yet there are no generalized methodologies The details of the computation of threat that threat maps developed for protected Email: [email protected] available to construct models of such threats values will be published elsewhere (Barve, areas indeed represented the actual in protected areas. et. al. 2002, communicated to Conservation disturbance levels to different areas of the Biology). sanctuary. The methodology followed is not Understanding these pressures is important location specific and hence can be employed for formulating appropriate management Results for any protected area and other forest strategies. Recent developments in GIS and The threat values were found to reflect the ecosystems with appropriate modifications. RS techniques have offered fresh The protocol is less demanding on opportunities to address these issues more actual disturbance caused by harvesting and ETFRN News 36/02 41 42 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes groundwork and thus could serve as a cost student of the University of Göttingen taking information, required to develop the collected: effective procedure for developing her doctorate in this field. The information the management plan and later on, to monitor • Number of trees within the plot management strategies in areas project will obtain includes the extent of the interventions. • DBH of each tree within the plot constrained by resources. different forest types as well as estimated • Number and DBH of trees which will be volumes per forest type and hectare. Description of the characteristics of each felled. Contact: With this information the project will be in the stand Aravind, N. A position to: Describing the characteristics of the stand is Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the linchpin of the inventory. Collecting Use of inventory data the Environment (ATREE), • calculate the production potential of the qualitative information about the stand leads The description of the stand as well as the #659, 5 th ‘A’ main, Hebbal, forest resources of the watershed to a sound decision about how to manage it results of the sample survey form the basis Bangalore 560 024, • identify the needs to reforest wasteland or and define the aims and goals of the stand’s for the management plan. The information India. agricultural land on steep slopes management. obtained is used to describe the state of the • monitor the change of forest vegetation by The description is short and easy to conduct art of the different stands, and it enables the comparing the results of this inventory and compiles the following information: development of long- and short-term goals Forest Inventory and Sustainable with future inventories conducted in 5 or for the all activities to be conducted. Forest Management on the hillsides of 10 years time • Exposition The resource owner receives information the Dominican Republic • Inclination about wood volumes and qualities to be PROCARYN 1 – a practical experience Forest inventory for management plans • Tree Height harvested and a sound analysis of the The project elaborates management plans • Development stage of the stand production capacity of his forest resources. for the forest resources of its partners (in the • Structure and composition of the stand Therefore the management plan is not only a by Peter Henning great majority smallholder farmers). For this • Origin of the stand planning and monitoring tool for foresters but purpose more detailed information about • Canopy density an important tool for the forest owner to Introduction these resources is required. • Conditions of the crowns calculate the economic benefits of the The project area of PROCARYN is situated in The inventory for relatively small plots which forests. • Stability of the trees the watershed of the upper Yaque del Norte vary between 1 and 100 hectares (the The management plan is elaborated on a 5- river on the central hillsides of the Dominican majority up to 20 ha) aims to obtain the • Quality of the stems year term basis. After 5 years a new plan Republic. The watershed is one of the most information that is necessary to develop a • Susceptibilities must be developed. This means, that all the important with respect to issues related to sound (but simple) management plan that • Observations steps mentioned above will be conducted water (protection and production) as well as functions as a suitable planning, again. Thus changes are easy to monitor. the supply of classical forestry products implementation and management tool. All these characteristics of a tree stand are The comparison of the situation of the forest (wood). The inventory follows the steps below: collected using a standardised form and a resources every five years can reveal The project PROCARYN aims to support standardised language. This is important changes in the structure, composition, quality smallholder farmers in their efforts to 1. measuring the boundaries of the since different users of the information and wood volumes of the forest resources. conserve and sustainably manage their smallholders compounds, including all should be able to understand it in the same This information will have important natural resources, in particular forest different land use types (with GPS) way. implications for decisions about resources. Reforestation and sustainable 2. differentiation of agricultural crops and management strategies and activities. forest management play a central role in this forest resources (GPS) Sample survey context. The project applies two different 3. differentiation of different stands within In order to obtain information on wood Contact address: forestry inventory methods to provide data for the forest resources – production and volumes, basal area and density, it is Henning Peter the generation of development management protection (GPS) necessary to conduct a survey that gathers PROCARYN plans for the forestry resources of the 4. description of the characteristics of each exactly this information. In the case of Estela Geraldino No. 7 watershed. stand PROCARYN a simple sample plot method Jarabacoa Dominican Republik seems to be the most adequate.The project 5. sample survey to obtain quantitive Tel.:809-574-6727 Satellite image based inventory uses the Bitterlich relascope with plots of information on the stand Fax:809-574-6994 One inventory aims to obtain general varying sizes. This method is easy and very [email protected] information about the forest resources of the quick. The most important steps seem to be step 4. watershed, by using satellite images of and 5., since they collect the basic 1 Proyecto Manejo y Conservación de la Cuenca Alta del Río Yaque del Ikonos. The project will be ass isted by a Within the plot the following data are Norte (the upper Yaque del Norte river watershed management project). ETFRN News 36/02 43 44 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

the carbon content of the forest ecosystem. 1986), Principal component analysis their fate. The field-samples will be selected on the • Band ratios: Normalized difference Assessment of Tropical Deforestation basis of satellite image interpretation. vegetation index / NDVI = (IR – R) / (IR + References and Carbon Release in South-Eastern R) (Rouse et al. 1973), MIR index = (MIR Cochran, W. G. 1977. Sampling technique. Bangladesh using Remote Sensing and At the first-phase of double sampling a digital – R) / (MIR + R) etc. John Wiley & Sons. (3rd edition), 428p. Field Inventory classification will be applied to separate • Image structure and texture analysis different class. All different combinations of Crist, E. P. and Kauth, R. J. 1986. The By M. M. Rahman, E. Csaplovics, B. Koch Landsat bands will be checked to achieve Statistical and geographical software will be Tasseled Cap de-mystified. Photogrammetric and M. Köhl optimal stratification. The objective of used for generation of geographic carbon Engineering and Remote Sensing 52: 81-86. stratification is to minimize the sample content using a simulation technique. An variance within a stratum and optimize Introduction and Objective overlay analysis of the geographic carbon Prentice, IC et al. 2001. Chapter 3: The variance among strata. In order to facilitate databases (recent and historical) will provide Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO In: The Atmospheric concentrations of carbon correlation of field estimates and the remote 2 a spatio-temporal estimate of the amount of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change dioxide have risen to current levels at least sensing image a 3X3 pixel window will be carbon release from the ecosystem during (IPCC) Third Assessment Report. Eds: ten- possibly a hundred- times faster than at created to calculate the first order texture. the synoptic time interval. A number of carbon Houghton, JT, Yihui, D. Cambridge any other time in the last 429,000 years, and 3x3 pixel windows with a highly diverse release classes representing a certain University Press, Cambridge, in press. continue to rise sharply (Prentice et al. 2001). texture will not be selected for field sampling. The recent dramatic increase in atmospheric quantity of carbon loss from the historical to A GPS will be used to locate the centre of recent time, can be defined on the CO2 is unquestionably the result of human Rahman, M. M. and Csaplovics, E. 2000. each 90mX90m sample plot, which superimposed databases. The sum of the activities. Deforestation, specially in the Impact of Deforestation on Local corresponds to the 3X3 pixel window of the individual carbon release classes multiplied tropics is one of the reasons of increasing Temperature and Precipitation In A Monsoon remote sensing image. The size of the field by the extent of area will calculate the total CO2 in the atmosphere. However, the current Environment: A Study in Chittagong, sampling unit will not be reduced at this first carbon release during the synoptic study net flux of carbon between tropical forests Bangladesh Using Remote Sensing and phase, in view of the accuracy of plot location period. Statistics on forest growth, mortality and the atmosphere due to forest cover Climatic Data. International Conference & and problem of neighbouring canopy and decay function will be incorporated to get change is not well-documented. Young Scientist Workshop on Asia Monsoon illumination. a better estimate. Environmental System and Global Change, Hence, studies on the regional and local 15-17 November, Nanjing, China. At the second-phase of sampling carbon Expected results and outputs level will be us eful to understand and content will be estimated by field- The result of the study is useful to estimate estimate the carbon release due to tropical measurement. However, measuring all trees Rouse, J. W., Haas, R. H., Schell and deforestation in order to explain the global the carbon release due to tropical Deering, D. W. 1974. Monitoring vegetation inside such a big plot is a laborious job. deforestation. The results might be used climate change. Consequently, the proposed Hence, a sub-sampling or two stage systems in the great plains with ERTS. Third project is designed to estimate forest cover beyond the science community as an ERTS Symposium, NASA SP-351, 1, 309- sampling (Cochran 1977) at this second- important policy-making support tool. change and carbon emission at a regional phase will be applied. In this process four 317. and local level in south-eastern Bangladesh, 10mX10m sample plots will be randomly Proposals for further study where a considerable amount of distributed within the 90mX90m plot. Above- Contact author. M.M Rahman An additional study can be carried out deforestation has been documented ground biomass of the plots will be PhD student, Institute of Photogrammetry examining the applicability of microwave (Rahman and Csaplovics 2000). The result measured and converted to carbon content and Remote Sensing, sensor to estimate the woody-biomass of the study will be quite useful to initiate a using appropriate conversion factors. Dresden University of Technology, Germany, content beneath the forest canopy. Laser- political decision to stop further deforestation Tel. +49-0351-463-32861, and carbon release in the region. scanning data can be helpful to estimate the A regression estimator (Cochran 1977) will canopy height to get accurate information Fax:+49-0351-463-37266, be used to relate carbon content and remote E-mail: [email protected] Materials and Methods about carbon content. Permanent sample sensing spectral information of the recent Landsat TM/ETM data of 1985 to 2001 will be plots can be established in the forest remote sensing image. The following ecosystem to estimate the biomass-fall, B.Koch, Albert-Ludwigs University, Frieburg, used for the study. The satellite image will be spectral responses will be tested: geometrically and atmospherically corrected. conversion of biomass-carbon to litter and Germany. Topographic normalization will be done soil carbon to explain the carbon dynamics in • Single band DN / radiance(6 TM bands) using a digital elevation model. Double (two a tropical forest ecosystem. The carbon-flow phase) sampling with regression estimator • Rotational transformed image: Tasseled of logged biomass can be trailed by (Cochran 1977) will be applied for estimating cap transformation (Crist and Kauth sampling the end-use of forest products and ETFRN News 36/02 45 46 ETFRN News 36/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

( ). ForestCalc offers development of better timber volume committee to oversee their sustainable Forest Inventory and Landcover http://www.forestcalc.com a flexible solution for this inventory because functions is necessary. The information development. Mapping in Zambia At the Provincial of the customisable structure of the database regarding forest yield and sustainable cutting Threats and opportunities Forestry Action Programme ii parameter tables (in MS Access format): tree removal are scarce in Zambia. Moreover, Mangroves, special forests of the intertidal species, volume equations, timber prices, estimates for the charcoal yield are needed, zone, are subject to continental and marine By Vesa Lauri & Sitwala Wamunyima administrative province information (districts, especially on the areas near the cities. For ecological constraints. Mangroves in forest areas), coordinate zones, plot and tree this purpose the FD has established some Cameroon are subject to many threats level parameters could be modified permanent sample plots (PSPs). However, In the year 2000, the Government of Zambia, including agricultural activities, forest and according to the local needs without touching local villagers should be informed about the with assistance form Stora Enso Forest mining exploitation, hunting, urbanization and Consulting Ltd of Finland, initiated the the program’s code. Hence, data input and purpose of the PSPs, poles and paintings in various infrastructure developments, as well second phase of the Provincial Forestry calculations are made with ForestCalc, but the trees, so that they do not unintentionally as the need to supply fuelwood to rapidly the final charts are created in MS Excel from destroy the trials. Action Programme (PFAP II). The programme growing cities. At the same time as many the result tables. builds upon the work and experiences of the mangroves are being degraded, favourable first phase of PFAP, during which Forestry The number of inventory groups is very small mesological conditions are enabling them to Action Plans were prepared for three The Forestry Department is also undertaking (max. 2), but hopefully the number of the expand in those regions where people find it Provinces of Zambia, namely Copperbelt, the Landcover Mapping in the Southern groups can be raised in the future. The staff difficult to pursue their activities. This may Central and Luapula. The main aim of the Province of Zambia. The main objective of at the FD is well aware that more training is lead to conflict as the progressive advance of project is to build up national, provincial and this mapping is to determine the extent of needed in inventory planning, but also forest mangroves obstructs tidal channels, closing local capacity for sustainable management forest cover and other land areas and to growth and yield research should be and blocking access to waterways and of natural resources in Zambia. The obtain estimates of the land cover types. strengthened. The new inventory results, shifting fishing areas to remote zones. implementing institution is the Forestry There data will be used to determine the such as real biodiversity indices and Department (FD) in the Ministry of Tourism, wood resources for the whole province. So biomass results, combined with GIS, will Cameroon mangroves border the Atlantic Environment and Natural Resources. far, the open areas i.e. areas outside forest offer new interesting methods for Ocean, and occupy a surface area of about reserves in the province have been determining and understanding the state 2500 km 2 (Fig. 1 Pg 50). Although it is difficult inventoried. The forests are classified into and development of the forest resources. The Management Unit of the Forestry to predict trends in human activities, it is three classes: 1) dense, 2) medium and 3) Department is responsible for Forest likely that mangrove ecosystems in low forest. 2 Resource Assessment for the whole country. Mr. Lauri Vesa Cameroon will still occupy about 2000 km in The main tasks that the unit focuses on are University of Joensuu the year 2050. The efforts of all parties Forest Inventory and Landcover mapping. The software selected is ESRI Arcview 3.2a Finland should now focus on conservation and total Both assignments are implemented (plus Image Analysis Extension) for mapping Email: [email protected] protection of certain sites. simultaneously and they complement each and remote sensing analysis. Digital Landsat 7 satellite imagery is used and other. Mr. Sitwala Wamunyima The major threat to Cameroon’s mangrove pixel-based supervised classification Forestry Department resources is exploitation for wood. Use of The Forest Reserve inventory is an activity of methods are applied. After the classification, mangroves as public dumps is another the raster maps are converted to vector files Zambia the FD and it is carried out mostly in the problem. Mangroves are unable to recycle all to facilitate the analysis and attachment of [email protected] natural forests. Sampling is systematic the domestic organic waste deposited by city attribute data. GIS is used to visualize the whereby the location of the first sample plot households. Similarly, the proximity of inventory layout (plot locations) and the is randomly selected inside the area of Perspectives for Sustainable factories should be restricted because thematic maps derived from the inventory interest. The sample plot type is concentric Management of Mangrove Ecosystems mangroves are very sensitive to pollution. results are essential outputs for the official plot (3 radius) and the plots are placed on a in Cameroon reports. transect at distances defined during the Any mangrove exploitation should be based inventory planning phase. In the field, all on the ability of the resource to regenerate plots locations are mapped with the help of Although there is a working inventory system By Ndongo DIN and, Dina Emmanuel Ngollo naturally. Although important quantities of GPS. The attribute data are collected at the at the moment, the development of the forest seeds are available year-round, artificial plot, tree and seedling level. inventory is necessary. Especially as there Summary regeneration of mangroves has not yet been are strong demands to build up a proper In this article we look at some of the issues tried in Cameroon. forest management planning system and to The software selected for the forest inventory surrounding mangrove management in make the forest inventories to serve it. Also data calculation and reporting is ForestCalc Cameroon and propose a national steering The legal context

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The legal context for the management of implementation of the development plan. seminars for the training of trainers. ‘Lead Development of a Protocol for Eco- mangroves, as a type of forest ecosystem, is agents’ should be identified from the efficient Wood Harvesting on Sensitive provided by Cameroon's forest policy. This resident population at each site. These Combining conservation and use Sites (Ecowood) has a general goal of promoting the long- Ecosystem conservation can be compatible would be responsible for local-level term economic, ecological and social with careful identification of exploitable zones monitoring and regularly reporting any functions of the forest within a framework of for given periods of time. Rotation cycles difficulties in the implementation of their By P.M.O. Owende, K. McDonnell and S.M. integrated management that ensures based on demand and the available supply tasks to the committee, thus allowing for Ward sustainable conservation and use of of resources, could maintain the ecosystem management to be improved. available forest ecosystem resources. functions in many previously unmanaged Summary Research programme sites. Decisions about exploitation should be Wood harvesting conditions vary In spite of the existence of a law that taken on the basis of biological and The development plan should define a considerably across Europe, ranging from completely protects Cameroon’s mangroves, ecological information from each candidate research programme for which the general the wet peat-based soils of Ireland and no action to preserve them has been taken to site, which should be analysed relative to that goal will be the preservation of the Scotland, to the alpine conditions of the date. Given that mangroves are the property from other stands. mangroves. Experimental sites should be continent (Italy, France, Austria), and the of the State, the Government should take an identified and turned over to the research seasonally frozen soils of Fennoscandia. interest in this biological resource, its All current camps should be counted and community. The committee should be in Many of the sites may be considered to be multiple ecological functions, and possible considered as permanent dwellings. Any charge of finding funds from the Government "sensitive", hence, the need for development financial returns which might cover the costs other settlement besides those identified and international financial institutions and of eco-efficient and cost-effective of protection and the creation of jobs. A better should be strongly prohibited and punished donors. International cooperation and mechanisation systems for wood harvesting understanding is also needed of how local as a cause of environmental degradation. involvement in the elaboration of an and extraction on such sites. A sensitive populations benefit from mangrove Mangrove ecosystems play an important role integrated programme of activities should be forest site is where alterations to the normal resources and could contribute to their in supporting fishing activities and in coastal sought through the United Nations mechanised harvesting practices are protection. protection, so it should be possible to work Environment Programme, as well as required in order to avoid adverse effects on with local populations towards sustainable organizations such as IUCN, WWF, Ramsar, ecological, economic, and social functions of A steering committee for mangroves use of available resources. IWRB (International Waterfowl and Wetlands the forest and its surroundings. The ministries concerned should create a Research Bureau), etc. and especially ISME (International Society for Mangrove steering committee for the mangrove New legislation concerning the status of Environmentally sensitive wood harvesting Ecosystems). ecosystem. Such a committee would mangrove ecosystems may be required. This and extraction on sens itive forest sites guarantee the involvement of the State, the should take into account the protection of present considerable challenges to the use only authority with the power to create natural both the market and non-market values of Ndongo DIN (Author) of ground-based machines as damage to reserves and the structures responsible for mangroves. It should specify the conditions Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, the forest ecosystems may be incurred from: monitoring and evaluating the under which mangroves may be exploited, University of Douala, • soil disturbance and compaction ¾ may implementation of recommendations in the excluding all industrial activities, as their role P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroon; impede the growth of residual trees in field. Its first task should be to identify in employment creation is often used as an Tel. (237) 983 37 63, Fax (237) 40 75 69, thinning operations, and also increase the resource persons to prepare the background argument to counter any intervention in their E-mail: [email protected] potential for soil erosion; documents necessary for the establishment practices. The legislation should transfer the • physical damage to residual trees, tree- of a sound development plan. powers and prerogatives of environmental Ngollo, Dina Emmanuel roots, and other vegetation ¾ may lead to management from the ministries to the Department of Biological Sciences, timber value and volume loss in The next step would be to create a Steering Committee. University of Maine, subsequent harvest, and; management structure to implement the plan 305 Deering Hall, Orono Me 04469 • direct and indirect damage to streams, and preserve all current stands of Non-governmental organizations should USA and the installed drainage and soil mangroves, regardless of size. This structure have a privileged place in the organizational should have permanent staff as well as Current Address: The World Bank, stabilisation features ¾ for example, such chart of the new mangrove management damage can be caused by the working with volunteers interested in structure. In particular, they should be 1818 H-Street NW, mangrove conservation. Collaboration Washington DC 20433, USA s kidding/forwarding of timber across assigned the task of disseminating the legal s treams and steep road embankments agreements with administrative authorities texts and environmental education. They will and law enforcement agencies should be without proper temporary bridging need well-qualified personnel and the structures. prioritized, especially at the beginning of the committee will be responsible for organising

ETFRN News 36/02 49 ETFRN News 36/02 51 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes

Location of Mangroves in Cameroon

Fig. 1 – Principal areas of mangroves in Cameroon (dark).

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The ECOWOOD project is developing an economic impacts of increased levels of of logs/trees during extraction; through the authors Operations Protocol (OP) for ecoefficient mechanisation of wood harvesting systems. • Tyre inflation pressure has a significant wood harvesting on sensitive sites. The OP influence on the level of whole-body P.M.O. Owende, K. McDonnell and S.M. Ward will integrate the systems in wood Results vibration (principally in the vertical axis) Forest Engineering Unit, harvesting, extraction and transportation, by This is an ongoing project which is that is experienced by CTL machine Department of Agricultural and Food matching the functional requirements of the scheduled for completion in December 2002. operators during machine travel over the Engineering, forest machines with the environmental and The main research findings to-date, are: forest terrain. The machines should University College Dublin, socio-economics concerns in order to • Generally, the influence of forest machine therefore be operated at the lowest Earlsfort Terrace, achieve cost-effective and sustainable practicable tyre pressures to enhance traffic on soil physical properties is Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland. operations. operator comfort. confined to the top 400 mm layer of soil Tel: (+353 1) 7167 346 profile, and damage may be checked by Fax: (353 1) 4752 119 Research Methods controlling the number of machine Acknowledgement Email: [email protected] The ECOWOOD Project consortium includes, passes, and limiting the contact pressure The ECOWOOD Project is supported by the University College Dublin (Ireland)-Co- imposed by the wheels or tracks through European Community under the 5th ordinating partner, Coillte Teoranta (Ireland), appropriate dimensional specifications; Framework RTD programme on Quality of The Challenges of Bamboo Forest University of Helsinki (Finland), Servicios • Tree size and form significantly affect the Life and Management of Living Resources Management in India Forestales Innoveciones (Spain), Consiglio productivity and operational costs of cut-to- Contract No. Contract No. QLK5-1999-00991 Nazionale Delle Ricerche (Italy), Plustech OY length (CTL) wood harvesters (Spinelli et (1999-2002). (see The ECOWOOD Project at (Research and Development section of al., 2002), and the tree-form indices may URL: www.ucd.ie/~foresteng/). By A.C. Lakshmana Timberjack forest machinery company of also be used to predict and categorise log Finland). There is also a three-member quality; References Abstract quality assurance group (QAG) that reviews • The estimated cost of integrated Kanali, C. L., P.M.O. Owende, J. Lyons, and India’s natural bamboo forests constitute the progress of the Project. The affiliations of navigation, and information and S.M. Ward. 2001. Assessment of on-board nearly 9.5 million hectares, about 14% of the the QAG team include, Technical University of communication technologies (ICT) electronics, operator assist and telemetric forest area. Their management is a Munich (Germany), National Council for (including telemetric systems) range from controls, and logistical systems within the challenge to foresters. This article touches 3 Forest Research and Development (Ireland), 0.01 to 0.1 euro/m of harvested wood. wood harvesting chain. ECOWOOD Project on the problems of congestion, jhum and Danish Forest and Landscape Institute Inherent operational benefits include, Deliverable D1 (Work package No. 2), cultivation, flowering and regeneration, and (Denmark). optimal machine and transportation Quality of Life and Management of Living growing stock assessment, suggesting routeing (truck utilisation on complex route Resources Contract No. QLK5-1999-00991 some suitable management practices to The multidisciplinary scope of the networks may be up to 90% as compared (1999-2002). pp. 91. overcome each one. If not handled properly, ECOWOOD Project covers the key elements to 50% for conventional systems), timely India may lose one million hectares of of an integrated wood harvesting and delivery of wood with minimal handling Spinelli, R., P.M.O. Owende and S.M. Ward. bamboo forests. extraction system, including: a state-of-the-art and storage costs, reduced fuel costs, 2002. Productivity and cost of CTL review of wood harvesting systems; machine maintenance and downtime, and harvesting-debarking of fast-growing Introduction modelling of soil-machine interaction (viz. the monitoring of machine movement and Eucalyptus globulus stands using excavator- India’s tropical forests are very rich in influence of site characteristics on machine location of forest products (Kanali et al., based harvesters. Forest Products Journal bamboos. However, of nearly 130 species, mobility, site disturbance, and soil damage, 2001); 52(1): 67-77. only about 15 are found in substantial including the development of a computer- • Cable extraction is a viable complement to quantities and are of economic importance. based decision support system); time- ground-based systems for harvesting of Tiernan, D., P.M.O. Owende, C.L. Kanali, J. Particularly important are Dendrocalamus motion studies, and computer based sensitive forest sites (Tiernan et al., Lyons and S.M. Ward. 2001. Selection and strictus, Bambusa species, Melocanna optimisation of machine productivity and 3 2002). Its lower productivity (1-10 m per operation of cable systems on sensitive forest bambusoides, Bambusa tulda, operational costs; machine ergonomics; log Productive Machine Hour) when compared sites. ECOWOOD Project Deliverable D2 Pseudooxytenanthera stocksii, and quality predictions from stem data ( log- 3 viz. to ground based systems (typical > 10 m (Work package No. 1), Quality of Life and Ochlandra species. The earliest mention of form and branching indices); real-time and per Productive Machine Hour), may be Management of Living Resources Contract bamboos is in the Rigveda, a Sanskrit text at delayed (batch) information and enhanced by integrated log processing No. QLK5-1999-00991 (1999-2002). pp 100. least 3,000 years old. Bamboos have over communication technologies (telemetric and handling (including the use of steep 100 uses from cradle to coffin. systems); life cycle analysis (LCA) of terrain harvesters), and ergonomic design Note: machines, and; analys is of the socio- of systems for the securing and releasing An extended reference list can be obtained Congestion 52 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 53 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

There are two types of bamboo: sympodial expand jhum cultivation to ever larger areas. Sample plots are usually squares of 0.1 Along with wheat, paddy rice, papyrus, (clump forming) and monopodial (non-clump hectare, the number of which is determined pepper and rubber, bamboo is one of the ten forming). Dendrocalamus strictus and People and Governments of North-Eastern statistically to achieve a given percentage of crops that have had the greatest significance Bambusa bamboos are clump forming and India need to switch to an integrated allowable error (10% for forest inventory) and in the history of human society, providing often suffer problems of congestion. approach of mixing horticultural crops with depends on the variability of the forest. The environmental, ecological and economic Although the working plan prescription is that agriculture, pisciculture, apiculture, forestry variation in the population for any given benefits. Few other species can match all mature culms (‘stems’) of three years and and poultry. Improvement of roads, markets parameter like volume, plants per hectare, bamboo in its utilitarian value. When bamboo older should be exploited, with no extraction and the development of value-added crown density, etc., can be worked out. forests are destroyed by negligence, of one-year old culms, this remains a paper products could provide an attractive therefore, the potential to cause harm to prescription. Contractors or extracting alternative to the increasingly unsustainable For the purposes of monitoring, it is society is great. India runs the risk of losing agencies often use bill-hooks attached to jhum cultivation. desirable to lay out permanent sample plots 1,000,000 hectares of bamboo forests if long poles and extract the top third of in four different representative areas for each some of the above challenges are not met bamboo, which is free from thorns, branches Flowering and regeneration species. Recommendations for these with adequate caution and preparation. and congestion, leaving the remaining two- Bamboo flowers regularly. For bamboos sample plots include: thirds in the clump. such as Arundinaria, Bambusa and S Permanent boundary fixing and marking. A.C. Lakshmana, Ochlandra it may be every year. For others, S Enumeration of bamboo culms in each Former Forest and Environment Secretary To overcome this the author has developed intervals between flowering periods vary from clump. Bangalore-98 INDIA a W-shaped cutting system, with a V-shaped 25 to 50 years. In Karnataka state, Bambusa S Classification of enumerated bamboos in E-mail: [email protected] clear cut at one end during the first year and bamboos and Dendrocalamus strictus are each clump as ‘current year’, ‘above 5 Tel no: (080) 8601942 another V-shaped clear cut at the other end flowering and fruiting now (2002), while years’ and ‘all others’. during the second year. In the third year an Ochlandra species have already done so. S Assigning a permanent serial number to inverted V-shaped clear cut should be carried Here the scientific exploitation of drying all clumps. Mangrove research at the Vrije out. This will help to reduce congestion. bamboos and how to encourage natural S Recording the production of new culms, Universiteit Brussel II : the remote Incidentally, if the side branches are pruned regeneration are two important agendas. as well as any bamboo extracted or sensing aspect in their tender stages, congestion can be thinned, in a register (with a balance avoided completely. The practice of pruning The other critical aspect of bamboo flowering recorded each December). side branches is common in private farms, by Farid Dahdouh-Guebas & Nico Koedam is the resulting increase in the rodent which cultivate bamboo groves. Congestion population, which causes untold misery – as S Rigorous fire protection and protection is not a problem for monopodial bamboos was the case in 1900 and again in 1958, An integrated research framework on like . from grazing for three years after a forest mangrove vegetation structure dynam ics, Melocanna bambusoides particularly in Mizoram. Meloccana area flowers. regeneration and restoration was presented bambusoides is expected to flower around Jhum cultivation S Provision of partial shade (as determined in the Forests and Water Issue of ETFRN 2004 but the consequences are very unclear. by research in different silvi-ecological Jhum cultivation is a form of shifting A cautious and integrated approach News 33 (Dahdouh-Guebas, 2001b). It zones) to promote the establishment of discussed the broad framework in which cultivation that is posing an increasingly managed by people with extensive field regeneration after flowering. serious threat to the environment and experience will be required to avoid changes in the vegetation structure of ecology of India’s bamboo-rich North- S Establishment of 5-6 years before mangrove forests, amongst other research hardships for the local people. The selection felling starts. Eastern states. Annually about 200,000 International Network for Bamboos and topics, were studied over several decades hectares of forest, consisting mostly of S Exploitation only when clumps average 25 using remote sensing techniques. This Rattans (INBAR), based in Beijing, is culms. bamboo, are cut down and burnt to make currently carrying out a consultancy in contribution emphasises ‘why’ such S Marking and extraction of no more than way for agricultural production through Mizoram and Tripura to advise on this matter. monitoring is necessary and ‘how’ this shifting cultivation. This system was sound 33% of the culms annually. remote sensing aspect is carried out. S Recording of the green and dry weight of and sustainable in the past when it was Growing stock assessment and monitoring being practised on a long rotation basis by a bamboos to facilitate the calculation of the The need for monitoring Traditional forest inventories require a yield by weight (yield is currently small population. But increasing population sampling intensity of 5 to 10% of the total In many countries the coastal zone is subject pressure has forced farmers to shorten the expressed as number of bamboo culms to ever increasing anthropogenic pressure. population, taking into account the time and per hectare or by volume in cubic metres). rotation to 6-7 years, resulting in resources available. The huge areas covered The mangrove destruction occurring as a impoverished soils producing lower farm require a lot of time. Recently sample plot result of for instance reclamation for village Conclusion yields. This, in turn, has led farmers to techniques have been employed effectively. expansion, agriculture, tourism , freshwater

54 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 55 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes diversion and particularly aquaculture unbeaten resolution (ca. 30 cm x 30 cm) research is focused on mangrove sites in underlying causes of degradation, and impoundments (Farnsworth & Ellison, 1997; within the circuit of publicly available imagery Kenya, Sri Lanka, India and Mauritania, of current distributions of adult, young and Dahdouh-Guebas et al., 2000b; Dahdouh- and also formed the only set of data available which good background knowledge exists juvenile trees in the field can be studied and Guebas et al., in press) necessitates a for long-term retrospective research, the already in our research unit and which compared and with the past situation rational management of ecosystems and image resolution is now challenged for the represent a large diversity in mangrove (Dahdouh-Guebas et al., 2000a). These resources on a local, regional and global first time by panchromatic and multi-spectral vegetation types. three aspects together generate information level. This is particularly true for developing imagery (4 m to <1m resolution) of the about the regeneration capacity of the countries, where local people are often recently launched Ikonos, Eros and Quickbird Our Kenyan and Sri Lankan case-studies on ecosystem and act as an early warning dependent on the nearby ecosystems satellites (Fig. 1). this topic have shown for instance how system. If degradation symptoms appear, (Cormier-Salem, 1999; Dahdouh-Guebas et In addition, even greater spatial resolution mangroves have changed qualitatively and human interference such as rehabilitation al., 2000a). This requires an integrated improvements are announced. Considering quantitatively over the last two to four m ay be required. It is equally important to interdisciplinary approach in order to reach a that this recent space technology can decades. In some cases qualitative evaluate and monitor the rehabilitation effort sustainable equilibrium between the generate imagery with a regular frequency mangrove degradation has been observed and study successional aspects and biotic ethnobiological needs and environmental this opens possibilities to new research into without an actual decrease in area migration patterns. In the analysis and conservation. This cannot be done without dynamics and changes in mangrove (Dahdouh-Guebas, 2001a; Kairo, 2001). interpretation phase data originating from understanding the direct and indirect impacts vegetation and coastlines. The advantage of Adverse changes in mangrove area as a ecology, geography, sociology, and other of man on these ecosystems, without retrospection by aerial photography cannot result of freshwater diversion have been disciplines should be integrated. (Dahdouh- foreseeing the consequences of these be equalled at present; and obviously a indicated, but also colonisation of new areas Guebas, in press). impacts, the ecosystem’s lag-time, calibration will be required of the new image as a result of the same (Tack & Polk, 1999; resilience and recovery capacity, or without data and their us e to identify genera, and, Dahdouh-Guebas et al., 2000b). Also the Figure 1. (Below & Pg 58) Black and white considering mitigating measures. thanks to the multi-spectral nature and the never-ending expansion of shrimp aerial photograph and (Pg 58) panchromatic possibility to construct ‘true’ and ‘false colour aquaculture in mangrove areas has been IKONOS satellite image of a little changed The study of the above aspects in mangrove composites’, probably for the first time documented (Dahdouh-Guebas et al., in mangrove formation (Pambala-Kakkapalliya, areas requires research with respect to the unambiguous identification of mangrove press), even in areas IUCN-identified for Chilaw Lagoon, Sri Lanka), to illustrate how high spatio-temporal dynamism in land- species. The latter is also aided by the cons ervation and rehabilitation. The above vegetation structure features so far available cover patterns (marine and coastal possibility to localise GPS-(global findings are now complemented with the from aerial photography only, can now in part changes), in order to assess and predict the positioning system) points unambiguously new Ikonos imagery, and both updates and be detected from very high (spatial) extent of anthropogenic impacts or on the field and on the digital satellite new directions in the monitoring and resolution space-borne imagery. In addition, environmental changes. An excellent tool images. modelling of mangrove vegetation structure a ‘pansharpenend’ multispectral image with that is increasingly important in the detection, dynamics have been identified and analysed. the same resolution can be produced by for description, quantification and monitoring of For this purpose, our existing studies on instance substituting the ‘intensity’ those changes is remote sensing, which, in sequential aerial photography applied to The current challenge is the prediction of component of a true or false colour combination with geographic information mangrove forests (Dahdouh-Guebas et al., future scenarios and the establishment of composite in HIS format (hue, intensity, systems (GIS) and fieldwork, is an effective 2000b; Verheyden et al., in press) integrated early warning systems in order to assist in saturation) by the panchromatic image management tool (Dahdouh-Guebas, in new space-borne remote sensing the identification of such priority areas. shown (Pg 58) in order to reveal more press). technology of very high resolution (Ikonos), Dahdouh-Guebas (2001a) elaborates on spectral details (not shown). Note that water thereby enlarging the time frame over which how future mangrove vegetation structure bodies (black), even those below canopy, are Remote sensing approach vegetation structure dynamics and and degradation can be predicted based on more conspicuous in (Pg 58) because of In order to study human impact and anthropogenic impacts can be monitored vegetation history and current vegetation their high absorption in the near-infra-red continuously monitor its consequences (Fig. 1). In addition, through fieldwork data structure in the field, and how remote wavelength, which is included in the spectral remote sensing and geographical and experiments the project continues to sensing technology can be combined with resolution of the IKONOS satellite (0.45-0.90 information systems (GIS) have become build on existing studies in the framework of multivariate analysis to do so. For instance, :m). Dahdouh-Guebas (in press). indispensable tools. Not only has remote error modelling and changes in mangrove sequential remote sensing with very high sensing evolved from purely visual, vegetation assemblages with a field of spatial resolution can be used to view photographic data to multi-spectral imagery, application in other forests as well (incl. whether a mangrove forest is dynamic or but at the same time the resolution has biocomplexity, empirical studies on static (i.e. in a steady-state) and whether or improved tremendously. Whereas aerial vegetation description methods). The not it has degraded. Interviews with local photography produced imagery with an relatively poor flora of mangroves allows for people may help to understand what are the a floristic complete investigation. The 56 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 57 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

Figure 1 Tack, J.F. & P. Polk, 1999. The influence of rainforests of the central Philippines. References tropical catchments upon the coastal zone: Cormier-Salem, M.C., 1999. The mangrove modelling the links between groundwater Tropical Forests of the Philippines : an area to be cleared… for social scientists. and mangrove losses in Kenya, India and The Philippines is a unique area of Hydrobiologia 413: 135-142. Florida. In : Sustainable management in biodiversity with over 57% of species in the tropical catchments. D. Harper and T. Brown, major faunal and floral groups occurring Dahdouh-Guebas, F., 2001a. Mangrove eds., John Wiley & Sons Ltd., London, UK. nowhere else in the world. However, due to vegetation structure dynamics and high forest loss it has proportionally more regeneration. PhD dissertation, Vrije Verheyden, A., F. Dahdouh-Guebas, K. threatened endemic and restricted range bird Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. Thomaes, W. De Genst, S. Hettiarachchi & N. and mammal species than most other

58 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 59 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes in the majority of NRCP forest inventory work and endemic species. Vegetation surveys be adapted for volunteers and local McLaren, A.A. & Cadman, M.D. (1999) Can following a week-long training course on site have documented 15,000 tree specimens community members in order to make them novice volunteers provide credible data for by experienced ecologists. Volunteers are across 3 forest types and this scale of survey workable, reliable and provide usable data. bird surveys requiring song identification. trained in forest ecology and field monitoring effort would not be possible without the army Thus, situation specific development of Journal of Field Ornithology, 70, 10-17. techniques and must achieve a minimum of volunteers who permit long-term and methods is necessary if accurate and basic standard of competence before large-scale data collection. Avian inventories scientifically robust information is to be Mumby P.J., A.R. Harborne, P.S. Raines & undertaking any fieldwork. Survey techniques over extended periods, for example, have gained and recognised by peers. For J.M. Ridley. (1995). A critical assessment of are applied that require minimal expertise yet identified 123 bird species, approximately example, bird observation surveys were data derived from Coral Cay Conservation permit the collection of accurate ecological 20% of all species (572 in total) known to initially undertaken using point and transect volunteers. Bulletin of Marine Science, 56, data. Volunteers work under the guidance of occur in the Philippines. counts (Bibby 1998). However, these proved 737-751. professional practitioners (NRCP staff) to to be too unreliable and thus, Mackinnon lists ensure, via continuous monitoring that The information so far obtained is providing (Mackinnon & Philips 1993) that are not CCC is continually recruiting volunteers for stringent survey standards are maintained a valuable baseline for vegetation community limited by time are now used instead. Whilst the NRCP and for more information, please and thus more technically demanding structure and how this relates to faunal the perceptive accuracy of data collection contact: surveys can be completed, such as tree diversity and distributions. For example, the may be enhanced through the use of species inventories and vertebrate surveys. appropriate methods and training, there is empirical outputs of the completed Craig Turner (Terrestrial Science Co- vegetation inventories will aid reforestation still a need to validate any data collection process (MacLaren & Cadman 1999). To this ordinator) Whilst the use of volunteers may be efforts in terms of species to be used and the Coral Cay Conservation questioned with regard to expertise in data relative composition of reforestation plots. end, the NRCP is currently undertaking a The Tower, 125 High Street, collection it is acknowledged that Additionally, NFEFI promotes local study to validate the data collected by conservation biologists have long used “non- involvement via a community managed volunteers using observation techniques. Colliers Wood, London, professional” volunteers to collect reforestation scheme that also provides SW19 2JG, UK information needed to make informed alternative livelihood opportunities via the Extensive resource surveys are vital in many T: +44-(0)20-8545-7722 decisions concerning resources they are sale of wild native seedlings to other tropical forests for conservation F: +44 (0)870-750-0667 trying to protect (Bildstein 1998). There is landowners. Thus in tandem they will management and the use of a volunteer E: [email protected] also a growing body of literature supporting contribute to more effective ecological programme offers one mode of operation. W: www.coralcay.org the use of trained volunteers in baseline restoration. The work of the NRCP in the Philippines ecological monitoring work where resources illustrates how trained volunteers can be are limited (e.g Mumby et al, 1995; McLaren The potential for volunteers within provided with no cost to the host country on a Survey and monitoring of Dracaena & Cadman 1999). conservation long-term basis and survey large areas of cinnabari Balf. Fil. in Soqotra Island (Yemen)1 The project’s unique participatory model of forests. Volunteer survey programmes The NRCP undertakes rapid biodiversity utilising trained volunteers represents an therefore offer an important role for the assessments of major faunal groups opportunity to increase both the spatial and provis ion of baseline biological information By Serena Petroncini (focussing on birds, mammals, reptiles, temporal scales over which such inventory in conservation management strategies. amphibians and insects) in conjunction with work can be undertaken and therefore not Dracaena cinnabari is an endemic species long-term vegetation monitoring, working only evaluate the composition of the fauna References of Soqotra Island. It is one of the six species with local research collaborators. The and flora in differing forest types but also Bibby, C., Jones, M. & Marsden, S. (1998) belonging to the Dragon’s blood trees group, botanical inventories, for example, have been monitor change over time, accomplishing Expedition Field Techniques: Bird Surveys. classified as follows: Monocotyledones, co-ordinated with the botany department of major research goals with minimal Royal Geographic Society, London. Liliales, Dracaenaceae. the Philippines National Museum using the resources. It is registered in the IUCN Red List of the internationally recognised permanent Bildstein, K.L. (1998) Long-term counts of Threatened Plants 2000 with the following sample plot technique. These allow spatio- However, it is important to acknowledge the migrating raptors: A role for volunteers in abbreviation: EN B1 + 2c. temporal comparisons of the species technical constraints of utilising volunteer wildlife research. Journal of Wildlife composition of different forest habitats. (novice) labour when collecting scientific Management, 62, 435-445. Its area of distribution ranges from an

data. The NRCP has always used altitude of 150 m to 1600 m above sea level. Results and project outputs internationally recognised and peer reviewed Mackinnon, J., & Philips, K. (1993) A Field It is dominant above 600 m. It is not wide Surveys reveal that the NNFR is a biodiversity survey methods (for major faunal and floral Guide to the Birds of Sumatra, Java and Bali. spread all over the Island. It is restricted to hotspot of importance to many endangered groups) but we often find that these have to Oxford University Press, Oxford.

60 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 61 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes the area of the large central plateau of sample plots. frequent at the stage of adult. Further results Siliman, Nadeem Talib, Ahmed Issia Ali; Diksam; the central granite massive of were also obtained from the data collected Sheik Alì extension officer, Kamis Taleb the Haggeher; and the eastern area of Two monitoring methods were used. The only with the transect method. The presence driver. I thank the families of Saad Mbarak Hamadero, Sirahon and Kilisan. Plant first was proposed by the Royal Botanic of Dracaena is related to individuals with big and of Adib Abdalla. I thank the EPC. I thank density is not homogenous. In some areas it Garden of Edinburgh and consisted of filling dimensions. The plant density is low in most all the Soqotris who without their help I could is high, while in some others it is lower, in a form whereby the plants were subdivided of the study areas, except in the restricted not carry on this research. I thank Lorenzo reaching the stage of relicts. The plant is into 5 classes of growth stages. A maximum areas of Rokeb Di Firmihin (500 - 700 m Ceccolini, Lyndon De Vantier and Jacopo prevalently present at the stage of adult and of 100 plants were counted inside a ray of above sea level) and Skandt (1300 -1400 m Monzini Taccone di Sitizzano. very little regeneration is occurring. 500 m of length. If the number of plants above sea level). Here the plants are very inside the ray was higher, the ray was dense and some young plants are present . Department of Plant Biology-Laboratory, For the greater part of the year Dracaena reduced; if the number of plants inside the In the other study areas seedlings and young Piazza delle Cascine 18, cinnabari is immersed in mists, dews and ray was lower, outside the ray plants were plants are almost absent except on the cliffs Florence, Italy rains. These climatic conditions are due to ignored. General information about the areas and escarpments. E.mail: [email protected] the two monsoons that cross the Island in was registered. The starting point GPS co- Wounds on the trunks, due to the harvesting two different times of the year. ordinates were random and the distance of the resin, are very frequent. Faeces of 1 The present article summarises the contents of the thesis: Prospezione The resin is called Dragon blood and its between one starting point and the next was cattle are almost a constant inside the di Dracaena cinnabari Balf. fil nell’Isola di Soqotra ai fini del piano di uses and trade belong to ancient times and at least one Km. transects. monitoraggio e di conservazione- 2001. cultures. In the past the intensive collection of the resin was due to a strong demand for the The second method consisted of monitoring After this first monitoring of Dracaena The Home Gardens of Soqotra 1 product. Today the demand has decreased, rectangular transects of 1000 m² (10m x cinnabari, the situation of this extraordinary but is still used in the Island for medical and 100m). In each area with similar plant population was found to be critical. decorative purposes. characteristics (slope, soil morphology and Although livestock grazes almost everywhere By Lorenzo Ceccolini vegetation) three transects were repeated. on the island, this seems not to be the only The monitoring of Dracaena cinnabari is one The choice and the distance of the transects reason for its extinction. Grazing is regulated Belonging to the Republic of Yemen, Soqotra of the basic aims of the Soqotra Biodiversity was random. The collected data were by ancient rules, and if Soqotra is still Island is located in the Arabian Sea to the Project. The intention of this research was to registered in two forms. The first contained environmentally well conserved, it is due to south of the Arabian Peninsula and east of propose a permanent system for the general information about the transect: GPS its people. It also seems that the harvesting the Horn of Africa. The Island is situated in monitoring and study of this species, and to co-ordinates , soil morphology, vegetation of res in, although it seriously damages the the arid tropics and is subject to intense transfer all the information and knowledge to cover, associated species, presence of plant, does not directly influence the lack of summer monsoon activity that has created a the local assistants that collaborated. seedlings etc. regeneration. It was considered that seasonal period of isolation. Traditionally, Unfortunately the Soqotra Biodiversity Project The second form contained specific data: germination of the seeds might be difficult, the people have survived through fishing, was not provided with detailed maps and numbers of plants, circumference, height, but recent studies excluded such a ranging of live-stock (mostly goats) and aerial photos, but this was not an obstacle crown diameter, presence of faeces of goats hypothesis. Moreover, the indigenous people home gardening, particularly date palms. for the development of the monitoring plan. and cows, presence of wounds on the trunk, think that the lack of regeneration is due to Few materials were used:The vegetation nearest neighbour, distance from the nearest the decrease of rains. Soqotra seems to be Field trips to 22 villages were conducted in map of the Royal Botanic Garden of neighbour etc. For practical reasons the becoming drier, which will probably oblige the Hadibo plain, in the south coast of Edinburgh, the vegetation classification of the starting point of the transect was identified many species of the Island to take refuge on Soqotra and in the central Sheeb valley to Island; and the information gathered from the with a GPS. higher altitudes. The combination of pasture determine the general situation of home project team and from the indigenous and lack of water is a feature not to be gardening practices. At each sampled people. These two methods were developed in underestimated for the protection of village, interviews with the local people were parallel. Data were collected by a team of Dracaena. conducted. The interviews were completed in The study area was reached by walking from four people. The practical part of the research part by PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) the camping point. Before starting the team was usually followed by a social part in which Acknowledgements and in part through questionnaire exchanged information with the indigenous the team held informal interviews with the Many are the people that I have to thank: interviewing. Participatory approaches were people. After a first general survey the study indigenous population. Prof. C.R. Lenzi Grillini my supervisor, used primarily to assess the cropping areas were chosen randomly. Places where Edoardo Zandri CTA of the Soqotra patterns used in relation to the intensity of the plant density of Dracaena was too low In total 17 areas were monitored. It was Biodiversity Project, the terrestrial team: wind and rain. Stones represented months of the year and wooden sticks of different were not chosen, to avoid the risk of empty found that Dracaena cinnabari is mainly Fahmi Abdulla Bashuan, Ahmed Saeed

62 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 63 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes lengths represented different classes of spices. modern tools, pesticides and fertilisers Laboratory, University of Florence. intensity of rain, and wind. These data were In most rural villages (e.g. Sirhin) the area are not available in the shops. Water combined with information about the under cultivation is larger and the pumps and metal fences are the unique Global Forest Information Service agricultural work during the year. Additionally indicators of invested capital on home household is more dependent on the (GFIS) maps were drawn illustrating the home produce of the garden. The lack of gardening. Where these two facilities are gardens and approximate ground cover area urbanisation of the area is reflected in the implemented, the home garden is for each plant (identified with the local name). availability of land that is not used to build sufficiently important for the household to By Martin Nöbauer Plant collections were made to identify the houses or roads. Also the availability of justify the investment. The villages that species grown. A herbarium with dried materials such as wood to build fences have a high percentage (> 50%) of Introduction samples was established to later aid in the (to protect plants from the voracious sampled home gardens fenced with iron In forestry and related disciplines, it is widely identification of plants, usually to genus and, livestock), is related to the location since material also have a high percentage (> recognized that rapid, reliable and universal where possible, to species level. the absence of rangeland near the village 75%) of home gardens with principal access to quality information is essential for forces the people of this area to buy this destination of the products to the local informed decision-making concerning The home garden activity is still not fully input from other areas of the Island. market. forests and all their inherent values. In developed especially as a multi-layer response to this demand, the International structure, fertility maintenance, crop-livestock • household size and composition: the At present, only a small proportion of Union of Forest Research Organizations integration, integrated plant protection and number of people that live in a soqotran Soqotra’s population cultivates home (IUFRO) convened a consortium of indigenous knowledge. As elsewhere, many house is commonly high; usually three gardens, and there is considerable potential international, regional and national factors influence the development of home generations share the area. Normally for expansion. Also, if the airport will supply organizations and created a IUFRO Task gardens on Soqotra. Among the most much of the work (and knowledge) related the necessary food stuff for the local people Force in 1998. The purpose of the Task important are: to home gardening is held by women. nearby, they will need a cash resource to buy Force was to develop a strategy for, and She is the major decision-maker with these products coming from the mainland. implement, an Internet-based metadata • climate: The Island is situated in the arid respect to home-gardening, and from Moreover it is important that the family service to provide coordinated worldwide tropical zone where evapotranspiration sowing to harvesting there is relatively maintain their home garden to avoid access to forest-related information. Now generally greatly exceeds precipitation. little involvement of the man, other than complete dependence from outside GFIS has become an international initiative The possibility to maintain a home the undertaking of very hard physical work products. and its mission is to develop a worldwide garden during the dry season depends s uch as the building of fences or the forest information infrastructure, and operate on time investment (watering the garden digging of wells. The participation of the The harsh climate conditions are mainly services in accordance with international, frequently), in knowledge (to raise the whole family increases when the present in the northern part of the island open standards. efficiency of work), in input (such as importance of the home garden as while the limiting factor in the south-east The benefits of GFIS are an easier access to pipes, water pump, tanks) and in the source of food and money increases. coast is the sand dunes. The most global forest-related inform ation, better availability of water (see below). promising areas to develop home garden comparability of information and data sets, • volume of water: the availability of water agricultural systems are located in the improved user feedback to information • location (rural/urban) and availability of during the dry season (from May to valleys in the core of the island and in the providers, identification of information gaps, land for cultivation: the home gardens in September) is guaranteed from the south-west coastal part. From present generation of value-added products, the main village of the Island (Hadibo) are ground water table. Home gardens are research it appears that here the unique dissemination of research results, and usually small areas where a variety of mostly maintained by wells, either inside obstacle to the development of agriculture is enhanced profiles for researchers. plants are propagated, mostly in small the yard or nearby. Collecting is done the absence of an infrastructure and of Anyone with an Internet access and a web quantities: the availability of land is scarce manually by the women with a rope tied to knowledge linked to this activity. browser can obtain information via GFIS in due to the strong urbanisation of the area. a tin of 2-3 litres (rarely is a pulley used). the following 5 steps: The recent expansion of the local market, A large home garden normally indicates Department of Plant Biology-Laboratory, • connect to any GFIS node; following development of the commercial the presence of a water pump. P.zza delle Cascine 18, • select the topic and scope of databases airport in 1999, has resulted in the ready Florence to search; supply of fruit and vegetables from the • Inputs such as seed, fertilisers, and Italy. • submit the search to multiple hosts and mainland, further restricting the local tools: despite the rapid commercial E-mail: [email protected] receive metadata from relevant home gardening efforts. The home development, especially in Hadibo, there information or data sources, and/or (in garden in Hadibo is, for these reasons, a is no interest in commercialising and 1 The present article summarises the contents of the thesis: Gli orti later stages of development) actual data; little food supply of vegetable, fruits, and distributing agricultural inputs. Seeds, famigliari dell’isola di Soqotra – 2000. Department of Vegetal Biology-

64 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 65 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

• connect via links to selected sources for set of key words for searching, and a developing multi-host searching within IUFRO European Regional Conference in further searching if desired; standardized interface between web sites metadata of participating organizations. Copenhagen, Denmark • examine/use the retrieved information or and the databases. This will facilitate The Implementation phase (2005 - ) will The European Regional Conference in data. interoperability among catalogues. The concentrate on operating, maintaining and Copenhagen (27 – 30 August 2002) will be a Data/Information Objects (DOs) are the items evolving the full scale forest information milestone in the life of GFIS. It is planned to GFIS is intended to become an open system that the user wants to find by using metadata. service. hold a two-hour presentation-cum-launching to which information providers who use GFIS These items are of different contents, spatial ceremony, designed as a lively event to standards for cataloguing information may and temporal scales, formats and other The current status of GFIS convince participants that GFIS is a useful contribute by supplying resources. A attributes specific to each database. To date the development of the GFIS tool for their future work. The programme ”collection policy” is being elaborated which Metadata are data about data. Each software for the Information Server with a includes a presentation of the current status will define subject coverage, target audience, m etadata item is used to describe a multi-host search engine and the nodal of GFIS development, a demonstration of a types of resources to be included, data/information object. The metadata software has been finalized. At this point the real-time global multi-host search using the submission procedure, quality assessment, definition of GFIS is based on the Dublin GFIS search engine is available. Now the first prototype of the GFIS software, and a metadata standards, and maintenance Core metadata standard, and is used to Special Programme starts to cooperate with real-time communication (e.g. by phone) arrangements. describe specific GFIS DOs. A GFIS Node is data providers worldwide: The webmaster during the GFIS presentation with a Information can be supplied to GFIS via the a GFIS partner institution which collects, workshop for the African Nodes at the researcher working with GFIS somewhere in Internet in the following way: maintains and manages GFIS metadata beginning of April in Vienna, Austria, was a the world. Prof. Dr. Niels Elers KOCH, submitted by data provider(s) or others. register as an information provider very important activity in this context. The five Director of the Danish Forest and Landscape Nodes also collect regional information submit metadata Nodes established in Africa (Ghana, Gabon, Research Institute, will moderate this event, describing your about their members, organizations, events information resources Kenya, Senegal and Zimbabwe) will provide and many national and international partners and activities. GFIS Affiliated Nodes are and representatives of IUFRO are expected create links to your on-line information about 4,500 metadata records of grey institutions that offer forest-related websites literature by end of August 2002. Three GFIS to participate. IUFRO President Dr. Risto with their own metadata which are not in Seppälä will be there and make a welcome This advanced information service must be Nodes shall be established in South conformity with the GFIS metadata standard. America (Brazil, Colombia and Chile) by end speech and closing remarks. developed with due consideration to global In order to make the metadata available for relevance, accessibility and participation. of April 2002. The respective partner GFIS multi-host search, the metadata at a Dear reader, as a potential user of GFIS,your This requires that attention be paid to on institutions are already preparing for GFIS Affiliated Node can either be converted contribution is of great importance! Have a technical or cultural obstacles that may metadata entry and will provide a substantial to the GFIS metadata standard (phase 1) or look at our homepage http://www.iufro- hinder the utilization of GFIS in certain amount of metadata records by the end of mapped to the GFIS metadata structure August 2002. gfis.net/ and tell us what kind of information regions of the world. In order to minimize the (phase 2). The GFIS Information Server (IS) you expect from the Global Forest Information occurrence of such obstacles, it is intended is the central component of GFIS. It collects Service. You will find a discussion forum on that the GFIS user interface and relevant GFIS metadata from the nodes, thus The next steps are finding data providers and developing further features of the GFIS this webpage. Your comments and documents be made available in several permitting global search operations. It also suggestions are most welcome. languages. Assistance will also be provided provides house-keeping functions and s oftware such as the GFIS information retrieval and repository functions (2002 – to key institutions in developing countries in maintains records of GFIS members, 2003) and Geographical Online Analytical Contact persons: order to help them obtain the technology and organizations, events, announcements and Processing (2004 - ). The GFIS Metadata Special Programme Coordinator: training needed to fully participate in GFIS. projects. Repository is a component to store Martin Nöbauer, integrated metadata from multiple nodes for Underlying technical principles Phases of development IUFRO efficient querying and analysis. The metadata GFIS is based upon the notion of a c/o Federal Forest Research Institute, The Concept phase (1998 to 2001), based repository shall ensure high performance, distributed network of databases which Sekendorff-Gudent-Weg 8 on increasing awareness of the need for consistency, stability extensibility and catalogue the information resources of 1131, Vienna, Austria. GFIS, comprised the designing of technical sophisticated queries. The goal of the GFIS contributing GFIS partners by using a Tel: +43 (0) 1 877 0151-14 and architectural concepts, drafting of the Information Retrieval is to develop tools that common metadata standard. The Internet collection policy, and selecting standards for facilitate the rapid integration of Fax: +43 (0) 1 877 9355 and WWW are used to facilitate locating and metadata and thesauri. heterogeneous forest information sources [email protected]. searching metadata catalogues. GFIS shall The Prototype phase (2002 to 2004) that may include both structured and Http://www.iufro.boku.ac.at function by providing a standardized core of consists of demonstrating the operation of unstructured data. at and GFIS Task Force Coordinator metadata (catalogue) fields, a standardized GFIS, establishing the regional nodes, and Risto Päivinen [email protected]

66 ETFRN News 36/02 ETFRN News 36/02 67 Research Cooperation Sought Research Cooperation Sought

articles, notes, and letters to the editor, book that Journal. This arrangement, we hope, will agricultural research centers that generate SAFORGEN Programme reviews and announcements. English is the not only assist scientists of collaborating public goods for the benefit of developing official language of the journal. At a regular Institutions to publish in diversified journals countries. The Food and Agriculture SAFORGEN Programme is the IPGRI Sub- basis special issues appear, such as one but could facilitate research collaboration Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Saharan African Forest Genetic Resources on secondary forests published in October among Scientists and institutions. Volume II United Nations Development Programme Programme based in Cotonou, Benin. last year. of the Ghana Journal of Forestry is due to (UNDP), International Fund for Agricultural come out in the last quarter of the year and it Development (IFAD), and the World Bank are The Programme would like to assess and The journal is published quarterly by the is our hope that the first batch of about six the CGIAR's co-sponsors. More than 8,500 develop a database on the forestry networks Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Editorial exchanged papers from collaborating CGIAR scientists and scientific staff work in in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Programme will office, subscriptions, announcements and Journals will be published. more than 100 countries around the world, therefore appreciate receiving from any enquiries: harnessing the best of cutting-edge science holder, information on the network and its Forest Research Institute Malaysia We take this opportunity to inform you that to increase food security, reduce poverty, and contact address this includes: Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur subscription to our Journal is only USD $65 protect the global environment. Malaysia. per annum of two issues including postage. • Name of the network Tel.: 603-62702155; Fax: 603-62767753; All cheques made payable to the “Forestry 2. What is a Challenge Program? • Name and address of the network contact Email: [email protected] Research Institute of Ghana”. A CGIAR Challenge Program (CP) is a time- • “Its area of interest" bound, independently-governed program of • Any additional information or document on We hope you will embrace the proposal for high impact research, that targets the CGIAR Exchange of Scientific Papers for the network our mutual benefit and look forward to goals in relation to complex issues of publishing hearing from you at your earliest overwhelming global and/or regional This information should be sent to convenience. significance (and with global impact), and SAFORGEN Coordinator The Ghana Journal of Forestry published by requires partnerships among a wide range the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana was A. A. Oteng-Amoako [Ph.D] of institutions in order to deliver its products. Address: founded some eight years ago with a maiden Editor-in-Chief publication of Volume 1:1994. Ghana Journal of Forestry, 3. What is an idea for a CGIAR Challenge Eyog Matig Oscar, Docteur d'Etat Forest Research Institute of Ghana Program? Coordinator of IPGRI/Sub-Saharan Forest The Journal publishes papers on various P.O. Box 63, An idea or theme for a CGIAR CP is one that: Genetic Resources Programme subjects of forestry in the tropics and related UST Kumasi. addresses an issue of overwhelming (SAFORGEN), sciences with particular reference to studies Email:[email protected] significance. The issue addressed can be c/o IITA 08 BP 0932 Cotonou, Benin in the humid tropics. Only articles that have Fax No 233-51-60121 global, regional or sub-regional in Tel.: 229 350188 / 350553 / 350600 been reviewed by renowned researchers and importance, but with a global impact; fits Fax: 229 350556 recommended for publication are published. within the CGIAR mission and goals; is likely Call for Ideas E-mail: [email protected] All accepted articles are published free of to generate significant outputs and impact. charge. The journal is subscribed to by more CGIAR Challenge Programs The International Plant Genetic Resources than 300 individuals, groups and institutions 4. Who can submit ideas for Challenge Institute (IPGRI) is supported by the from home and abroad. The Consultative Group on International Programs? Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) invites all The CGIAR invites all stakeholders to submit Agricultural Research The Editorial Board of the Journal is interested parties to suggest concepts for ideas which could become agricultural http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org proposing free exchange of publishable Challenge Programs that could be financed research and development programs of http://www.ipgri.org papers with Editors of reputable Journals. by the CGIAR and its partners. Details are global relevance. Submission of ideas, Under this arrangement, the list of titles of provided below in a "Question & Answer" presented as short Concept Notes (2- 4pages) is the first step in a competitive Journal of Tropical Forest Science papers to be exchanged will be sent to format . Recipients are encouraged to share Editors of collaborating Journals who will this note with their respective constituencies. process leading to the identification and select one or two papers of interest. The full preparation of CPs. The Journal of Tropical Forest Science papers will then be sent to the Editor of a 1. What is the CGIAR? (JTFS) is concerned with the development of collaborating Journal with the consent of the The CGIAR (www.cgiar.org) is an association tropical forest sciences. It welcomes papers Author(s) of the papers. The Author(s) will of 58 public and private members who 5. How should the ideas be submitted? relevant to the field. It also includes short have to meet all the editorial guidelines of support a system of 16 international Ideas may be transmitted to the CGIAR

68 ETFRN News 35/02 ETFRN News 36/02 69 Research Cooperation Sought

System Office preferably by e-mail to the submission of pre-proposals on the selected following address: [email protected]. ideas. Proponents who have limited e-mail access may fax the concept notes to the System 12. If an idea is selected, will the pre- Office at the Science Council Secretariat: Fax proposals on that idea be eventually no. (39-06) 570-53298. funded? Not necessarily. Once an idea is selected, 6. Does the CGIAR provide financial support open and competitive processes will also be for submitting ideas? implemented at the succeeding phases No, resources are not available from the described in the document titled “Process CGIAR at this phase of CP development. and Guidelines for Developing and Implementing Challenge Programs”. (see 7. Is there a deadline for submitting ideas? Challenge Program web page) There is no The generation and submission of ideas is guarantee that an individual, institution or a continuous process. Evaluation of ideas group who submitted a selected idea will be will be conducted periodically every year, awarded a grant. depending on the number submitted. 13. What will happen to the other ideas 8. Will the submitted ideas be publicized? submitted but not selected? The idea titles and names of proponents will The list of submitted ideas will be kept in the be posted on a special page for CPs at the CGIAR web site. Some of the ideas could be CGIAR web site (www.cgiar.org). developed by the proponents and other interested parties into proposals that may be 9. How will the submitted ideas be submitted to non-CP funding sources. evaluated? The Science Council (SC) of the CGIAR is 14. When will the next phase, i.e. responsible for the evaluation and development of pre-proposals, be recommendation to the Executive Council of launched? the ideas submitted by all stakeholders. As soon as the CGIAR approves the ideas or Once endorsed by the Executive Council, the themes recommended by the Science ideas will be submitted to the CGIAR for final Council andendorsed by the Executive approval. Council, a call for submission of pre- proposals will be issued. 10. How will one know if an idea submitted has been selected? 15. Where can additional information on the The proponent of the selected idea will be CGIAR Challenge Programs be found? formally notified by the CGIAR System Office. All information relating to the different phases All the selected ideas and the names of of Challenge Programs are available on the proponents will also be posted on a special CGIAR website. This site, in addition to page for CPs at the CGIAR web site. presenting detailed information on the Consultative Group, its activities and major 11. What will happen to the selected ideas? impacts, also provides linkages to the The selected ideas will be promoted to the sixteen international agricultural research next stage of the process (phase 2). The centers (known as Future Harvest Centers) Executive Council will issue calls for supported by the CGIAR.

70 ETFRN News 35/02 Internet Features Internet Features

By Jelle Maas aid and development programmes. is sent to about 6,000 email addresses The ‘User Requirements Study for remote Research concentrates on the generation world-wide. sensing based spatial information for the For the FAO Global Forest Resources of information and products on forest sustainable management of forests’ is Assessment 2000 (FRA 2000) please see condition, fire dynamics, land cover change The mission of the IUFRO Task Force on available in downloadable PDF format at: http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/fra/main/ind and physical and biophysical parameters Global Forest Information Service (GFIS) is to http://www.itc.nl/forestry/URS/ Spanish ex. jsp The report reflects on the current for bio-geological models through the develop a strategy for, and implement, an and French versions of the executive condition of our planet’s forest resources quantitative analysis of data from Earth Internet-based metadata system that will summary are also available. The study and the events contributing to the present observing satellites. Products (including provide coordinated worldwide access to aims to address the following issues: situation. scientific publications, algorithms, time- forest information. The resulting system will series of measurements, maps, images, provide multiple benefits to information users • Assessment of requirements for spatial The World Resources Institute has prepared models, statistics, assessments and and providers including, facilitating user- information in order to support a briefing note in response to the launch of reports) are made available to policy- friendly access to a greater amount of sustainable forest management; the Forest Resources Assessment 2000, m akers, the science community, space information, and improving the • Preliminary evaluation of the extent to commenting on the methodology and agencies and where appropriate, to the dissemination and quality of forest-related which these requirements for spatial principal findings of the new FAO report. general public. data and information. information can be met by existing and http://www.wri.org/forests/fra2000.html http://www.gvm.sai.jrc.it/ http://iufro.boku.ac.at/iufro/taskforce/ hptfgfis.htm. planned remote sensing systems; Global Forest Watch is an international data The Carbon offset verification of forest • Identification of the requirements for, and mapping network that combines on-the- ecosystems project presents a new http://www.gofc.org/gofc/index.html and components of, an improved ground knowledge with digital technology to method for estimating above-ground Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover information supply mechanism in the provide accurate information about the biomass, and hence carbon stocks of Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD) is a coordinated form of an “end-to-end” information world’s forests. Global Forest Watch started conifer forests utilising remote sensing international effort working to provide system. working in four pilot countries in 1997; techniques and carbon partition modelling. ongoing space-based and in-situ Cameroon, Canada, Gabon and Indonesia. http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/carbon/default.htm observations of forests and other vegetation The User Requirement Survey They now also work in Chile, Russia, The lead partner in the project is Oxford cover, for the sustainable management of questionnaire and an overview of available Venezuela, the Democratic Republic of University. Other partners include: Institute terrestrial resources and to obtain an literature on spatial information needs can Congo (DRC), and the United States; and are of Terrestrial Ecology; University of Wales, accurate, reliable, quantitative understanding be found at Neonet http://apex.neonet.nl/ planning to expand to Brazil in the near Swansea; SGS UK Ltd; EcoSecurities Ltd; of the terrestrial carbon budget. Originally Netherlands Earth Observation NETwork. future. More information at: Biffa Waste Ltd. The project is funded developed as a pilot project by the http://www.globalforestwatch.org/ under the Earth Observation LINK Committee on Earth Observation Satellites Programme supporting innovative Earth (CEOS www .ceos.org) as part of their Last but not least, the ETFRN topics page The Global Vegetation Monitoring (GVM) Unit Observation data applications research. integrated Global Observing Strategy, GOFC- on remote sensing and GIS of the Institute for Environment and www.nerc.ac.uk/funding/thematics/eolink/ GOLD is now a panel of the Global http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/topics/ Sustainability (Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS remotesensing/index.html Italy) has a mission is to provide accurate Forest Information Update (FIU) is a free www.fao.org/gtos/index.html). information on changes in the world's weekly email newsletter on the provides access to all GIS and remote vegetation cover as needed for EU policy in inventorying and monitoring of natural sensing related information on the ETFRN the areas of environment, development and resources. FIU is produced by Forest The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring website; including the links page on this external affairs. The focus is provision of Information Services Centre (WCMC) produces integrated and theme, the results of the ETFRN Directory information and methodologies that support http://home.att.net/~gklund/ and is accessible information on the conservation search, as well as meetings and training the implementation of international supported by organisations, agencies and of the world's forests and their biodiversity, courses on this topic. In addition, the environmental treaties and conventions individuals working in the natural as well as providing support in managing ‘searchable databases’ link leads into the (such as the Framework Convention on resources field. All the FIU's are now this information search results of web databases maintained by other organisations. Climate Change, the Convention to Combat posted on the GAOF portal www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/homepage.htm Desertification and the Convention on www.foresters.org/portal under topic Biological Diversity) and to support the EU's (Forest Information Update). Currently FIU

ETFRN News 36/02 71 72 ETFRN News 36/02 Funding Funding

form in English or French, which is available • improving market access for tropical The International Foundation for from the IFS Secretariat or can be timber exports from sustainably The maximum amount for a fellowship grant Science - Call for Research Grant downloaded from the website. managed sources; is US$10 000. Only nationals of ITTO Applications from Developing Country • securing the tropical timber resource member countries are eligible to apply. The Scientists International Foundation for Science, base; next deadline for applications is 4 September Grev Turegatan 19, • improving the tropical timber resource 2002 for activities that will commence May The International Foundation for Science S-114 38, Stockholm, base, including through the application and November each year. (IFS) provides support to young Scientists of Sweden. of criteria and indicators for sustainable merit in developing countries by awarding Fax: +46 8 5458 1802 forest management; Further details and application forms (in research grants and providing grantees with Email: [email protected] • enhancing technical, financial and English, French or Spanish) are available additional services such as travel grants and Http://www.ifs.se human capacities to manage the tropical from purchasing assistance. timber resource base; Dr Chisato Aoki, • promoting increased and further Fellowship Program, ITTO Fellowships Offered The IFS supports research related to the processing of tropical timber from ITTO; Fax 81-45-223 1111; renewable utilisation of biological resources sustainably managed sources; [email protected] ITTO offers fellowships through the • improving the marketing and in areas such as crop and animal The Lincoln Park Zoo Neotropic Fund production, forestry, food science, natural Freezailah Fellowship Fund to promote standardisation of tropical timber products and fisheries, as well as research human resource development and to exports; and on sustainable utilisation and conservation strengthen professional expertise in member • improving the efficiency of tropical timber The Lincoln Park Zoo Neotropic Fund of natural ecosystems, including themes countries in tropical forestry and related processing. supports field research in conservation such as water management and biodiversity. disciplines. The goal is to promote biology throughout Latin America and the Proposals for projects may address sustainable management of tropical forests, In any of the above, the following are Caribbean. The fund emphasises support of biological, chemical or physical processes the efficient use and processing of tropical relevant: graduate students and other young as well as social and economic timber, and better economic information researchers, particularly those from Latin relationships important in the conservation, about the international trade in tropical • enhancing public relations, awareness America. production, and renewable utilisation of the timber. and education; biological resource base. • improving statistics; Between five and fifteen projects are Eligible activities include: • research and development; and supported each year. Awards are seldom Research grants are awarded up to a • sharing information, knowledge and greater than US$7500 and most awards fall maximum value of $12,000 USD for a period • participation in short-term training technology. in the range of $3000-$6000. Initial support of one to three years and may be renewed courses, training internships, study is for up to 12 months from the date of award. twice. They are intended for the purchase of tours, lecture/ demonstration tours and Selection criteria: Fellowship applications Maximum duration of support is 2 years. equipment, expendable supplies and international/regional conferences; will be assessed against the following Deadline for receipt of Neotropical proposals literature. Applications must be citizens of, • technical document preparation, selection criteria (in no priority order): is 1 September. and carry out the research in, a developing publication and dissemination,such as For information and application procedures, country. Specifically excluded are countries in manuals and mongraphs; and • consistency of the proposed activity with contact: Europe, including Turkey and Cyprus, as well • post-graduate studies. the Program's objective and priority as countries of the former Soviet Union. areas; Lincoln Park Zoo Neotropic Fund, Argentina and Uruguay are also not eligible Priority areas: eligible activities aim to • qualifications of the applicant to Department of Conservation and Science, to receive support. As well as being under develop human resources and professional undertake the proposed fellowship Lincoln Park Zoo, the age of 40 (under 30 for applicants from expertise in one or more of the following activity; Chicago,IL, 60614, China) and at the start of their research areas: • the potential of the skills and knowledge USA career, candidates must possess a higher acquired or advanced under the Email: [email protected] academic degree, which should be at least • improving the transparency of the tropical fellowship activity to lead to wider Http: www.lpzoo.com/conservation an MSc or equivalent. timber market; applications and benefits nationally and • improving the marketing and distribution internationally; and Source: What’s Up, The newsletter of the Applications are made on the application of tropical timber species from • reasonableness of costs in relation to International Canopy Network (ICAN) Vol. 8 sustainably managed sources; the proposed fellowship activity. No. 1 Fall ,2001

ETFRN News 36/02 73 74 ETFRN News 36/02 Other News Other News

international donors and NGOs, universities, observing and analysing indicators may bring Association of Forestry Research Institutions Training-Course in Forest Management, grassroots organisations. about more change than the data gathered (APAFRI); Food and Agriculture Organisation inventory and Monitoring All have different reasons for PBA, and varying itself, and in particular can enhance benefit- of the United Nations (FAO); Forestry information needs. Most national or regional sharing, as well as be more sustainable than Research Support Programme for Asia and The Department of Forest Biometry, University decision makers expect information in externally led processes. However to achieve the Pacific (FORSPA); Forest Research of Freiburg/Germany offers training courses quantitative spatially comparable forms. this, changes in education, training of Institute Malays ia (FRIM); and International from Sept 02 to Sept 13 and Sept 16-27, 2002 Participatory processes may not supply this scientists, and institutional networking are Union of Forest Research Organisations in the areas forest management, inventory so readily (or efforts to quantify may distort needed. (IUFRO). and monitoring. The objective of the courses local perceptions) but may provide qualitative For further details, and to register online, visit is to familiarize forest managers, project information of different and complementary The conference ran from 8-25 January 2002. the conference homepage at personnel, and scientists with methods of value. It is very important to match objectives Please see the conference website: http://apafri.upm.edu.my/reconf/index.html. forest inventory and monitoring systems and with methods and stakeholders, rather than http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/biodiv procedures for sustainable yield apply a blanket set of recommendations to all ersity/index.html Alternatively, you can contact: management. More information and situations which appear to need a Mr Alias Abdul Jalil subscription forms can be found under: participatory approach. For further information please contact: APAFRI Secretariat Tel: +6-03-6272 2516 www.forst.uni-freiburg.de/biometrie/ Dr Anna Lawrence, E-mail: [email protected] training-courses. Assessment is affected by value judgements, Environmental Change Institute, regardless of who is conducting the 5 South Parks Rd, Oxford Genomic Approaches to Forest Tree assessment. It is often assumed that local OX1 3UB, UK. Participatory monitoring and evaluation people value only useful species; but tel. +44 1865 281214 fax. +44 1865 281202 Stress Tolerance - Short Course of biodiversity: results of the ETFRN e- research reveals spiritual, cultural and ethical email:[email protected] workshop values; and that species or habitats with non- This is to announce an EU funded short material values may be at least as important Bringing Back the Forests: Policies and course / advanced research workshop to be as those with uses. held on September 16 - 27, 2002 in Crete, By Anna Lawrence Practices for Degraded Lands and In documenting methods, the main debate Greece and entitled "Genomic Approaches to Forests Participatory biodiversity assessment (PBA) was between those who sought local Forest Tree Stress Tolerance". provides a way of reconciling the need for knowledge to develop wider-scale quantitative national assessment, monitoring and measures of change, and those who Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7-10 October 2002 The course should be an exciting, informative reporting; with the increasing focus on emphasised the importance of strengthening and enjoyable one, with confirmed involvement of all relevant stakeholders and community capacity to make decisions about A four-day, international conference on speakers/lecturers including: particularly indigenous / local communities. resource management, which in turn solutions to rehabilitation challenges in the PBA, i.e. biodiversity assessment by and with enhances their motivation to conserve. It forests and grasslands of Asia and the David Neale non-scientists can provide short-cuts to appears that methods linking local and Pacific. The objectives of the conference are Christophe Plomion scientific assessments; provide data which is scientific assessments or values are scarce, to: Giuseppe Vendramin useful to local resource managers in a way and more work still needs to be done on the Nikolaos Panopoulos which scientific assessment is not; link in to analysis and communication of results. • Review the current status of rehabilitation Weber A. Neves do Amaral scientific information which is relevant to local efforts and knowledge; F. A. (Phil) Aravanopoulos needs; enhance inclusivity of decision- Participatory approaches take more time and • Identify critical issues of policy and Malcolm Campbell making. different skills compared with scientific implementation that must be addressed if Andreas Doulis surveys, but there are benefits that are worth rehabilitation is to become a key The workshop sought to elucidate: the ways this cost. The potential for real synergy component of forest management; and The course will cover the following topics, in which values affect the assessment between different actors depends not only on • Encourage cross-disciplinary learning and using a combination of lectures, laboratory process; approaches and methods in relation good communication, but also on realistic partnerships among rehabilitation practicals, and tutorials: to objectives and information needs; the costs understanding of the costs and benefits of practitioners, resource managers, policy and benefits; and priorities for institutional / involving different actors in such makers and other concerned Stress Resistance Mechanisms, Resistance policy change to create an enabling assessments, and above all ensuring that stakeholders. Engineering environment. 300 Participants from 55 local people can take part in analysis and Population Genetics, F-statistic, Genetic countries included the CBD secretariat, decision-making. The process of negotiating, Conference organisers are the Asia Pacific Distances, Linkage disequilibrium

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Paternity Analysis Biodiversity conservation is only one of the influence of market forces and of external meeting was judged by all to have been a Genetic Designs and Linkage analysis many interests of different stakeholders in the policies? How can networking and knowledge great success because so many young and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping use of natural resources. These stakeholders management contribute to upscaling the senior scientists came together with a real Marker Assisted Selection often have competing interests in the use and lessons learnt? In order to explore the willingness to develop the tool of functional DNA fingerprinting conservation of various natural resources. opportunities and limitations, we will support groups. A clearer understanding of tropical Functional Genomics, Response Mapping The interests depend on both regional our discussions with appropriate case forests dynamics is needed now for a wide Comparative Genomics ecological and socio-econom ic conditions, materials. range of management and policy issues EST, SNPs, DNA arrays livelihood conditions of local communities including biodiversity, conservation, global and institutional arrangements for managing The International Agricultural Centre (IAC) change, socio-economic and poverty More information on this course can be found the natural resources. At present these organises this seminar in collaboration with alleviation. at http://www.maich.gr/environment/ conditions are often undergoing a rapid Wageningen University and other institutions news/genomics.html change. The complex and dynamic and organisations in the Netherlands. The The meeting started with internationally interactions between these conditions make seminar will be held from 21-23 October 2002 recognised keynote speakers presenting decision-making for biodiversity conservation in Wageningen, the Netherlands. reviews of the functional group knowledge to Adaptive Management for Biodiversity prone to uncertainty and surprise. Adaptive date and these were interspaced with talks on Conservation: a collective learning management addresses this situation by The closing date for application is 15 current unpublished papers. During the next approach in conditions of social and involving stakeholders in a decision-making September 2002. More information can be two days the participants discussed and ecological change process based on experiential learning. Active obtained from Ms. E.Rippen at the following e- agreed a list of important traits necessary to monitoring and feedback from the results of mail address: [email protected] define these groups and many offered to Pre-announcement IAC-WU Seminar 2002 decisions are core aspects of this iterative Tel: +31 317 495 495 send relevant methodologies for measuring process. Learning takes place collectively and Fax: +31 317 495 395 the traits, which the organisers, Edinburgh Welcome to this year’s IAC-WU Seminar on is therefore also called social or collaborative Centre of Tropical Research (ECTF) agreed to learning. post on the web www.nbu.ac.uk/tropical Adaptive Management for Biodiversity Functional Grouping of Tropical Trees Conservation. The seminar is part of the IAC /CONFHome.htm Training Programme on Leadership and At the seminar we will explore the potential of Adaptive Management in Forest Environments adaptive management to create space for By Jan Dick The Scientific committee including (LAMFE), to be held from September to biodiversity conservation in decision-making researchers from CIRAD-FORÊT, France; November 2002. In this programme we bring at the local level. This is particularly important One square hectare of tropical forest may University of Wageningen, Netherlands; together people from organisations involved when considering biodiversity conservation in contain as many as 500 trees of over 10 cm University of Edinburgh, and Centre for in natural resources management to explore conditions where local people’s livelihoods diameter representing over 200 different Ecology and Hydrology, Scotland were new ways towards sound and equitable land are at stake, and where poverty, land species. Classifying tropical trees into delighted with the consensus of the meeting. use. At the occasion of this seminar, degradation and loss of biodiversity have ‘functional’ groups rather than taxonomic It is hoped that this group can help get a audience from the Netherlands and abroad entered a vicious spiral. groups is currently one of the most rapidly clearer understanding of tropical forests will join the international participants of the expanding areas of forest management and dynamics and advise on the management of LAMFE training programme. Some of the issues to explore are: What is the biodiversity research. Between the 10-13th these important global resources. potential of social learning for change, aiming December 2001, over 40 European scientists Biodiversity conservation is one of the both at improved livelihood and biodiversity and practioners working on tropical forests Dr Jan Dick important issues of this year’s international conservation? How to facilitate a collaborative met at Edinburgh, Scotland to discuss and Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh environmental policy debate. Parties to the process involving actors with very different learn together about the important topic of Bush Estate PENICUIK Convention of Biodiversity Conservation meet agendas? What are the implications of social ‘functional groupings’. Midlothian EH26 0QB in April in The Hague to discuss the progress learning for the formulation and adaptation of Scotland, UK made. The topic is also one of the major management plans? What management They define functional groups as a grouping Tel - (44)-0131-445-4343 subjects of our LAMFE training programme. types are most appropriate in different of organisms that respond in a similar way to Fax - (44)-0131-445-3943 Email: [email protected] Web - www.nbu.ac.uk/tropical Therefore, we want to focus this year’s circumstances? What is needed in terms of environmental factors. This meeting seminar on adaptive management as an institutional environment, leadership and sponsored by the Human Potential approach which balances biodiversity organisational change? Which kind of Programme of the EU was the first to conservation and livelihood sustainability. conflicts can we expect at different levels and specifically bring European scientists how to deal with these conflicts? What is the together to exchange ideas on this topic. The The Field Station "La Gamba" in Costa

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Please contact: depth studies on these disciplines must be Rica ASB Website Jessa Lewis carried out and new knowledge generated in Global Coordination Office time for the next round table conference. After The Bosque-Esquinas, one of the most We are pleased to announce the completion Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn (ASB) three years, the time is just right for this next species-rich forests of Central-America, is of the ASB website (www.asb.cgiar.org). The Programme Conference, which is now being organised . located in the south eastern part of Costa site's new features, include information on +1 (858) 455 0738 Rica. The endangered forest could be saved ASB activities by region and topic, as well as [email protected] www.asb.cgiar.org The Seventh Round Table Conference will be with the financial help of an Austrian non-profit a fully-searchable ASB Publications Database convened in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. It is organization which was initiated by the (developed with the help of Dennis Lisbjerg of anticipated that at this Conference, new The Seventh Round Table Conference musician Univ-. Prof. Michael Schnitzler. BIOS, [email protected]). research information on the species in the on Dipterocarps family of Dipterocarpaceae will be actively In 1993 a field station near the village La The ASB Publications Database currently lists deliberated upon. The aspirations of this Gamba, which is now called 375 publications (in a variety of media) that “Dipterocarps in the new millennium: international conference therefore is to gather the"Tropenstation La Gamba", was were produced in part or entirely under the Conservation, Domestication & Utilisation” all researchers, policy makers, wood established. The station consists of a fully auspices of the ASB Programme. A subset of technologis ts, educationalists, conservators renovated farmhouse and annexes and is these publications are available in down 7 th-11th October 2002, Kuala Lumpur, and foresters who work on this family from situated on the border of primary rainforest. At loadable form, and in all cases e-mail, Malaysia around the globe to participate and to present accommodations for c. 14 (18) contact details are provided for further exchange information at this Round table. The persons are available. The station has an information. The database is set up to Jointly organised by: attendance of participants from all the regions electricity supply and is equipped with a perform both standard, unlimited searches Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research will provide more networking opportunities for kitchen, bathrooms, computers, cellular (by year, author, title, etc.) as well as limited Institutes (APAFRI). further collaborative work and a platform for phone, microscopes, drying and collecting searches by region, topic or publication type. The International Union of Forestry Research fostering closer ties and exchange of equipment, photo herbarium, and a small Where available, abstracts and/or links to full Organizations (IUFRO Working Party S1.07- information among all involved with library. It is an excellent base for carrying out text via on-line journals are provided in the "all 17), dipterocarps. scientific work or for simply enjoying and details" section. Forest Research Institute Malaysia exploring the lush rainforests. Since several (FRIM),University Putra Malaysia (UPM) Objectives of the 7 th Round Conference years excursions and courses on tropical Many of you have already provided links from Forestry Departments Penisular • To explore, exchange and update scientific biology for students and for naturalists are your organization's website to the ASB Forestry Department Sabah and technological findings and information offered by the staff of the station. The website (thank you). With this message, we Forestry Department Sarawak on dipterocarps; "Scientific Report 1993-2001" (in German) are hoping to establish more mutual links, • To provide a forum for dipterocarps presents an overview on activities, and would be very grateful if you could spread The organisers acknowledge the initial researchers to present the results of their publications and projects around the the word within your respective organizations funding by CIDA through the Tree Link Project research and projects relating to Tropenstation. It can be ordered from the about the site. to prepare and distribute this first conservation, domestication, utilisation and following address: announcement. The organising committee products of dipterocarps; The ASB website provides a new medium for will be a wide range of funding agencies • To identify new directions and strategies for Information and reservation: rapid and extensive communication with the seeking support from to offset costs from the sustainable management of dipterocarps. Mag. Werner Huber & Mag. Anton rest of the world about ASB activities. From its 7th Round Table Conference. • To identify opportunities to develop Weissenhofer Institut für Botanik, launch in May 2001 through year-end, the site collaboration among researchers and to Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, had approximately 25,000 hits, with an Background strengthen the networking among them. Austria. average duration per visit of over 10 minutes. We have now stepped into the 21st century. Tel. ++43-1-4277-54083, The site had 2,869 'unique' visitors, among The last Round Table Conference on Scope and Topics Fax ++43-1-4277-9541 which 492 were repeat visitors. We expect Dipterocarps which was the sixth in the series • Biology, physiology, ecology and Email: [email protected] these numbers to grow quickly as we was held at Bangalore, India in 1999. At the ecophysiology of Dipterocarpace Homepage: www.regenwald.at establish more mutual links with partners and Bangalore meeting several resolutions were • Silviculture and Management of Natural other organizations. adopted by the participants. The resolutions Dipterocarps forests Many thanks for taking the time to browse the covered the fields of conservation, • Silviculture and Management of new site. We will be delighted to receive your domestication and utilisation of the Dipterocarp plantations comments and reactions. dipterocarp family with the aim that more in- • Economics and Social Aspects of

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Dipterocarp Forests should be made in favour of “APAFRI” For or [email protected]. Nous espérons et attendons des abonnés • Improved wood technologies and Overseas participants, payment should be tout article intéressant qui contribuera au utilisation and other forest products of made through bank draft or credit débat et à la connaissance. Email newsletter on Reduced Impact dipterocarps card(VISA/Master Card). Those who have confirmed their participation, please pay by Logging in Francophone Africa Le coordinateur de RIL-Afrique-L The Conference will be of value to: 15th July 2002 to following address: See Researchers under Exhibition RIL-Afrique- L est un bulletin électronique Quantitative Colorimetry in the Cielab Academicians portant sur les pratiques d'exploitation and Cielch System Applied to the Decision/Policy makers Venue forestière à faible impact en Afrique. Il veut Development of a Catalogue of Colours Forest Managers/Foresters The conference will be held at one of the être l'expression d'un réseau de NGOs leading hotels in Kuala Lumpur communications, d'échanges et de of the Brazilian Tropical Woods. Planters discussions entre les différents acteurs du Funding Agencies Enquiries secteur forestier (professionnels et non) et il José Arlete Alves Camargo, Joaquim Carlos APAFRI-Secretariat s'adresse plus particulièrement à l'Afrique Goncalez, Gérard Janin, Exhibition (Attn: Dr Baskaran Krisnapillay / Mr Alias francophone. RIL-Afrique-L est un service Exhibition on products/services will be held Abdul Jalil) offert par la Division des produits forestiers A colour catalogue of 400 species of brazilian during the conference. For further information c/o Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FOP) de la FAO. tropical wood was produced to quickly identify please contact the secretariat. Kepong 52109 Kuala Lumpur and classify the wood colours. The colour of Tel:603-6272 2516, 603-6277 3207 Informations pratiques concernant la liste the wood, associated with the surface Meetings Fax:603-6277 3249 Ril-Afrique-L patterns, are the most important A satellite meeting of the Malaysian working E-mail : [email protected] characteristics for the end-uses in the wood th group members will be held on the 11 Website : www.apafri.upm.edu.my Pour s'inscrire à la liste, envoyer un message furniture industry. The quantitative colorimetry October 2002. New members and observers Registration Form is available at the website à l'adresse suivante: technology enables us to obtain numerical are cordially invited for the meeting. at http:/www.apafri.upm.edu.my [email protected] evaluation of the wood colours through the You may register online. en laissant la ligne objet vide et en rentrant la CIELAB and CIELCH system, with the values Special interest groups wishing to organise seule phrase: subscribe RIL-Afrique-L of the characters L*,a*,b*,C, h. This will also their own country meeting should inform the CATIE’s Database of Forest Seeds allow us to identify which woods belong to the Secretariat in advance to facilitate room etc for Pour faire parvenir une contribution à la liste, same "cluster of the colours". such meeting envoyer un message à One of the biggest benefits of the catalogue is Publications and Courses l'adresse suivante: that it facilitates the choice of wood species Language [email protected] which show the same, or quite similar, The language of the conference is English. CATIE takes an interest in assuring the colorimetric attributes for substitution of availability of forest seeds of high physical Pour toute question ou problème technique, species, and so to avoid extinction of these Registration Fee and genetic quality. It provides services to envoyer un message à species in the forest . The conference fee, which covers a full set of enhance the results of (re)forestation [email protected] papers/proceedings, lunches, welcome programmes. Besides information on José Arlete Alves Camargo, dinner and conference bag are as follows: aspects such as collection and processing of Si vous voulez annuler votre inscription, il Laboratório De Produtos Florestais, seeds, biology, genetic improvement, vous suffit d'envoyer un message à : Ibama , Brasilia Participants management of seed sources and [email protected] Local: Government- RM 600 documentation CATIE also provides training en laissant la ligne objet vide et en rentrant la Joaquim Carlos Goncalez, Gérard Janin, Other- RM700 courses in these fields. CATIE can be seule phrase: unsubscribe RIL-Afrique-L Departamento Florestal, Universidade De Foreign: USD 300 contacted at: Brasilia Local student: RM200 (without dinner) Votre information est sûre: nous ne Email: [email protected] (IUFRO or APAFRI members are entitled to a Banco de Semillas Forestales, distribuerons pas votre adresse ou d'autre 30% Discount on the registration fees) CATIE, Apdo: 7170 Turrialba, information sur votre inscription à des tiers. Local participants or students are Costa Rica. encouraged to make payment for registration Tel.: (506) 556 1933. Fax: (506) 556 7766. either by cheque or credit card. Payment Email: [email protected],

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By Bert van der Linden also provides more detailed data by ISBN 0-9515059-3-9, 310 p. Published by can therefore be used by local authorities country in the country profiles. The Commonwealth Forestry Association, as a warning system for deforestation. c/o The Oxford Forestry Institute, Global Forest Resources Assessment South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. PhD thesis. Wageningen University. 136 p. 2000 - Main Report For further information contact Tel: (+44) (0)1865 275000. For further information: FAO, Fax: (+44) (0)1865 275074. [email protected] FAO Forestry Paper (2001) Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla, E-mail: [email protected]. Ordering Information: 00100 Rome, Website:www.plants.ox.ac.uk/ofi/home.htm Secretariat, This publication constitutes the principal Italy. Centre for Gio-Information, report of the Forest Resources Assessment Tel.: +39 065 7051. Fax: +39 065 7053 Alterra, P.O. Box 339, 6700AH, Mapping and Monitoring Forest (FRA) 2000. The FRA compiled and analysed 152. Wageningen, Remnants a wide range of information about the extent, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 317 474640 Fax: +31 317 474567 composition, protection and utilisation of The World’s Forests Rio+8 policy, On line ordering: forests for each country. Special attention practice and progress towards A multi-scale analysis of spatio-temporal was given to estimating the rate of change of data Http://www.agralin.nl/luwpubs/ sustainable forest management forest resources and to documenting the factors implicated in these changes. Two L.M. Tavares de Carvalho (2001) Global and Regional Vegetation Fire approaches were used to the global M. Söderland & A. Pottinger (2001) Monitoring from Space; Planning a assessment. The most important one was to Much attention is paid to forest destruction Coordinated International Effort collect data on field level and to aggregate The Commonwealth Forestry Association and ways to counteract it. A great deal of the information working upward to country level (CFA) has published the third book in the effort is directed to the areas that remain and eventually global level. This approach series of publications entitled The World’s extensively covered by forests. Forest F.J. Ahern, J.G. Goldammer & C.O. Justice was supplemented by an another one, which Forests. This publication focuses on the fragments are largely overlooked although (2001) looks down from above by means of satellite forest policy developments under the they are of significant importance to the local remote sens ing. The information and umbrella of the Intergovernmental Forum environment. This book explores the actual Increasing conflagrations of forests and knowledge provided by countries form the on Forests (IFF) process (1997-2000) and m ethodologies and techniques such as other lands throughout the world during the backbone of the FRA 2000. other high-level initiatives in support of remote sensing and geographical 1980s and 1990s have made fires in sustainable forest management. The book information technologies which enable the forests and other vegetation emerge as an The main findings on forest area and area consolidates important international forest acquirement of the necessary data for the important global concern. Both the number change are presented in Part I, Chapter 1. policy developments during the period development and validation of ecological and severity of wildfires and the application Part one also presents the results of studies 1997-2000. models, management activities and decision of fire for land-use change seem to have on wood volume and biomass, plantations making for forests, including fragments all increased dramatically compared to and other key parameters studied in FRA The book consists of four parts. In part I over the world. previous decades of the twentieth century. 2000. Part II presents findings organised by focus is on the outcomes of the The adverse consequences of extensive geographic region and subregion. Part III intergovernmental dialogue on forest in The book uses information from a research wildfires cross national boundaries and describes the methodologies and processes this period. Part II highlights the project dealing with semi-deciduous Atlantic have global impacts. Satellite remote underpinning the assessment. The government- and organisation-led Forest in Brazil, initiated in 1998 by a sensing technology has the potential to development of a comprehensive forestry initiatives in support of the IFF process. An Brazilian research institute EMBRAPA and play an important role in both monitoring information system (FORIS) which was overview of the evolution of criteria and the two Brazilian universities (UFLA and fires and their consequences, as well as in created to assemble and disseminate the indicators for sustainable management UNB). It describes the strategy, based on operational fire management. FRA 2000 results is also described. over the last decade is presented in part III. remote sensing information, that was used Some initiatives on criteria and indicators to classify and monitor areas in a region with This book contains thirteen contributions The publication is published in English, are highlighted. Finally, in part IV an fragmented Atlantic Forest. The procedure authored by scientists who represent the French and Spanish and is also available on assessment is made of the progress that was followed to determine the location m ost active international research and the FAO Website at http://www.fao.org/ achieved since Rio (’92). of deforestation over a large area is development institutions. These papers forestry/fo/fra/main/index.jsp; the web site described. This method is not difficult and were initially presented at a workshop

ETFRN News 36/02 83 84 ETFRN News 36/02 Publications Publications organised within the framework of the consensus on Criteria and Indicators that Transdisciplinary Projects. This special international pilot project Global Observation deals with the paradox of sustainable issue is also available as pdf-file on The Overseas Development Institute has of Forest Cover (GOFC), initiated by the forest management that appears to exist. http://www.ikaoe.unibe.ch/forschung. For produced a CD-ROM that contains 17 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites On the one hand it seems very appealing, hard copies contact years of its publications on forestry-related (CEOS) in 1997. GOFC was designed to challenging and new for some groups, on IKAÖ, Project “Evaluation Criteria”, issues. bring together data providers and information the other hand it seems very classical and Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, users to make information products from already implemented in management Switzerland. Fax: +41 31 631 8733. • 214 key publications chart the satellite and in-situ observations of forests plans for other groups. Elements of the Email: [email protected]. development of people-oriented more readily available world-wide. The paradox are presented in the papers, such forestry from 1985 to the present day. volume is a contribution by the GOFC Forest as the distinction between sustained yield • 174 Rural Development Forestry Fire Monitoring and Mapping Implementation and sustainable forest management, the Network Papers (RDFN) Team to the Interagency Task Force Working extraordinary diversification of the • 5 European Tropical Forestry Papers Group Wildland Fire of the UN International functions, goods and benefits produced by (EUTFP) Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). the forests and the increasing diversity of • 14 Natural Resources Perspectives stakeholders involved in forest planning (NRP) ISBN 90 5103 140 8, 303 p. Distributors for and management. Moreover, recently new • 4 Forestry-related Working Papers the USA and Canada: Library Research values have emerged as equally important (WP) Associates, Inc., 474 Dunderberg Road, to the values already recognised • 17 chapters of the EU Tropical Forestry The invisible Wand: Adaptive Co- Monroe, NY 10950. Fax: (845) 3953. worldwide. Sourcebook For all other countries: management as an Emergent Strategy SPB Academic Publishing bv, For more information contact: in Complex Bio-economic Systems All papers are indexed by publication, P.O.Box 97747, 2509 GC European Forest Institute (EFI), CIFOR occasional paper no.34 keyword, author and region. Full text The Hague, Torikatu 34, FIN-80100 Joensuu, versions of the majority of publications are The Netherlands. Fax: (+31 70) 3300254. Finland. J. Ruitenbeek and C. Cartier (2001) available in English, French and Spanish Email: [email protected]. Tel.: +358 13 252 020. as Acrobat pdf files. The adobe acrobat Website: www.kuglerpublications.com/spb. Fax: +358 13 124 393. This paper provides an economic reader is also included on the CD-ROM. Email: [email protected]. perspective on concepts related to adaptive Website: www.efi.fi/ For more information please contact: Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable co-management (ACM). The hypothesis is Overseas Development Institute, Forest Management at the Forest explored as to whether ACM can be regarded 111, Westminister Bridge Road, Evaluating Transdisciplinary as an emergent strategy under specific Management Unit Level London SE1 7JD Research–an Assessment instrument conditions. The theory of “self-interest” as 2001 EFI Proceedings No. 38 the determining factor that leads to stability United Kingdom. Panorama: Special Issue 1/99 and efficiency in economic systems against Email: [email protected] Http://www.odi.org.uk A. Franc, O. Laroussinie, T. Karjalainen (eds.) that of a complex bio-economic system in 2001 In a special issue of its newsletter which “altruistic common interest” can act as Panorama the Swiss National Science a forcing factor (our “Invisible Wand”). FAO’s Forestry Activities in Asia and Foundation presents the results of a This publication contains the papers that the Pacific were presented at a conference organised by project that deals with the issue of For more information contact: GIP Ecofor and the European Forest Institute adequate evaluation of inter- and CIFOR, P.O.Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, (EFI) on behalf of IUFRO Task Force on transdisciplinary research; problem Indonesia. The FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Sustainable Forest Management, and under oriented research requiring the Tel.: +62 (251) 622622. Pacific supports agriculture, fisheries, the auspices of FAO, CIFOR and CATIE, at cooperation of science and the private Fax: +62 (251) 622100. forestry, and rural development across the Nancy, 22-25 March 2000. sector. This issue has gained significance Email: [email protected]. region. Through the Asia-Pacific Forestry in recent years. The project involved the Website: www.cifor.cgiar.org. Commission (APFC,) member countries The 18 papers in this publication attempt to compilation of a Catalogue of Criteria for set policy priorities for the main forestry the Evaluation of Inter and activities in the region. APFC has contribute to the development of a Rural Development Forestry 1985-2001

ETFRN News 36/02 85 86 ETFRN News 36/02 Publications Publications commissioned a number of studies to assist wood-processing industries. The results of Resources Assessment (FRA) 2000 A remarkable plant book entitled “An in the identification of the priorities in forestry the study are presented in this publication. programme, a vast amount of information on introductory Field Guide to the flowering in the region. The results have been the status and trends in forest area, natural plants of the Golfo Dulce Rainforests, published in reports, several of which are FORESTS OUT OF BOUNDS forests, plantations, protected areas, Costa Rica” was recently published. It is discussed below. Logging is viewed by many people as a sustainable forest management and other, the result of a cooperation project of key factor in deforestation and consequent related variables, was collected and Austrian, Costarican and US-American REGIONAL TRAINING STRATEGY loss of biological diversity, deterioration of analysed. This information is available on the botanists. Supporting the implementation of the code of watersheds, expansion of deserts and the internet at www.fao.org/forestry/ practice for forest harvesting in Asia-Pacific demise of forest-dependent people. In fo/fra/index.jsp. This book deals with the plant biodiversity response a number of countries in Asia of one of the most species abundant forest APFC has developed the Code of Practice for and the Pacific have imposed partial or In this publication a summary is given of regions in the neotropics and represents a Forest Harvesting in the Asia-Pacific, which total bans on harvesting timber from trends in forest plantation development from basic work about the little known encourages environmentally sound forest natural forests. The study of the Impacts 1980 tot 1990, based on findings in FRA rainforests in the Southeast of Costa Rica. harvesting throughout the region. However, in and effectiveness of logging bans in 2000. A short article reviews the With the book it is possible to identify all many countries in the region personnel are natural forests arose from the need to complementary roles for conservation of plant families and genera of the area. Over insufficiently trained to practice the code assess the success and failures of such protected areas, managed natural forests, 900 selected species from different life properly, because of lack of training facilities. strategies and approaches in the Asia- plantations and breeding programmes, as forms (trees, herbs, lianas, epiphytes etc.) As a follow-up to this identified need the Pacific region. Its results have been reported in the FRA 2000 Final Report. Other are described, many of them are APFC agreed to formulate a regional training compiled in this document. contributions in this publication report on illustrated. Details about distribution, strategy. This document is the result of that action, programmes and projects pursued in pollination biology, fruit- and seed effort. It presents a generic training strategy National consultants carried out studies in all regions of the world. This is the first in a dispersal, use etc. add instructive that can be adapted to specific needs and their respective countries, covering a series of three complementary booklets on information of phytogeographical and situations. The document provides a general variety of experiences with timber genetic conservation, which will be jointly ecological interest. A general section framework of the strategy and guidelines for harvesting bans. The results of each of the published over the coming months by FAO, covers geology, soils and climatic patterns its implementation. studies and a regional overview are the International Plant Genetic Resources of the region. This part also includes presented in the document. An executive Institute (IPGRI) and DANIDA Forest Seed descriptions of the various forest types and TRASH OR TREASURE? summary of the document is also Centre. their characteristic species. An extensive LOGGING AND MILL RESIDUES IN ASIA AND available. photosection with over 700 color photos of THE PACIFIC For more information contact: ecosystems , flowers, fruits etc., and High wood residue volumes from forestry For more information please contact Forest Resources Developm ent Service, numerous black and white illustrations in and wood processing activities have never Patrick B. Durst, Forest Resources Division, the text facilitate the identification. been considered a problem, until recently. Senior Forestry Officer, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, In summary, this is a fine work about a Nowadays, with declining forest and FAO Regional Office for Asia and the 1-00100 Rome, Italy neotropical rainforest. It seems of consequently wood resources, it has Pacific, Fax: (39) 06 5705 5137. considerable interest for scientists and become an issue. Therefore, the APFC 39 Phra Atit Road, Email: [email protected]. students as well as for naturalists commissioned a study on the magnitude of Bangkok 10200, Thailand. interested in plant biology. The keys, the species descriptions and the very nice the problem and on alternative uses for Tel: (66-2) 697-4000. Fax: (66-2) 697-4445. An introductory field guide to the logging and mill residues. The overall illustrations all add up to a high quality Email: [email protected]. flowering plants of the Golfo Dulcerain objectives of the study were to estimate and Website: www.fao.or.th/Technical_Groups/ publication that will be used by anyone forests, Costa Rica. Corcovado National describe the availability and use of residues Forestry/forestry.htm, interested in working in these rain forest Park and Piedras Blancas National in the processing chain (including and http://www.apfcweb.org. areas of Costa Rica. “The editors are to be harvesting, transport, storage and Park congratulated on putting together such a processing) of major forest product fine piece of work”.... Sir Ghillean Prance, Forest Genetic Resources No.29 industries, from the standing tree to the final By Weber, A., W. Huber, A. Weissenhofer, N. Science Director, Eden Project, Cornwall. and semi-final product, and present options Zamora & G. Zimmermann (eds.). for reducing residues in the forest and in Within the framework of the FAO’s Forest The book is published in the STAPFIA

ETFRN News 36/02 87 88 ETFRN News 36/02 Publications Publications series from the OÖ Landesmuseum - national consultants in developing countries to be considered, make recommendations Flora Malesiana Bulletin Biologiezentrum Linz and can be ordered worked with project staff to produce 11 case for action and suggest important principles from the: studies. to be followed, Institute of Botany, The Flora Malesiana Bulletin is an annual c/o Mrs. Marion Dominikus, periodical providing information and Guiding Principles Sector Biodiversity Briefs indicate Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, contact between institutes and individual This report captures the experiences and important issues which need to be taken Phone 01-4277-54124, fax direct dial 9541, botanists collaborating in the Flora opinions of people working on biodiversity into account by technical advisors on email: [email protected]. Malesiana Project and related fields. issues in EC partner countries. The natural resources and non-natural Costs: Euro 49 plus postage costs. production of this report involved consultation resources, at policy, programme and Flora Malesiana is a systematic account of with 98 workshop participants, from 35 project levels, and the flora of Malesia, the plant-geographical countries. It presents the 7 main principles Bosques nublados del Neotrópico unit spanning six countries in Southeast and illustrates them with experiences from Background Biodiversity Briefs, for a Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, field projects and the lessons learned. general audience, which summarises M.Kappelle & A.D. Brown (Eds.) (2001) Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines, and topics and legal responsibilities, and Papua New Guinea. Strategic Approach indicate where more information can be This publication brings together the results of This document is the result of consultation found. research on neotropical cloud forests with The Bulletin is distributed free of charge to between EC policy advisors and task the aim to enhance the knowledge on these Flora Malesiana contributors. Cost to non- managers dealing with biodiversity and the For further information contact ecosystems. It is hoped that this knowledge contributors is EUR 18.00 per copy (excl. environment, and those working on natural IUCN Publications Services Unit, will help to determine the requirements for Postage and handling) resource and non-natural resource issues. 219c Huntingdon Road, monitoring the processes of degradation, for [email protected]. Ask for The Strategic Approach addresses the Cambridge, ecological restoration and for the possibilities for exchange: important issue of integrating biodiversity into CB3 0DL, conservation of this type of forest. A number [email protected]. development cooperation policy and practice. UK. of authors have contributed to the publication, For Flora Malesiana Bulletin bibliographies The document highlights the need to realise Tel. +44 1223 277894. which can be divided in two parts. Part I see the website: biodiversity’s full potential to support Fax: +44 1223 277175. deals with general aspects of neotropical http://132.229.92.132/fmbull/ development, while addressing the direct Email: [email protected]. cloud forests, such as their unique Correspondence address: and underlying causes of this loss. The ecological features, their diversity, flora and Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Strategic Approach covers all terrestrial All documents can be found on the fauna and its history. For each of the Universiteit Leiden.P.O.Box 9514,2300 RA, biodiversity, coastal areas and some marine website: countries in the Neotropics that have cloud Leiden, The Netherlands. issues relevant for development cooperation. http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/s forests within their boundaries more detailed Tel.: +31 (0)71 5273500. It focuses primarily on the conservation and ector/environment. information on these ecosystems is provided Fax: +31 (0)71 5273511. sustainable use of biological resources in in Part II. The book also contains many Email: [email protected]. developing countries, from both natural and coloured photos, pictures and maps on the farm habitats. Biodiversity and Development subject. Project Biodiversity Briefs ISBN 9968 702 50 1, 657 p. For more The aim of the Biodiversity Briefs is to raise information contact: The Biodiversity and Development Project awareness about biodiversity issues within Editorial INBio. (BDP) is a collaborative initiative of the EC development cooperation. They are The Development and application of P.O.Box 22-3100, European Commission, The UK divided into three types: Ecological Networks Santo Domingo de Heredia, Department for International Development Costa Rica. Tel. (506) 244 0690, ext. 802. (DFID) and the IUCN. However, it has Policy Biodiversity Briefs, which are intended Fax: (506) 244 2816. involved much wider collaboration within for use by EC delegations and desk officers A Review of Proposals, Plans and Email: [email protected]. Europe of staff from EU Member States’ during the programming stage of the project Programmes Website: www.inbio.ac.cr/editorial. development agencies and from the cycle, and for policy elaboration. These European Commission. Beyond Europe, Biodiversity Briefs indicate the main issues Bennet, G. & P.Wit (2001)

ETFRN News 36/02 89 90 ETFRN News 36/02 Publications Publications

This report comprises a worldwide review of All cases have been checked with the 38 ecological network initiatives that have people directly involved and contacts for recently being developed or implemented. It more information are provided. includes an inventory of a wide range of proposals, plans and ongoing programmes For more information contact: FERN, to establish ecological networks at scales 1c Fosseway Business Park, varying from the regional to intercontinental, Stratford Road, and summary findings on the main features Moreton-in-Marsh GL56 9NQ. of the initiatives. The report is intended as a Tel.: +44 1608 652895. contribution to IUCN’s review of experience in Fax: +44 1608 652878. developing and applying ecological Email: [email protected]. networks, which was initiated through a resolution at the World Conservation Des Forêts et des Hommes Congress in 1996. In total a number of over 150 ecological networks were identified worldwide, of which 38 were studied in more A view on the people of the tropical forests detail. S. Bahuchet, P. de Maret, F. Grenand and 132 p. First published by AIDEnvironment, P. Grenand (2001) Amsterdam. For more information contact AIDEnvironment: tel. 020-6868111, This richly illustrated book analyses the fax. 020 6866251. changing lives of forest dwelling people in Email. [email protected]. the tropical forests of Belize, Guyana, Website: www.aidenvironment.org Central Africa and Melanesia in the Pacific Region. In cooperation with local institutions the Centre d’Anthropologie Forests of Fear: The Abuse of Human culturelle in Belgium has conducted Rights in Forest Conflicts research on the characteristics of people who live in the forest and depend on this G. Magin, C. Marijnissen, S. Moniaga and C. ecosystem for their living. The results of Meek (2001) the study are presented by answering a number of questions regarding the This report presents a pattern of widespread relationship between these people and the violation of civil and political rights in relation forests they live and depend on. The main to forest conflicts. It provides examples from question addressed concerns the North and South, from tropical, temperate coherence between conservation of forests and boreal forests. Five detailed case and supporting the people that live in it. studies in four different continents document the chain of casualties leading to human APFT – ULB rights abuses. Three country analyses, of Centre d’anthropologie culturelle, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada, show how Avenue Jeanne 44 – 1050, human rights abuses are “institutionalised” Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2-650.34.25. by forest laws, power structures and lack of Email:[email protected] participation. A list of shorter examples illustrates the range of human rights abuses and the spread across different continents.

ETFRN News 36/02 91 92 ETFRN News 36/02 Past Issues of ETFRN News

19 General Dec 1996

20 Tropical Forest Research in Africa July 1997

21 Sustainable Forest Management Sept/Oct 1997

22 Research Priorities Dec 1997

23 South East Asia Mar- May 1998

24 Sustainable Forest Management Jun-Aug 1998

25 Mediterranean Forest and Tree Resources Sept-Nov 1998

26 Climate Change Dec 98 - Feb 99

27 Latin America Mar-May 1998

28 Arid and Semi Arid Areas Summer 1999

29 Biodiversity Autumn-Winter 1999

30 Participatory Forest Management Spring-Summer 2000

31 Countries with Low Forest Cover Autumn-Winter 2000

32 Non-Timber Forest Products Winter 2000- 001

33 Forests and Water Spring-Summer 2001

34 Biotechnology Autumn 2001

35 Innovative Financing Mechanisms for Winter 2001-2002 Conservation and Sustainable Forest Management

Issues 19 -35 are available online at http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/resource/news.html

92 ETFRN NATIONAL FOCAL POINTS Austria Institut für Waldökologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan Str. 82, 1190 Vienna. Tel: +43 1 47 65 44100, Fax: +43 1 479 78 96, Email: [email protected], Http://ann-etfrn.boku.ac.at Contact: Prof Dr Gerhard Glatzel Belgium CIS/BIO, Federal Office for Scientific, Technical & Cultural Affairs, Wetenschapsstraat 8, 1000 Brussels. Tel: +32 2 238 34 53, Fax: +32 2 230 59 12, Email: [email protected], Http://www.belspo.be Contact: Brigitte Decadt Denmark Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Unit of Forestry, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C Tel: +45 35 28 22 31, Fax: +45 35 28 26 71, Email: [email protected], Http://www.flec.kvl.dk/etfrn Contact: Dr Jens Dragsted

Finland Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, PO Box 28, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki Tel: +358 9 19158643 , Fax: +358 9 19158646 , Email: [email protected], http://honeybee.helsinki.fi/tropic/ Contact: Prof Olavi Luukkanen

France ENGREF/SILVOLAB, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex Tel: +5 94 32 26 75, Fax: +5 94 32 43 02, Email:[email protected], Http://kourou.cirad.fr Contact: Marguerite Reder Germany Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg. Tel: +49 40 73962 101, Fax: +49 40 73962 480, Email: [email protected], Http://www.bfafh.de/inst1/13/indexe.htm Contact: Prof Jochen Heuveldop Greece Directorate of Forest Resource Development, Section of Forest Research, Ippokratous St. 3, 10164 Athens. Tel: +30 1 036 08084/036 08042, Fax: +30 1 03608685 Contact: Nikolas Efstathiadis Ireland Council for Forest Research and Development, Dept of Agriculture & Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2. Tel: +353 1 7067346/7067700, Fax: +353 1 7061180, Email: [email protected], Http://www.coford.ie Contact: Eugene Hendrick Italy Instituto Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura, via delle Cascine 1, 50144, Firenze Tel: +39 055 360061, Fax: +39 055 362034, Email: [email protected], Http://www.cesit.unifi.it/amazon/ Contact: Giovanni Preto Netherlands Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, 6700 AE Wageningen. Tel: +31 317 495500, Fax:+31 317 495520, Email: [email protected], Http://www.tropenbos.nl Contact: René Boot Norway Agricultural University of Norway, Dept of Forest Sciences, PO Box 5044, 1432 As, Norway. Tel: +47 64 94 8916, Fax: +47 64 94 8890, Email: [email protected], http://www.nlh.no/isf/english/research/etfrn/norwegian_home.htm Contact Prem Sankhayan Portugal Forestry Department, Tapada da Ajuda, 1300 Lisbon. Tel: +351 21 3602091/4181868 Fax: +351 21 3645000, Email: [email protected], Http://home.EUnet.pt/id006240 Contact: Prof Dr Raul M de A Sardinha

Spain CIT-INIA, Carretera de la Coruna Km7, 28040 Madrid. Tel: +34 91 347 37 50, Fax: +34 91 347 14 72 Contact: Dr Alejandro Lopez de Roma Sweden Department of Forest Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden Tel: +46 90 7866617, Fax: +46 90 7867750, E-mail: [email protected] Http://www.sek.slu.se/eng/etfrn/ETFRNsverige.htm Contact: Dr Anders Malmer Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Groupe de foresterie pour le développement, c/o Department Wald- und Holzforschung, 8092 Zürich. Tel: 41 1 632 3214, Fax: +41 1 632 1033, Email: [email protected] Http://www.fowi.ethz.ch/etfrn Contact: Dr Jean-Pierre Sorg

U K UK Tropical Forest Forum, c/o Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 2AB, United Kingdom Tel: +44 208 332 5717, Fax: +44 208 332 5278, Email: [email protected], Http://www.forestforum.org.uk Contact: Jane Thornback EC Contact European Commission, DG Research, Rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Brussels, Tel: +32 2 299 42 04, Fax: +32 2 296 62 52, Email: [email protected] Contact: Prof Nicole Riveill Bounaga Http://europa.eu.int/comm/research The European Tropical Forest Research Network - ETFRN

The European Tropical Forest Research Network is a network of European organisations involved in (sub)tropical forest research. It is presently supported by Directorate General for Research of the European Commission under the INCO-DEV Programme.

For further information on ETFRN, please contact your National Focal Point (see inside back cover) or the Coordination Unit (address below).

European Tropical Forest Research Network c/o The Tropenbos Foundation PO Box 232 6700 AE Wageningen The Netherlands Tel: +31 317 495516 Fax: +31 317 495521 Email : [email protected] Http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn

ETFRN News is a publication of the European Tropical Forest Research Network. It is printed on 100% recycled paper and has a circulation of 3,700 copies. Texts may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, citing the source.

Contributions to the ETFRN News are always welcome. Themes and copy deadlines for the next issues:

Forest Use & Soil Quality 15 Aug 2002

Mountain Forests 15 Oct 2002