DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0206654 A1 Hodin Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0206654 A1 Hodin Et Al US 2011 0206654A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0206654 A1 Hodin et al. (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 25, 2011 (54) METHODS OF MODULATING Related U.S. Application Data GASTRONTESTINAL TRACTFLORA LEVELS WITH ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (60) Provisional application No. 61/093,129, filed on Aug. 29, 2008. (75) Inventors: Richard A. Hodin, Newton, MA (US); Madhu S. Malo, Burlington, Publication Classification MA (US) (51) Int. Cl. (73) Assignee: THE GENERAL, HOSPITAL A638/46 (2006.01) CORPORATION, Boston, MA CI2N 9/16 (2006.01) (US) A6IPI/00 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/060,863 (52) U.S. Cl. ........................................ 424/94.6; 435/196 (22) PCT Fled: Aug. 27, 2009 (57) ABSTRACT (86) PCT NO.: PCT/USO9/55216 This invention relates generally to a therapeutic use of alka S371 (c)(1), line phosphatase to modulate gastrointestinal tract flora levels (2), (4) Date: May 5, 2011 in Subject. C 7 e 4 ---. W. Mouse Stoo B Mac Brucella MacConkey Agar Plates Media Aerobic Condition) B D WT AP-KO n . 1 ^: O Š AP-KO Mouse Stool Brucella MacConkey Agar Plates Media (Anaerobic Condition) Patent Application Publication Aug. 25, 2011 Sheet 1 of 7 US 2011/0206654 A1 F.G. 1 W &ws s IAP-KOS ls S 4 S.Š 3 WT Mouse Stoo LB BH Mac Brucella MacConkey Agar Plates Media (Aerobic Condition) D 12 SS 9 : AP-KO Mouse Stool Brucella MacConkey Agar Plates Media (Anaerobic Condition) Patent Application Publication Aug. 25, 2011 Sheet 2 of 7 US 2011/0206654 A1 FIG 2 $2$3$?2 8?duesdødsweeg38),jojaquumN A. Dipnil Hae il hipa TRFP Enzyme AADs Ordination with Combined Layout Patent Application Publication Aug. 25, 2011 Sheet 3 of 7 US 2011/0206654 A1 FIG. 3 B : 800 as Hyperthyroid Hyperthyroic: f Hypothyroid Hypothyroid f -- s is s Week 8, 2 S 2: 32 Wek disorsenatoriousnesser-rea transacowrierstores T3 if Saire (i.p., Daily T3 or Sairie ip. Daily Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Growth on 8 Agar Plates (Aerotic Cottlitions C O 3 as Hyperthyroid O E. Hyperthyroid Hypothyroid E. Hypothyroid is f : . s s S 5 13 g ii. i.P s se g 5 S 11 l al 1. s Week 6 6 2 24 32 Week O S 2 is 2 2s 32 -sorcemeteorollowesterestauromulo quantularlawuwukuruuth T3 or SaÉire (i.p., aly T3 or Satire (i.p., Oasty) Growth on FiacConkey Agar Plates Growth on Bruceiia Agar Plates (Aerobic Conditions} (Anaerobic Conditions) Patent Application Publication Aug. 25, 2011 Sheet 4 of 7 US 2011/0206654 A1 FIG. 4 A. 8 & C. Peset in Sto: 3 3 as 3 g 2 2 . C. 1 2 3 4 5 5, 7, 8 9 31, E. coli Po Day B a cAP n = 6 C g 5 Es cAP p<0.002 s: s S 3 E. coli Po Š i. s Day -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 & 789 10 cAPFWehicle -- - - - - - - - - - - - - Streptomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - - C is clAp" n = 6 & 5 a ciAP p<0.015 4 3S 3 3 u. 2 s fay - -6-5-4-3-2-1 Q 1 2 3 4 5 capiwehicle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Antibiotics + -- + - - - - - - - - - - - Patent Application Publication Aug. 25, 2011 Sheet 5 of 7 US 2011/0206654 A1 FIG. 5 100 - 79 5 - -- clAP Buffer" 123 -s- CAP Buffer O . - -- Patent Application Publication Aug. 25, 2011 Sheet 6 of 7 US 2011/0206654 A1 F.G. 6 3 O O O 2 5 O O 2OOO ... 1500 1 OOO. 500 O 50 100 200 400 clAP in Drinking Water (UIml) Patent Application Publication Aug. 25, 2011 Sheet 7 of 7 US 2011/0206654 A1 FIG. 7 --:::::: Day clAPIVehicle r Streptomycin - tù cAPVehicle -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Streptomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - US 2011/0206654 A1 Aug. 25, 2011 METHODS OF MODULATING Nguyen, Arch Intern Med 162:2177, 2002; Bartlett, N Engl J GASTRONTESTINAL TRACTFLORA Med, 346:334, 2002; McFarland, Dig Dis, 16:292, 1998: LEVELS WITH ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE Wistrom et al., J Antimicrob Chemother, 47:43, 2001; Mar teau et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 20 Suppl 4:18, 2004: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED Seksik et al., Gut, 52:237, 2003; Kleessen, Scand J Gastro APPLICATION enterol, 37:1034, 2002: Brenchley et al., Nat Med, 12:1365, 0001. This application claims priority from U.S. Provi 2006; Mai and Morris, J Nutr. 134:459, 2004; Seksik et al., sional Application Ser. No. 61/093,129, filed on Aug. 29. Gut, 52:237, 2003; Marteau et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 20 Suppl 4:18, 2004; Kleessen et al., Scand.J Gastroenterol, 37: 1034, 2002: Pool-Zobel et al., Br. J Nutr 87 Suppl2:S273, FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCHOR 2002). Epidemiological studies have also linked altered com DEVELOPMENT position of the intestinal microbiota with the development of rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and other allergic diseases 0002 The research described in this application was made (Lupp and Finlay, Curr Biol, 15:R235, 2005; Toivanen, Ann with U.S. Government support under grant numbers Rheum Dis, 62:807, 2003) and aberrant microbiota during R01DK050623 and R01 DK47186 awarded by the National childhood may predispose one to the development of inflam Institutes of Health. The Government may have certain rights matory gut diseases and diarrhea (Juntunen et al., Clin Diagn in this invention. Lab immunol, 8:293, 2001; Arvola et al., Pediatrics, 104:e64, 1999). TECHNICAL FIELD 0006. However, the fundamental mechanisms that govern 0003. This invention relates to methods of modulating the normal homeostatic number and composition of the intes levels of gastrointestinal tract flora with alkaline phosphatase. tinal microbiota remain poorly understood. Factors that have been implicated in influencing the gastrointestinal tract flora BACKGROUND include antimicrobial peptides, age, nutrition, immune status, 0004 Through millions of years of evolution, metazoans luminal pH, fecal transit time, interactions among compo have developed mechanisms that maintain a mutually benefi nents of the flora, available fermentable materials, medica cial symbiotic relationship with commensal microbiota. tions, stress, general living conditions, etc. (Collins and Gib Intestinal microbes play a pivotal role in maintaining human son, Am J Clin Nutr, 69:1052S, 1999; Gibson and Fuller, J health and wellbeing (Marchesi and Shanahan, Curr Opin Nutr; 130:391S, 2000). Infect Dis, 20:508, 2007: Blaut and Clavel, J Nutr; 137:751S, SUMMARY 2007; Turnbaugh et al., Nature, 444:1027, 2006: Dethlefsen et al., Trends Ecol Evol., 21:517, 2006; Lupp and Finlay, Curr 0007. This invention is based, at least in part, on the dis Biol, 15:R235, 2005; Backhed et al., Science, 307:1915, covery that administering, e.g., orally, an alkaline phos 2005; Mai and Morris, Jr., JNutr. 134:459, 2004: Falk et al., phatase, e.g., an intestinal alkaline phosphatase, to a subject Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 62:1157, 1998). Mucosa-associated in a therapeutically effective amount, can rapidly restore gas bacteria, in conjunction with the mucus-layer and the epithe trointestinal tract microbiotato normal levels and/or function, lium, provide a direct selective barrier between the gutlumen e.g., lost during antimicrobial treatment, and can thus safely and systemic sites, allowing the absorption of nutrients, and easily reduce one or more symptoms such as diarrhea, water, and electrolytes, while inhibiting the translocation of e.g., antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), with little or no pathogenic microbes or toxins. The microbiota synthesizes side effects. The new methods are effective for a variety of Vitamins, detoxifies toxins, and also provides additional Subjects including humans and animals. Such as laboratory energy for the epithelial cells by fermentation of otherwise animals, e.g., mice, rats, rabbits, or monkeys, or domesticated non-digestible food components, such as fiber and starch. and faun animals, e.g., cats, dogs, goats, sheep, pigs, cows, Commensal organisms also participate in the maturation and horses, and birds, e.g., chickens and turkeys. maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract immune system, 0008. In one aspect, the invention features methods of keeping the intestinal epithelia in a state of physiological modulating gastrointestinal tract flora levels in a Subject, Such inflammation that appears to be critical for a rapid response as a human or animal Subject. The methods include adminis against potentially harmful bacteria. tering to the Subject an amount of an alkaline phosphatase 0005. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors approxi effective to increase the number of commensal bacteria in the mately 10' bacteria that are composed of between 300 and gastrointestinal tract, decrease the number of pathogenic bac 1,000 different species (Kullberg, Nature, 453:602, 2008: teria in the gastrointestinal tract, or both increase the number Baba et al., J. Leukoc Biol, 84:468, 2008). A reduction in the of commensal bacteria and decrease the number of patho normal levels and function of flora that occur naturally in the genic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of the Subject. gastrointestinal tract of animals and in humans can cause 0009. In another general aspect, the invention features various symptoms. Dysbiosis, defined as dysregulation of the methods of reducing one or more symptoms of antibiotic normal homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota, has been associated diarrhea (AAD) or Clostridium difficile-associated implicated in the pathogenesis of myriad disease conditions, disease (CDAD) in a subject, the methods including admin including, but not limited to, antibiotic-associated diarrhea istering, e.g., orally, to the Subject an amount of an alkaline (AAD), Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD), phosphatase, e.g., intestinal alkaline phosphatase, effective to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hypothyroid reduce one or more symptoms of AAD or CDAD. ism, food poisoning, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease 0010. In another aspect, the invention features methods of (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and colorectal carci modulating gastrointestinal tract flora levels in a Subject by noma (Dethlefsen et al., Trends Ecol Evol., 21:517, 2006: administering alkaline phosphatase at or at about the same Schroeder, Am Fam Physician, 71:921, 2005; Hurley and time as a diagnosis of aberrant levels of gastrointestinal tract US 2011/0206654 A1 Aug.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dehydrated Culture Media Description Packaging Ref
    Product Catalogue 2016 © Liofilchem® s.r.l. Clinical and Industrial Microbiology Est. 1983 Dehydrated Culture Media Description Packaging Ref. A1 Medium APHA 500 g 610105 Basal liquid medium for fecal coliforms detection in water and food. 100 g 620105 TRITON X 100 supplement 5x5 mL 80046 Acetamide Agar 500 g 610312 Medium for differentiation of nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on the basis of acetamide utilization. Acetamide Broth 500 g 610313 Broth for the differentiation of nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on the basis of acetamide utilization. Aeromonas Agar Base 500 g 610048 Basal medium for selective isolation of Aeromonas spp. 100 g 620048 Ampicillin supplement 10 vials 81001 Alkaline Peptone Water APHA 500 g 610098 Liquid enrichment medium for Vibrio spp. isolation. 100 g 620098 Amies Transport Medium (with charcoal) 500 g 610152 Semi-solid medium for transport of clinical, environmental specimens and of 100 g 620152 microorganisms. 5 kg 6101525 Amies Transport Medium (w/o charcoal) 500 g 610191 Semi-solid medium for transport of clinical, environmental specimens and of 100 g 620191 microorganisms. 5 kg 6101915 Anaerobic Agar (Brewer) 500 g 610320 Medium for cultivating anaerobic microorganisms. Andrade Lactose Peptone Water 500 g 610118 Liquid medium for coliforms detection with andrade's indicator. 100 g 620118 Andrade Peptone Water 500 g 610119 Liquid enrichment medium with andrade's indicator. 100 g 620119 Antibiotic Agar No.1 E.P. 500 g 610314 Surface medium for the antibiotic assay by Agar-diffusion method. Antibiotic Broth No.3 U.S.P. 500 g 610316 Broth for turbidimetric assay of antibiotics.
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX a Media and Reagents
    APPENDIX A Media and Reagents Pauline K. w. Yu, M.S. The use of appropriate and dependable media is integral to the isolation and identification of microorganisms. Unfortunately, comparative data docu­ menting the relative efficacy or value of media designed for similar purposes are often lacking. Moreover, one cannot presume identity in composition of a given generic product which is manufactured by several companies because each may supplement the generic products with components, often of a proprietary nature and not specified in the product's labeling. Finally, the actual production of similar products may vary among manufacturers to a sufficient extent to affect their performance. For all of these reasons, therefore, product selection for the laboratory should not be strictly based on cost considerations and should certainly not be based on promotional materials. Evaluations that have been published in the scientific literature should be consulted when available. Alternatively, the prospective buyer should consult a recognized authority in the field. It is seldom necessary for the laboratory to prepare media using basic components since these are usually available combined in dehydrated form from commercial sources; however, knowledge of a medium's basic compo­ nents is helpful in understanding how the medium works and what might be wrong when it does not work. Hence, the components have been listed for each medium included in this chapter. All dehydrated media must be prepared exactly according to the manu­ facturers' directions. Any deviation from these directions may adversely affect or significantly alter a medium's performance. Containers of media should be dated on receipt and when opened, and the media should never be used beyond expiration dates specified by the manufacturers or recom­ mended by quality control programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mucosal Prevalence and Interactions with the Epithelium Indicate Commensalism of Sutterella Spp
    fmicb-07-01706 October 24, 2016 Time: 15:3 # 1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 26 October 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01706 Mucosal Prevalence and Interactions with the Epithelium Indicate Commensalism of Sutterella spp. Kaisa Hiippala1*, Veera Kainulainen2, Marko Kalliomäki3, Perttu Arkkila4 and Reetta Satokari1 1 Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 2 Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 3 Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital and Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Sutterella species have been frequently associated with human diseases, such as autism, Down syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the impact of these bacteria on health still remains unclear. Especially the interactions of Sutterella spp. with the host are largely unknown, despite of the species being highly prevalent. Edited by: M. P. Francino, In this study, we addressed the interaction of three known species of Sutterella with FISABIO-Generalitat Valenciana, the intestinal epithelium and examined their adhesion properties, the effect on intestinal Spain barrier function and the pro-inflammatory capacity in vitro. We also studied the relative Reviewed by: abundance and prevalence of the genus Sutterella and Sutterella wadsworthensis Christian U. Riedel, University of Ulm, Germany in intestinal biopsies of healthy individuals and patients with celiac disease (CeD) or Suzanne L. Ishaq, IBD. Our results show that Sutterella spp. are abundant in the duodenum of healthy Montana State University, USA adults with a decreasing gradient toward the colon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Design and Application of a Molecular Profiling Strategy to Identify Polymicrobial Acute Sepsis Infections
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-08-14 The Design and Application of a Molecular Profiling Strategy to Identify Polymicrobial Acute Sepsis Infections Faria Crowder, Monica Faria Crowder, M. (2015). The Design and Application of a Molecular Profiling Strategy to Identify Polymicrobial Acute Sepsis Infections (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/28047 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2388 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Design and Application of a Molecular Profiling Strategy to Identify Polymicrobial Acute Sepsis Infections by Monica Martins Pereira Faria-Crowder A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST 2015 © Monica Martins Pereira Faria-Crowder 2015 Abstract Sepsis is a term used to describe an array of clinical presentations ranging from mild body dysfunction to multiple organ failure. These clinical signs result from a systemic inflammatory response to microbes or microbial products present in sterile sites such as blood. Current clinical diagnostics rely on culture techniques to identify systemic infections.
    [Show full text]
  • BD Industry Catalog
    PRODUCT CATALOG INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY BD Diagnostics Diagnostic Systems Table of Contents Table of Contents 1. Dehydrated Culture Media and Ingredients 5. Stains & Reagents 1.1 Dehydrated Culture Media and Ingredients .................................................................3 5.1 Gram Stains (Kits) ......................................................................................................75 1.1.1 Dehydrated Culture Media ......................................................................................... 3 5.2 Stains and Indicators ..................................................................................................75 5 1.1.2 Additives ...................................................................................................................31 5.3. Reagents and Enzymes ..............................................................................................75 1.2 Media and Ingredients ...............................................................................................34 1 6. Identification and Quality Control Products 1.2.1 Enrichments and Enzymes .........................................................................................34 6.1 BBL™ Crystal™ Identification Systems ..........................................................................79 1.2.2 Meat Peptones and Media ........................................................................................35 6.2 BBL™ Dryslide™ ..........................................................................................................80
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material
    Supplementary Material SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS Definition of failure for prior clinical treatments According to the standard operating procedures of our outpatient clinic treatment, failures are defined by Mayo-score as follows: 1. Patients are non-responders to thiopurines after treament with azathioprine 2- 2.5mg/kg/day or 6-mercaptopurine 1-1.5mg/kg/day for at least 3-6 months despite 6-TGN levels > 235 pmol/8x108 red blood cells (RBC). 2. Primary lack of response to anti-TNF agents is determined within the first 12 weeks of therapy. 3. In patients with loss of response to anti-TNF agents, reduction in interval between doses, dose escalation or both (e.g. infliximab: up to 10mg/kg every 4 weeks, adalimumab: up to 40mg every week) is performed. If there is no response after reduction in interval and dose escalation patients are rated as secondary anti-TNF failures. Evaluation of different methods for preparation of faecal suspensions Because protocols for donor stool preparations differ between published faecal transplantation studies, prior to treating patients we assessed the quantitative and qualitative difference in the bacterial content between native stool and three different stool preparations: (A) 30 g of fresh stool were mixed with 450 ml of 0.9% sterile saline solution to an almost homogeneous suspension, (B) the suspension prepared from (A) was filtered several times through an increasing number of gauze pads to remove small particles, (C) the suspension prepared from (A) was centrifuged at 1912xg (3000 rpm) and the supernatant was used for further analysis. Native stool and each of the preparations were plated on five different solid culture media.
    [Show full text]
  • Prepared Culture Media
    PREPARED CULTURE MEDIA 030220SG PREPARED CULTURE MEDIA Made in the USA AnaeroGRO™ DuoPak A 02 Bovine Blood Agar, 5%, with Esculin 13 AnaeroGRO™ DuoPak B 02 Bovine Blood Agar, 5%, with Esculin/ AnaeroGRO™ BBE Agar 03 MacConkey Biplate 13 AnaeroGRO™ BBE/PEA 03 Bovine Selective Strep Agar 13 AnaeroGRO™ Brucella Agar 03 Brucella Agar with 5% Sheep Blood, Hemin, AnaeroGRO™ Campylobacter and Vitamin K 13 Selective Agar 03 Brucella Broth with 15% Glycerol 13 AnaeroGRO™ CCFA 03 Brucella with H and K/LKV Biplate 14 AnaeroGRO™ Egg Yolk Agar, Modifi ed 03 Buffered Peptone Water 14 AnaeroGRO™ LKV Agar 03 Buffered Peptone Water with 1% AnaeroGRO™ PEA 03 Tween® 20 14 AnaeroGRO™ MultiPak A 04 Buffered NaCl Peptone EP, USP 14 AnaeroGRO™ MultiPak B 04 Butterfi eld’s Phosphate Buffer 14 AnaeroGRO™ Chopped Meat Broth 05 Campy Cefex Agar, Modifi ed 14 AnaeroGRO™ Chopped Meat Campy CVA Agar 14 Carbohydrate Broth 05 Campy FDA Agar 14 AnaeroGRO™ Chopped Meat Campy, Blood Free, Karmali Agar 14 Glucose Broth 05 Cetrimide Select Agar, USP 14 AnaeroGRO™ Thioglycollate with Hemin and CET/MAC/VJ Triplate 14 Vitamin K (H and K), without Indicator 05 CGB Agar for Cryptococcus 14 Anaerobic PEA 08 Chocolate Agar 15 Baird-Parker Agar 08 Chocolate/Martin Lewis with Barney Miller Medium 08 Lincomycin Biplate 15 BBE Agar 08 CompactDry™ SL 16 BBE Agar/PEA Agar 08 CompactDry™ LS 16 BBE/LKV Biplate 09 CompactDry™ TC 17 BCSA 09 CompactDry™ EC 17 BCYE Agar 09 CompactDry™ YMR 17 BCYE Selective Agar with CAV 09 CompactDry™ ETB 17 BCYE Selective Agar with CCVC 09 CompactDry™ YM 17
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiology for Specialty
    MEDICAL UNIVERSITY – PLOVDIV FACULTY OF MEDICINE SYLLABUS IN MICROBIOLOGY Approved by the Section Council on 31.01.2020/Proceedings №1 Confirmed by the Faculty Council on 08.07.2020/ Proceedings №5 MICROBIOLOGY SYLLABUS Final Hours by year Course Academic hour count exam and semester Total Lectures Seminars Credit ІV V Microbiology V 135 60 75 9.3 2/3 2/2 Course name: Microbiology Type of course according to the uniform state requirements: Compulsory Level of education: Master /M/ Forms of training: Regular Year of training: 2nd and 3rd year Duration of training: 1 year (2 semesters) Academic hours: 60 hours of lectures, 75 hours of exercises Technical equipment applied in the training: - multimedia - demonstration materials - lectures - handbooks Forms of evaluation: Semester exam Evaluation criteria: The final grade is multicomponent and includes the marks from the written final exam and the following components: - average mark from ongoing control (colloquium, tests) - mark from the oral final examination - mark from the practical final exam If one of the components of the final grade is poor 2, then the final grade is necessarily poor 2. Score assesment: For each component participating in the final evaluation, a significance coefficient (from 0 to 1) is determined, and the total sum of the coefficients must always be 1. The overall mark is obtained as the sum of the evaluation marks on a six-point scale from the various components multiplied by the respective coefficients of significance. Q final grade = K1 Q grade from current control + K2 Q grade from written exam + K3 Q grade from the oral exam K1 = 0.20; K2 = 0.50; K3 = 0.30 Annual exam: Yes State exam: No Lecturers: Habilitated lecturer from the Department of Microbiology and Immunology Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • CDC Anaerobe 5% Sheep Blood Agar with Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) CDC Anaerobe Laked Sheep Blood Agar with Kanamycin and Vancomycin (KV)
    Difco & BBL Manual Manual of Microbiological Culture Media Second Edition Editors Mary Jo Zimbro, B.S., MT (ASCP) David A. Power, Ph.D. Sharon M. Miller, B.S., MT (ASCP) George E. Wilson, MBA, B.S., MT (ASCP) Julie A. Johnson, B.A. BD Diagnostics – Diagnostic Systems 7 Loveton Circle Sparks, MD 21152 Difco Manual Preface.ind 1 3/16/09 3:02:34 PM Table of Contents Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................................................v About This Manual ...........................................................................................................................................vii History of BD Diagnostics .................................................................................................................................ix Section I: Monographs .......................................................................................................................................1 History of Microbiology and Culture Media ...................................................................................................3 Microorganism Growth Requirements .............................................................................................................4 Functional Types of Culture Media ..................................................................................................................5 Culture Media Ingredients – Agars ...................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Enterobacteriaceae
    ENTEROBACTERIACEAE Enterobacteriaceae family contains a large number of genera that are biochemically and genetically related to one another. This group of organisms includes several that cause primary infections of the human gastrointestinal tract. Members of this family are major causes of opportunistic infection (including septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis and urinary tract infections). Examples of genera that cause opportunistic infections are: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Morganella, Providencia and Serratia. Escherichia coli live in the human gut and are usually harmless but some are pathogenic causing diarrhea and other symptoms as a result of ingestion of contaminated food or water. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Certain serotypes are commonly found associated with infant diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) produce diarrhea resembling cholera but much milder in degree. They also cause "travelers' diarrhea". Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC ) produce a dysentery (indistinguishable clinically from shigellosis, see bacillary dysentery). Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). These are usually serotype O157:H7. These organisms can produce a hemorrhagic colitis (characterized by bloody and copious diarrhea with few leukocytes in afebrile patients). The organisms can disseminate into the bloodstream producing systemic hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and kidney failure) which is often fatal. The commonest community acquired ("ascending") urinary tract infection is caused by E. coli. Shigella (4 species; S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae), all cause bacillary dysentery or shigellosis, (bloody feces associated with intestinal pain). The organism invades the epithelial lining layer but does not penetrate. Usually within 2 to 3 days, dysentery results from bacteria damaging the epithelial layers lining the intestine, often with release of mucus and blood (found in the feces) and attraction of leukocytes (also found in the feces as "pus").
    [Show full text]
  • Species and Strain Cultivation of Skin, Oral, and Gut Microbiota
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.01.435439; this version posted April 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Species and strain cultivation of skin, oral, and gut microbiota Elizabeth Fleming1#, Victor Pabst1#, Amelia Hoyt1, Wei Zhou1, Rachel Hardy1, Anna Peterson2, Ryan Beach2, Yvette Ondouah-Nzutchi1, Jinhong Dong1, and Julia Oh1* 1The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA 2The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA #These authors contributed equally to this work. * Corresponding author and lead contact: Julia Oh, Ph.D. The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine 10 Discovery Drive Farmington, CT 860-837-2014 [email protected] ABSTRACT Genomics-driven discovery of microbial species have provided extraordinary insights into the biodiversity of human microbiota. High resolution genomics to investigate species- and strain-level diversity and mechanistic studies, however, rely on the availability of individual microbes from a complex microbial consortia. Here, we describe and validate a streamlined workflow for cultivating microbes from the skin, oral, and gut microbiota, informed by metagenomic sequencing, mass spectrometry, and strain profiling. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.01.435439; this version posted April 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. INTRODUCTION Genomics-driven innovations, such as 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and shotgun metagenomics have been powerful drivers of discovery in a wide range of microbial ecosystems, particularly humans.
    [Show full text]
  • (MEP) Pathway for Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Bacteria
    A new family of enzymes catalyzing the first committed step of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria Félix J. Sangaria,1, Jordi Pérez-Gilb, Lorenzo Carretero-Pauletc,d, Juan M. García-Loboa, and Manuel Rodríguez-Concepciónb,1 aDepartamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-UC-IDICAN, 39011 Santander, Spain; bDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; cDepartment of Applied Biology (Area of Genetics), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; and dFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom Edited* by Elisabeth Gantt, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, and approved May 18, 2010 (received for review February 18, 2010) Isoprenoids are a large family of compounds with essential func- Because the MEP pathway is absent from animals (including tions in all domains of life. Most eubacteria synthesize their isopre- humans) but it is essential in a large number of major bacterial noids using the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, pathogens, it has been proposed as a promising new target for the whereas a minority uses the unrelated mevalonate pathway and development of novel antiinfective agents (8, 9). However, infor- only a few have both. Interestingly, Brucella abortus and some mation on possible mechanisms for resistance to a block of the other bacteria that only use the MEP pathway lack deoxyxylulose MEP pathway is scarce. Antibiotic resistance can be caused by an 5-phosphate (DXP) reductoisomerase (DXR), the enzyme catalyzing active export or blocked import of the drug, by its inactivation the NADPH-dependent production of MEP from DXP in the first inside the cell, by the genetic modification of its protein target, committed step of the pathway.
    [Show full text]