CPC Central Holds F

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VI£WS

Voh 32, No. 27 July 3-9, 1989

- ..~

_ "= r. . "~ .

CPC Central Holds F

• ~- , ~.*.~

/ Cr I

~. . ~ ?!~i : = •i! =~i ~• ¸ A Farmer's.ewhome. Photo by Zhang Longfa BEIJING REVIEW VOL. 32, NO. 27 JULY. 3-9, 1989

CONTENTS CPC Central Committee Holds Plenum [] At a CPC Central Committee plenum recently held in Beijing, Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang was dismissed from all his leading posts in the Party for supporting the EVENTS/TRENDS 4-8 turmoil and splitting the Party. A partial adjustment in the. CPC Central Committee Holds Party's leadership was made, with Jiang Zemin, former Party Plenum chief of Shanghai, as the new Party general secretary. The session also reaffirmed that all the fundamental policies China Not to Yield to Foreign adopted since the Third Plenary Session of the I l th Pressure Party Central Committee will continue. Full text Of the Foreign Trade to Be Expanded communique of the session (p. 4 and p. 9). China Sticks to HK, Macao Policy Policies Towards Hong Kong and Macao Unchanged Martyrs Are Remembered t~ Ji Pengfei, director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs News in Brief Office under the State Council, on behalf of the Chinese government, solemnly declared that the Chinese DOCUMENTS 9 government's policies towards Hong Kong and Macao, which have been formulated in line with the conception of "one Communique of the Fourth country, two systems," would not change (p. 6). Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee China's Domestic Situation and Foreign Policy (Adopted on June 24, 1989) [] In a TV interview with US National Broadcasting Co. anchorman Tom Brokaw, spokesman for the State Council CHINA Yuan Mu pointed out that the overwhelming majority of the Spokesman on Current Chinese people support the leadership of the Communist Party and do not want their government to be subverted. Situation 11 This is the most fundamental fact of all (p. 11). Three Gorges Project ( 1): Dream and Reality 15 China Will not Bend to Foreign Pressure Three Gorges Project (2): M~in [] Chinese Premier Lj Peng reiterated that China will not Points of the Feasibility Study yield to any form of foreign pressure, and he feels optimistic Report 22 and confident on the future of the nation (p. 5). Three Gorges Project (3): Why I Three Gorges Project: Dream and Reality Am Against the Project 27 [] A large number of Chinese and foreign experts and Pictorial Pages Centrefold scholars have spent years investigating the possibility of building a mammoth dam to provide flood control and CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-34 electricity in the Three Gorges of the Changjiang River. COVER: A bird's-eye view of the Sharp differences have arisen over the project and the central Three Gorges. Inset is the sketch map government has ordered a re-study. This is the first time since the founding of New China that the government has for the proposed Three Gorges project. reconsidered an approval which it had already given in by Shui Ligao principle (pp. 15-27).

Unless written by Beijing Review staff, the opinions expressed in signed articles do not .necessarily reflect the view of the Beijing Review editorial board. Director/Editor-in-Chief: Wang Youfen Published every Monday by " Subscription rates (1 year): Tel: 893363 BEIJING REVIEW Australia ...... A.$29.OO TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 J New Zealand ...... NZ.$39.00 FAX: 8314318 The People's Republic of China J UK ...... ¢14.50 General Editorial Office Tel: 8314318 Distributed by China International Boo N USA ...... US829.00 English Dept Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN)/ Canada ...... Can.825.O0 P.O. BOx 399, Beijing, China / EVENTS/TRENDS I

CPC Central Committee Holds Plenum

he Fourth Plenum of the 13th Central Committee of T the Communist Party of China (CPC) was convened in Beijing from June 23 to 24, 1989. A communique was issued an- nouncing that Party General Se- cretary Zbao Ziyang had been dismissed ll'om all leading posts in the Party for supporting the turmoil and splitting the Party. His case will be further looked into, the communique .said (For full text of the communique, see p. 9). Jiang Zemin, former Party chief of Shanghai, was elected to replace him. The communique also an- The Fourth Plenum of the 13th Central Committee of the CPC Is in session. nounced the following changes WANG XINQING in the CPC leadership: communique adopted at the ing the situation nationwide. -- Jiang Zemin, Song Ping and Li Ruihuan were elected to the plenum. -- to continue to improve Standing Committee of the Polit- The four cardinal principles the economic environment and ical Bureau of the CPC Central are the foundation of the country straighten the economic order, to Committee; and must be implemented unhes- carry out the reform and open -- Hu Qili was removed from itantly and consistently, the com- policies while seeking a sus- tamed, steady and coordinated the Standing Committee of the munique said, adding that re- economic development; Political Bureau of the CPC Cen- form and opening to the outside -- to carry out conscientious- tral Committee, from the Politi- world, which lead the country to ly ideological and political work cal Bureau of the CPC Central strength and prosperity, must be and education in patriotism, so- •Committee and from the Secre- steadfastly carried out as usual. cialism, independence, self- tariat of the CPC Central Com- China will never go back to the reliance, plain living and hard mittee; old closed-door path. The plenum reiterated that work and to oppose earnestly -- Rui Xingwen and Yan bourgeois liberalization. Mingfu were removed from the China's independent foreign policy for peace remains un- -- to enhance Party building, Secretariat of the CPC Central democracy and legality, to elimi- changed. China will continue to Committee. nate corruption resolutely and to develop friendly relations with The session pledged to contin- accomplish matters of popular other countries on the basis of ue to implement the line, princi- concern so as to live up to the the Five Principles of Peaceful ples and policies laid down since people's expectations of the the Third Plenum of the 1 l th Coexistence and contribute to Party. Party Central Committee in De- world peace. The plenum highly evaluated cember 1978. .The communique called for the important role of veteran The basic line of focusing on special attention to the following proletarian revolutionaries re- economic construction and the tasks: presented by Deng Xiaoping in policy of upholding the four car- --to check turmoil thorough- the struggle, and great contribu- dinal principles and adhering to ly and quell the counter- tions of the People's Liberation the policy of carrying out econo- revolutionary rebellion while Army, armed police and pol- mic reforms and opening to the making a clear distinction be- ice in quelling the counter- outside world will also be fully tween two different types of con- revolutionary rebellion in Bei- implemented, according to the tradictions and further stabiliz- jing. []

4 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 EVENTS/TRENDS|

demonstrations, a hunger strike China Not to Yield to and a sit-in," Li said, "We will Foreign Pressure be broad-minded and treat them properly even if they had had hinese Premier Li Peng of the people involved in the radical statements and actions." said on June 21 that China 50-day incident, Li said that "a During the meeting, Li also c will not yield to any form small minority" of people who told the guests that his scheduled of foreign pressure. violated the law will be dealt visit to Pakistan will go ahead as "In times of difficulty, it is with through legal procedures. planned. Li is expected to pay very clear who are true friends," "As to the majority of people, an official visit to Pakistan later he said during a meeting with a Pakistan delegation headed by who had participated in parades, this year. [] Foreign Secretary Humayun Khan who is in Beijing for Sino- Foreign Trade to Be Expanded Pakistan vice foreign ministerial consultations. he scope of China's economic in, because there is both business This was the first time Li had contacts and trade with for- and money to make in China." met foreign guests since the sup- T eign countries will expand, The vice-premier said that pression of the rebellion in Bei- not diminish, promised Vice- China's imports and exports are jing. Premier Tian Jiyuan in a meet- going well with its export volume Li said some countries had ing on June 22 with Viscount at the same level of the previous tried to exert diplomatic and eco- Errington, managing director of year and import volume on the nomic pressure on China. "This the Inchcape Group of Britain. increase. Foreign exchange re- only showed that they are short- Tian said the quelling of the serves are sufficient and the sighted and unwise," he said, ad- counter-revolutionary rebellion banks are in good shape, he said. ding that once they got to know by the Chinese government Errington and a number of the truth of the matter, these doesn't mean that China will other foreign businessmen have countries x~ould change their change its policies. expressed their willingness to viewpoints. He quoted Deng .Xiaoping as continue expanding co-operation During the meeting, he said saying that the line and policies with China. China's policy of reform and put forward by the Third Plen- The managing director said his opening to the outside world ary Session of the 1 lth Central China visit shows the Inchcape will not change, its independent, Committee of the Chinese Com- Group's confidence in its busi- peaceful foreign policy will re- munist Party, especially the pol- ness with China and that he be- main unchanged and the country icy of reform and opening to the lieves that the Chinese govern- will continue to develop friendly outside world, will remain un- ment will overcome its difficul- relations with all nations in the changed. ties. world on the basis of the Five The vice-premier said that al- Earlier, Keio Nakada, a mem- Principles of Peaceful Co- though some foreign specialists, ber of the board of directors of existence. technicians and businessmen the Japanese Association for "I am full of optimism and have left China, they will return the Promotion of International confidence on the future of with the improvement of the in- Trade, made a special trip to China," he said. vestment environment and the China to discuss an early re- In an analysis of the student stabilization of the situation. sumption of trade, economic and unrest which he said had turned Tian said that some countries technological co-operation be- into a turmoil and further into a have attemped to take advantage tween Japanese and Chinese bus- counter-revolutionary rebellion, of cutting bank credits to check iness. Li said the incident had a "deep- China. "That is shortsighted and Nakada said that whatever rooted domestic and internation- will not bring themselves bene- happened should not influence al background." fit," he said. business. The negative effect The key point, he said, had "There is great potential on caused by the recent turbulence been that there are people both at China's market and those who on bilateral economic, trade home and abroad who dislike lose the market might regret this and technological co-operation socialism and Communist Party in the future," Tian said. "If should be minimized, he said. leadership. some countries give up the mar- Jack and Graham Perry from Talking about the punishment ket, others will certainly move the London Export Corporation BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 EVENTS/TRENDS[ recently sent messages to Acting most of the foreign management standable that compatriots of President Zheng Hongye of the personnel and technicians did Hong Kong and Macao ex- China Council for the Promo- not leave their work..Construc- pressed different opinions and tion of International Trade, say- tion of 102 foreign-funded enter- have some misunderstandings ing that they will steadfastly prises and preparation for 273 for quelling the recent counter- work for the promotion of the such enterprises are proceeding revolutionary riot in Beijing. long-term relations between smoothly. However, he added, "I must China and Britain. Moreover, some foreign corn- point out that some Hong Kong Statistics released by 14 for- parries in China have told the and Macao people have done eign trade corporations in Shang- Ministry of Foreign Economic something that is impermissible hai showed that 123 overseas Relations and Trade that al- by the state Constitution and law clients and 320 people cancelled though their governments have and has in fact added fuel to their visits to the city, and some stopped signing loan contracts the flames of turmoil while they projects under negotiation were with China, some companies are were in the mainland." also cancelled while foreign bus- persuading their governments to iness people fled back to their retract their hasty decisions "During the transitional per- home countries in the first 10 and continue co-operation with iod and after Hong Kong and days of June. China, according to Liu Zhi- Macao have returned to the However, 238 foreign-funded cheng, director of the Foreign motherland, the mainland and enterprises in the city are re- Financing Administration of the Hong Kong and Macao will prac- portedly operating normally and ministry. [] tise two different social and economic systems. The central people's government will neither China Sticks to HK, Macao Policy change the capitalist system nor implement the socialist policies he Chinse government will agreements, and the Chinese gov- in Hong Kong and Macao," he not change its policies to- ernment will steadfastly abide by said. T wards Hong Kong and Ma- the two joint declarations and "Hong Kong and Macao cao. fulfill the duties as stipulated in should not interfere in or at- This was reaffirmed by Ji them, Ji said. tempt to change the socialist sys- Pengfei, director of the Hong Ji hoped that the Sino-British tem in the mainland either, not Kong and Macao Affairs Office and Sino-Portuguese cooperation speaking of allowing some people under the State Council when he on the Hong Kong and Macao to use H0ng Kong and Macao as was interviewed with China Cen- questions will be maintained and a base for subversion of the central Television on the evening of developed, and that the Sino- tral government," he added. June 22. British Joint Liaison Group, the "Mainlanders, when in Hong Ji said that after the recent riot Sino-British Land Commission, in Bcijing many people doubted the Sino-Portuguese Joint Lia- Kong and Macao, should abide whether the Chinese government sion Group and its land group by the laws of Hong Kong and would continue to implement its will work according to the origin- Macao; and Hong Kong and Ma- policies towards Hong Kong and al schedules. cao compatriots, when in the Macao and the Sino-British and On the •drafting of the Basic mainland, should abide by the the Sino-Portugnese joint declar- Law of the Hong Kong Special state Constitution and laws too," ation. Administrative Region, he said Ji said. "I, on behalf of the Chinese the period of soliciting opinions Ji said that the majority of government, solemnly declare can be prolonged. He hoped the Hong Kong and Macao compa- that the Chinese government's members of the Basic Law Draft- triots have made contributions to policies towards Hong Kong and ing Committees and Consulta- the prosperity of the country. He Macao, which have been formu- tive Committees and all the com- said he sincerely hoped the com- lated in line with the conception patriots of Hong Kong and Ma- patriots there would continue to of 'one country, two systems,' cao, following the principle carry forward the fine tradition will not change." of being responsible for Hong of loving the country, Hong The Sino-British joint declara- Kong, Macao and the mother- Kong and Macao and make grea- tion on the future of Hong Kong land, will make efforts to accom- ter contributions to the prosperi- and the Sino-Portuguese joint de- plish the historical mission -- ty of the motherland as well as claration on the question of Ma- drafting the basic law. to the stability and prosperity of cao are solemn international Ji Pengfei said that it is under- Hong Kong and Macao. []

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 EVENTS/TRENDS|

as well as the whole army. Martyrs Are Remembered Yang said that he, on behalf of the Central Military Com- hree martyrs of the martial flyover bridge where martyr Li mission and its chairman Deng law enforcement troops and Guorui had been slaughtered Xiaoping; came to extend grati- T the armed police who were while bringing martial law into tude to the three families. lynched by rioters during the re- effect. He said that Beijing had been cent counter-revolutionary rebel- Another 300 Young Pioneers in chaos for a period of time. lion in the capital were widely of the North Lishi Road No.1 Without the resolute measure, mourned by tens of thousands of Primary School also went to the the consequences are unimagin- Beijing residents. flyover to express their grief by able. Thousands have gone to the pinning white paper flowers they He told the relatives of the spot where the martyrs were made to the railings of the martyrs that he is fully confident killed to express their condol- bridge. that the Communist Party and ences and indignation at the gris- A middle-aged woman, brim- the People's Republic, which are ly brutality of the rioters. ming with tears in her eyes, sil- supported by the broad masses of On June 12, more than 100 ently placed a white silk flower people and the Party members CommunistParty members, carrying the words on it: The and safeguarded by the People's Youth League members and martyr is immortal. Liberation Army, will never be Young Pioneers representing the Since June 18, top leaders of overthrown. No.109 Middle School held a the Party and government have On June 19, Li Peng, Qiao Shi mourning ceremony on the pe- met the relatives of the three and Yao Yilin, members of the destrian overpass in the Chong- martyrs and expressed their deep Standing Committee of the Polit- wenmen Street for the martyr gratitude to the three families. ical Bureau of the Chinese Com- Cui Guozheng who was brutally On June 18, when meeting the munist Party Central Commit- lynched there by rioters. relatives of the martyrs Liu Guo- tee, also met with the martyrs' They put up a streamer which gen, Cui Guozheng and Li Guo- relatives. read "The loyal and heroic spirit rui, Yang Shangkun, Chinese While extending condolences of this martyr will be cherished president and vice-chairman of to the martyrs' families, Premier forever in the people's hearts." the Central Military .Commis- Li Peng said that the Party and Three hundred employees of sion, said that the three martyrs the people thanked the martyrs the Beijing Municipal Works Re- died in defence of the Party Cen- for their exploits in quelling the search Institute made a wreath tral Committee, the capital and rebellion. with 300 small white paper flow- the People's Republic and they "Their death has also awak- ers to lay on the Fuchengmen are the pride of the three families ened thousands upon thousands Olan Zhengylng, vice-chairwoman of the CPPCC visits officers and soldiers at a of people in seeing through the city hospital who were hurt by rioters while quelling turmoil in BeiJing. brutal nature of the rebels," he GAO BOHAI said. The rebellion has been basically quelled so far and the general situation is heading for stability, Li stated. However, he said, "quite a number of rioters are yet to be apprehended and we can in no way leave them unpunished and let them stage a comeback." Li stressed that "anyone who had participated in the beatings, looting and robbery or participated in murdering soldiers and police, no matter' whether he is a student or not, will be dealt with without mercy." Meanwhile, many representatives from government departments, organizations, factories, colleges, as well as individuals in

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 7 EVENTS/TRENDS|

the capital visited the martial ment troops. The Shanghai Intermediate Peo- law enforcement troops stationed They brought them many gifts ple's Court sentenced Xu Guoming nearby to extend their gratitude of daily-use articles such as and other two, who severely dam- to the troops for their contribu- ~oothpaste, tooth brushes, towels aged transport facilities at a railway crossing, to death on June 15. tion in putting down the riot in and soap when they found that The 10 criminals' appeals to the Beijing. the soldiers were lacking these local higher people's courts were On June 12, the leading offi- things. rejected. [] cials of more than 50 colleges On June 14, the authorities KMT Agents Are Smashed and universities in Beijing joint- and representatives of various State security organizations in ly visited those troops stationed departments of the Beijing Univ- Beijing and other parts of China have cracked down on a number of at the Beijing Physical Educa- ersity, the Beijing Normal Univ- Kuomintang secret agents who had tion Teachers' Institute and ersity and the Chinese People's a hand in students demonstrations were accorded a warm welcome University visited the troops sta- and turmoil since this April. from the officers and soldiers. tioned at the Capital Stadium in A news release issued by the Sate Various departments of the the western suburbs of the city Security Ministry June 22 said that Beijing Foreign Studies Institute to bring them four truckloads of the KMT secret servi~ in Taiwan jointly donated about 10,000 pork, eggs, watermelons and ve- ordered its agents on the mainland yuan for the martial law enforce- getables. [] to exploit the so-called "democratic movement," escalate it into an ov- and its pressure on China, a erall "anti-communist" movement News in Brief Chinese Foreign Ministry spokes- and collect infornmation for the -woman said June 22. Taiwan secret service. Regrets Over U K-J LG Li Jinhua made the remark in Some of the agents have been Standoff response to an AP correspondent's exposed while others have surren- A Chinese Foreign Ministry request for China's comments on dered themselves to security organ- spokesman expressed regret June izations. [] the announced US move to sus- Record Summer Harvest "17 over Britain's unilateral post- pend high-level contacts with ponement of the 13th meeting Expected Chinese officials. China expects to reap three mil- of the Sino-British Joint Liaison The Chinese side hopes to main- Group (JLG), which would other- lion tons more grain in this sum- tain and develop Sino-US relations, mer than last one, that will set wise have been held in London this but this demands mutual respect a record, according to an official July. and a deepening of understanding from the Ministry of Agriculture The spokesman said that accord- on both sides, Li said, adding that June 20. ing to the stipulations in paragraph neither side should do anything de- The official attributed the in- 9 of Annex II of the Sino-British trimental to the two countries' rela- crease to good climatic conditions, Joint Declaration on the Question tions. The relations can continue the enlargement of area planted of Hong Kong, the JLG Should to expand only by abiding by the with food grain crops, the spread of hold at least three meetings annul- three Sino-US joint communiques agro-techniques and more careful ly. Since the beginning of this year, and the Five Priniciples of Peace- field management. [] only one meeting, the 12th meet- ful Coexistence, she said at a week- Smooth Run-Up to Asian ing, has been held. Both sides ly news briefing. Games agreed on that occasion that the The crackdown on the recent All preparations for the 1990 13th meeting would be held in Lon- counter-revolutionary rebellion is Beijing Asian Games, including don from July 18 to July 21 this China's internal affairs that no for- construction of the main facilities, year.~ eign countries should interfere in, have been smoothly proceeding, it He. said that the British govern- she added. [] was .announced in Beijing on ment's unilateral announcement to 10 Executed for Rioting June 22. postpone the 13th meeting has thus Actions •According to an organizer, of suspended JLG's regular work. Seven rioters in Beijing and three the 27 newly-constructed or re- '.'The British government will be others in Shanghai were executed constructed stadiums and gymna- responsible for all the possible con- on June 22 and 21 respectively. siums, 15 have been finished on sequences arising therefrom, and Lin Zhaorong and other six were schedule while the others will be we reserve the right to make furth- sentenced to death by the Beijing completed by the end of next Sep- er comments," he added. [] Municipal Intermediate Court on tember. China Criticizes US June 17 on charges of setting fire Construction of the athletes vil- Interference to military trucks, stealing military lage, press centre and other facili- The Chinese government firmly goods and assaulting soldiers of the ties has also been progressing, and opposes the US government's inter- army during the recent counter- they will be completed on schedule, ference in China's internal affairs revolutionary rebellion. he streesed. []

8 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 ~)OCUMENTS I Communique of the Fourth Plenary Session Of the 13th CPC Central Committee

(Adopted on June 24, 1989)

he Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Cen- made by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the tral Committee was convened in Beijing from armed police and the public security police in quell- T June 23 to 24, 1989. The meeting was attended ing the counter-revolutionary rebellion in the capital. by 170 members and 106 alternate members of the The session examined and approved a report on Central Committee. Attending the meeting as observ- Comrade Zhao Ziyang's mistakes in the anti-Party, ers were 184 members of the Central Advisory Com- anti-socialism turmoil delivered by Comrade Li Peng mission, 68 members of the Central Commission for on behalf of the Political Bureau of the Central Discipline Inspection and 29 leading comrades of the Committee. The session held that at a critical june- departments concerned. tureinvolving the destiny of the Party and the state, An enlarged meeting of the Central Committee's Comrade Zhao Ziyang made the mistake of support- Political Bureau was held from June 19 to 21 to make ing the turmoil and splitting the Party and he had necessary preparations for the Fourth Plenary Ses- unshirkable responsibilities for the development of sion. the. turmoil. The nature and consequences of his Analyzing the country's political situation over the mistake are very serious. Although he did some past two months, the session pointed out that a very things beneficial to reform, the opening of China to small number of people, taking advantage of student the outside world and economic work when he held unrest, stirred UP planned, organized and. premeditat- principal leading posts in the Party and the govern- ed political turmoil in Beijing and some other places, ment, he obviously erred in guidelines and practical which later developed into a counter-revolutionary work. Especially after taking charge of the work of rebellion in Beijing. The aim of the turmoil and the Central Committee, he took a passive approach to rebellion they incited was to overthrow the leadership adherence to the four cardinal principles and oppos- of the Chinese Communist Party and to subvert the ition to bourgeois liberalization, and gravely neglect- socialist People's Republic of China. In this serious ed Party building, cultural and ethical development political struggle, the policy decisions and a series of and ideological and political work, causing serious major measures taken by the Party Central Commit- losses to the cause of the Party. tee were necessary and correct and have won the In view of Comrade Zhao Ziyang's serious mis- support of the whole Party and the people of the takes listed above, the session decided to dismiss him whole country. The session highly evaluated the sig- as general secretary of the Central Committee, mem- nificant role played in the struggle by veteran prole- ber of the Standing Committee of the Political tarian revolutionaries with Comrade Deng Xiaoping Bureau of the Central Committee, member of the as their representative, and the great Contributions Political Bureau of the Central Committee, member Deng Xiaoping delivering an important speech at the Politi- Jiang Zemin speaks at the Fourth Plenum of the 13th Party cal Bureau's enlarged meeting on June 21. Central Committee. WANG XINQING YA NG SHA OMING

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY ~-9, 1989 9 30CUMENTS 1 of the Central Committee, and first vice-chairman of the Military Com- mission of the CPC Central Commit- tee, and decided to look further into his case. The session made necessary partial adjustments in the Party's central leadership. Comrade Jiang Zemin was elected general secretary of the Central Committee; Comrades Jiang Zemin, Song Ping and Li Ruihuan were elected members of the Stand- ing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee; Comrades Li Ruihuan and Ding Guangen were made members of the Secretariat of the Central Commit- tee; Comrade Hu Qili was removed On the rostrum. From left: Song Ping, Olao Shi, Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Yao Yilin, from the Standing Committee of the Li Ruihuan. WANG XINQING Political Bureau of the Central Com- mittee, and from the Political Bureau of the Central pendence and self-reliance, plain living and hard Committee and from the Secretariat of the Central work, and oppose bourgeois liberalization in real Committee; Comrades Rui Xingwen and Yan Ming- earnest; the fourth is to greatly enhance the building fu were removed from the Secretariat of the Central of the Party, democracy and legal system, resolutely Committee. penalize corruption, and accomplish a few things of The session highly evaluated the important speech popular concern so as to live up to the people's made by Comrade Deng Xiaoping at a meeting with expectations of the Party. corps commanders of the martial law enforcement The plenary session is an extremely important troops in the capital, unanimously believing that the meeting in the historical development of our Party. speech is a programmatic document for us to review It will not only play a major role in further stabiliz- the past, look forward to the future and unify the ing the situation of the whole country at present, but thinking and "Understanding of the whole Party. The will also exert far-reaching influence on ensuring the session stresses that the line, principles and policies continuation of the Party's line, principles and poli- adopted since the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th cies adopted since the Third Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Party will continue to be 1 lth Party Central Committee. resolutely implemented, and the basic line consisting The session reiterated that China's independent of the "one focus and two basic points"* established foreign policy of peace remains unchanged. China at the 13th National Party Congress will also contin- will continue to develop friendly relations with all ue to be resolutely carried out. The four cardinal countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peace- principles, as the foundation of the country, must be ful Coexistence and continue to contribute to main- adhered to unswervingly and consistently and the taining world peace. The session believes that China's policy of reform and opening to the outside world, as just struggle to quell the counter-revolutionary rebel- the road to lead the country to strength and prosper- lion will be understood by peoples of all countries ity, must he implemented as usual in a steadfast •and the friendly ties between the Chinese people arid manner. The country must not return to the old, peoples of other countries will continue to develop. closed-door path. At present, special attention should The plenary session called on the whole Party and be given to the following four important tasks: The people of all nationalities of the country to unite first is to resolutely stop the turmoil and quell the more closely around the Party Central Committee, counter-revolutionary rebellion, strictly distinguish be of one heart and mind, work hard to overcome all between the two different types of contradictions and difficulties which lie in the path of advance and further stabilize the situation of the whole country; confidently push forward the socialist modernization the second is to continue to carry out the policy of of the country and the cause of reform and opening improving the economic environment and rectifying to the outside world, n the economic order so as to better implement the policies of reform and opening to the outside world "One focus and two basic points" refers to making econo- and develop the economy in a sustained, steady and mic development the nation's central task while adhering to the four cardinal principles (that is, keeping to the socialist coordinated way; the third is to earnestly enhance road and upholding the people's democratic dictatorship, ideological and political work and make great efforts leadership by the Communist Party, and Mao Zedong to carry out education in patriotism, socialism, inde- Thought) and persevering in reform and the open policy. 10 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 CHINA I

Spokesman on Current Situation On June 17, Yuan Mu, spokesman for the State Council, in a televised interview with Tom Brokaw, anchorman of the US National Broadcasting Company., pointed out that most Chinese people support the leadership of the Communist Party and do not want to see the government subverted. Reporters from China and abroad were present at the interview, which lasted about 45 minutes, reEd.

Question: Mr. Yuan, thank you very much for being with us to- night. The whole world is in- terested to know just what happened in Tiananmen Square. Did Deng Xiaoping give orders that PLA (the People's Libera- tion Army) troops move onto the demonstrators? Answer: The .PLA troops marched into Tiananmen Square to enforce martial law and restore order in the capital. In the whole process of clearing the square, there was no casual- ty. No one was shot down or crushed under the wheels of ar- moured vehicles. The reports abroad that there was a blood- bath and many people were crushed were incorrect. The students then occupying the square withdrew peacefully in rows and waving banners.

Q: Mr. Yuan, I find that an astonishing statement on your part. We have literally hundreds, thousands of feet of videotape showing students being shot down, innocent bys- tanders being shot near the ho- tel. Neutral observers not only from Western nations who are journalists but also from around the world and others, including people from your own country, ble that you and your leaders do ties. resulted from our efforts witnessed people being shot in not believe that someone there to put down the counter- Tiananmen Square at point was hurt? revolutionary rebellion. I only blank range by troops. Unarmed said that no one died when demonstrators. How is it possi- A: I did not say that no casual- the PLA cleared Tiananmen

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, /989 I l C" NA I

Square. suppressing the rebellion, some First, their wish to eliminate As for the entire process onlookers were also accidentally corruption and bureaucratic of putting down the counter- killed and wounded. We are profiteering, promote democra- revolutionary rebellion, some deeply distressed and disturbed cy and deepen reform is good thugs were shot dead and some about this. But first of all, we and in conformity with the aim onlookers were accidentally have to express our profound and goals of the Party and the killed or wounded. The PLA grief for those PLA soldiers who government. suffered great casualties. died in the process of putting However, the students' de- I already made these facts down the riots, because they monstrations have been made clear at the press conference on performed immortal deeds and use of by some bad people be- behalf of the State Council on made contributions to safe- hind the scenes to instigate June 6. The number of wounded guarding the people and the the turmoil and even counter- PLA officers and men exceeded People's Republic. revolutionary rebellion. 5,000 and the number of wound- Also, I think in any sovereign We have never regarded the .ed people including thugs and nation the government has the vast number of students as riot- Onlookers exceeded 2,000. The right to take all necessary steps ers, but it is indeed a fact that total death toll is about 300. to prevent subversion. This is there are some rioters among the Nowadays there are wides- entirely an internal affair of students. As for the hundreds pread reports in the foreign me- that sovereign nation and no and perhaps thousands of deaths dia that during China's efforts other country has the right to that you mentioned just now, I to put down the counter- interfere. have already told you the actual revolutionary rebellion, thou- figures that are close to fact and sands -- even tens of thousands Q: Mr. Yuan, with all due res- I hope that you will not believe -- of people died. This is not the pect, I must challenge almost all the exaggerated versions. correct situation but an exagger- of those premises. First, again, We did not approve of the ation and distortion. outside observers, including parades and demonstrations In my view, one important trained Western journalists, saw staged by the students because reason for the airing of such in- hundreds, perhaps thousands, of there are laws governing demon- correct reports is that foreign young people and innocent bys- strations and parades. It is true reporters themselves are not tanders both wounded and that according to the constitu- very clear about the nature of killed. While they did see some tion, people have the right to the recent events in Beijing. soldiers killed and wounded, stage demonstrations, but other The truth is that a handful of they did not see them in nearly people's freedoms and rights thugs and hooligans instigated a the same amount as they saw must be guaranteed and must counter-revolutionary rebellion of the demonstrators who were not be impeded, and also trans- to overthrow the leadership of killed and wounded. Moreover, port and so on must not be ham- the Communist Party of China you described the demonstra- pered. and alter the socialist system. tions as being led by a small Therefore,' the People's Con- The PLA troops were ordered handful of hooligans and thugs. gress of the Beijing Municipali- to suppress the rebellion. But in Isn't that an insult to the mil- ty has worked out regulations the process, innocent people got lions of Chinese across this na- governing such demonstrations mixed up with thugs. Therefore, tion in many cities -- teach- and parades. We do not approve the PLA exercised maximum to- ers, shopkeepers, workers, even of the students' defiance of these lerance and restraint and did Chinese journalists who joined regulations. not fire upon entering the city in the demonstrations for more The most important thing I for fear of hurting onlookers democracy, for less corruption want to say is that a few and good people. in the leadership of your coun- counter-revolutionary rioters Had the PLA opened fire try? who got mixed up with the stu- upon entering the city, they dents even put forward pro- would not have suffered such A: First of all, I would like to grammes and chanted slogans big casualties or had their wea- correct one of your notions. I for overthrowing the leadership pons and ammunition snatched have been talking of a counter- of the Communist Party of from them by thugs and revolutionary revolt that we are China and for subverting the so- hundreds of their vehicles putting down. Our views on the cialist republic of the people. burned. This is common sense. student demonstrations since This was the motivation and Of course, in the process of mid-Aprll have been consistent: purpose of the riots.

12 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 ~HIN~

We must never let them suc- the leadership of China? Is Zhao sorder caused by a few separa- ceed in that. Their slogans are Ziyang now ousted as the gener- tists not long ago. entirely different from the deal secretary of the Communist I ask you to take back a mes- mands put forward by the stu- Party? Do you have a new ge- sage to the US business com- dents in the early stages of their neral secretary? munity: China's policy of re- demonstrations for greater free- form and Opening to the out- dom and democracy. A: The recent meeting between side world remains unchanged. Chairman 19eng Xiaoping and Chairman Deng Xiaoping men- Q: One of the people you commanders of the martial law tioned in a recent speech that have identified as a counter- enforcement troops in Beijing China has not gone far enough revolutionary, a traitor to tells the entire world that the in opening to the outside world China, is Fang Lizhi, a well- Chinese leadership is stable. and that China will continue to known dissident who is now re- However, so far as I know, stand by this policy. Naturally it ceiving protective asylum in the a certain individual "in the top must be within the guidelines of United States embassy. Are you leadership erred in supporting the socialist system. Our policy considering invading the US the riots. The problem will be of reform and opening to the embassy to arrest him? dealt with and made public outside world remains un- soon. The problem is one within changed. We hope American A: The Chinese public security the Party and will be dealt with friends who were in China department has issued an arrest in accordance with the Party and engaged in economic co- warrant for Fang, who violated Constitution. operation and trade exchanges Chinese law by committing the with China will come back soon. crime of counter-revolutionary • Q: Is it possible that some of the We also welcome more Ameri- demagoguery. leaders, including Zhao Ziyang, can traders to trade, invest and We know that he has slipped could be put on trial? set up enterprises in China. into the US embassy in Bei- jing and we are closely following A: I have just said that the prob- Q: Mr. Yuan, again we have further developments. We hope lem of a certain individual in time for one more question. that the US government will the top leadership is one within How can you expect any one in deal with this matter discreetly. the Party and will be dealt with the West to believe your assur- in accordance with the Party ances that China is open for bus- Q: Would you expect that there Constitution. iness again if your government is a possibility that Fang Lizhi continues to tell the rest of the can be sent to a third neutral Q: Mr. Yuan, how can you ex- world that there were only a few country? pect American and other busi- casualties in Tiananmen Square, nesses from the West to come that the soldiers suffered more A: I have just said, we hope that back into China after the trou- than the civilians and that the the US government will deal bles this spring if they realize demonstrations and the whole with this matter discreetly. Our that the people here can only reform movement were run, in public security department has be controlled by the barrel of a fact, by just a small handful issued an arrest warrant for gun? of hooligans and ruffians when Fang. We will bring him to jus- there is so much evidence to the tice. A: I think that they will learn contrary? Isn't China running the true situation. The Chinese the possibility of losing its place Q: Would you expect that if he government is in full control of honour in the world of na- is brought to justice in China, and only parts of Beijing are tions? that he will be tried, and per- under martial law, with impor- haps sentenced to death? tant positions safeguarded. The A: I think that when the distort- martial law in Beijing is very ed coverage of the rebellion in A: Following arrest, Fang will different from military control the foreign and domestic press be dealt with according to and different again from mili- is ignored and the entire world Chinese legal procedures and tary control of the whole coun- comes to learn the truth of the punishment will be meted out try. No other place in China is situation, the fact that China according to law. under martial law except Lhasa, still sticks to the policy of re- the capital of the Tibet Auton- form and opening to the outside Q: Mr. Yuan, what's going on in omous Region, as a result of; di- world will win the confidence of

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 13 CHINA| the vast majority of countries, and many executions in China Coexistence. This is a policy we and their industrialists and en- in the coming months? will adhere to unswervingly. trepreneurs. China is a very at- tractive market. A: Those who have been sent- Q: Mr. Yuan, there are 40,000 If foreigners become aware of enced to death in Shanghai Chinese students studying in the the true situation, they will cer- are guilty of the most heinous United States. Do you expect tainly increase their investments crimes, because they have dis- that many of them will return to in China. Another fact which rupted traffic and s~t fire to rail- China? In America they are tell- can prove this is that even dur- way. carriages. I think that the ing reporters and others who ing the counter-revolutionary very few persons who commit- will listen that they prefer to rebellion, not all foreign indus- ted such heinous crimes will be stay in America. trialists and entrepreneurs left given due punishment. For ex- China and a considerable pro- ample, a PLA soldier was A: I am sure that the ov- portion of them stayed on to thrown from an overpass, his erwhelming majority of the continue their trading and in- body burned with petrol, but he Chinese students studying in the vestment activities. They know was not quite dead. Then his United States will certainly re- that their safety can be guaran- body was hung up and put be- turn to their homeland to serve teed and their operations can be fore the public. If rioters as their country. I cannot rule out assured of normal functioning. I cruel as this were not severely the possibility that some may am sure that those people who punished, the people would not not be willing to return and I left hastily will regret it one day, accept it. express regret about it. Personal- but it is not too late to come Finally, I want to convey, ly, I really, sincerely hope they back now. through you, a piece of informa- will come back. I am sure that I'd like to add a sentence here: tion to the American and world they will come back. The position and attitude of the audience: The socialist People's Chinese government has always Republic of China was esta- Q: Do you expect that you'll been to draw a clear distinction blished by the Chinese people have to throw out more Western between the vast number of stu- under the leadership of the reporters from China? dents who have participated in Communist Party of China demonstrations and parades -- through decades of strenuous ef- though that was a wrong ap- forts and at the cost of more A: Men and women foreign proach -- and the small number than 20 million lives. The ov- journalists who carry out fair of thugs who have resorted to erwhelming majority of the and objective news reporting on the students' demonstrations to Chinese people support the lead- the situation in China, refrain stir up turmoil and even ership of the Chinese Commun- from violating China's martial counter-revolutionary rebellion. ist Party and the People's Re- law orders and other laws, and The government will pay ade- publi c of China. They do not carry out normal news gathering quate attention to the reason- want to see them subverted. activities will have their legiti- able demands presented by the This is the most fundamental mate rights to news gathering students in the course of their fact. Any attempt to subvert the respected and protected by the demonstrations. I have repeat- leadership of the Chinese Com- Chinese government just like edly declared on behalf of the munist Party and the socialist you. State Council that dialogue be- People's Republic of China is tween the government and stu- doomed to failure. Finally, Mr. Brokaw repeat- dents and people from other cir- China hopes that the people ed his second question, chang- cles will continue. We will listen and governments of all other hag his reference to "hundreds, to their views, adopt their cor- countries will understand the thousands" of feet of videotape rect suggestions and improve the true nature of the counter- to "miles" of videotape. work of the Party and govern- revolutionary rebellion and the Yuan Mu said: The development. measures taken to quell it, ment of modern technology has which I deem justified. We de- provided this possibility for Q: Mr. Yuan, you have already clare that China will stick to the some persons. They can record sentenced three people to death policy of developing friendly re- longer videotapes than you just in Shanghai, the so-called hooli- lations with all other countries mentioned to distort the real si- gans and ruffians. Do you think of the world on the basis of tuation. Thank you for your in- that there will be many trials the Five Principles of Peaceful terview with me. []

14 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 CHINA|

THREE GORGES PROJECT (1) Dream and Reality

In this issue we publish the following three articles on the controversal Three Gorges Project.--Ed. by Our Staff Reporter Yao Jianguo

mllmo build a mammoth dam the focus of attention at the 1988 Dayawan Nuclear Power Sta- providing flood control and international river system sym- tion, in the case of the proposed electricity in the Three posium held in San Francisco, Three Gorges project, deputies to Gorges, the most precipitous sec- USA. Adopting the correct deci- the National People's Congress tion of the Changjiang sion on building a dam of such and members of the CPPCC (Yangtze), the world's third- tremendous impact must be could not but demand further longest river, has been the dream based on more convincing scien- explanations as a basis for discus- of several generations of Chinese tific evidence than has been pre- sion and resolution. since the time of Dr.Sun Yat-sen, sented so far. For this reason, An objection was raised in forerunner of China's democrat- feasibility studies on the project November 1984 by Chongqing ic revolution. were conducted at two separate city government, located in the Can such a dream come true, times in the 1980s. upper reaches of the Changjiang, and if so, when? To answer this and concerned departments in question, a large number of First Feasibility Study charge of Changjiang navigation Chinese and foreign experts and under the Ministry of Commun- scholars have spent years in pain- In 1983, the office in charge of ications. They considered the staking feasibility studies. How- the Changjiang valley project is- normal water-retention level of ever, sharp differences have ari- sued a feasibility study report re- 150 metres in the reservoir to be sen over the project and up until commending a draft resolution inadequate for future navigation now are far from resolved. in favour of a reservoir retaining on the Changjiang, and suggest- On March 7, 1989, more than water at a 150-metre-high level. ed raising the level to 180 metres 400 experts and scholars in Bei- This was examined by 350 ex- to allow 10,000-ton-class ships jing announced the end of their perts organized by the State to ply smoothly between Wuhan re-study of the Three Gorges Planning Commission. and Chongqing. water conservancy key project, In April 1984, the report was At the Third Session of the and submitted a report of their approved in principle by the CPPCC Sixth National Commit- feasibility study to the State State Council. Preparations for tee held in March 1985, some Council for approval. The report setting up a Sanxia (Three members again queried the val- advocated an early .start of the Gorges) Province followed. The idity of the proposal, advocating project as being advantageous to prospect of a Three Gorges pro- outright cancellation or post- national economic construction. ject, which had laid dormant for ponement of the project. Despite the fact that vice- .more than 20 years, suddenly be- In July 1985, an investigation premier Yao Yilin promised became the focus of intense discus- group made up of members of fore the symposium that the pro- sions across the country. Many the Economic Commission of ject would not be started in the people were for it, but there was the CPPCC went to the Three near future, the results of the no lack of opponents. Differing Gorges area. After their on-the- final report still stirred up a new views grew particularly diver: spot investigation, they submit- round of opposition. The heated gent during meetings of the Se- ted a report to the Central Com- debate was without precedent in cond Session of the Sixth Na- mittee of the Chinese Commun- the history of New China's archi- tional People's Congress and the ist Party and the State Coun- tectual engineering. Sixth National Committee of the cil pointing out that the Three The Three Gorges project also Chinese People's Political Con- Gorges project calls for huge in- has aroused concerns abroad. sultative Conference. Following vestments, a relatively long per- Listed as the first of the world's problems encountered in build- iod of construction and the dis- 20 most terrifying giant dams ing Shanghai's Baoshan Iron and placement of large numbers of under consideration, it became Steel Complex and Guangdong's local inhabitants. Moreover, the

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 15 CHINAII project may result in floods on the upper reaches of the river caused by silt. In addition, other problems may arise such as earthquakes induced by the reservoir, and damage to the ecological environment. In short, the project seems to present the people with more disadvantages than advantages. Therefore they suggested that tributaries of the Changjiang should be developed first, then its mainstream, in light of the river's concrete conditions. They hoped the central government would not make a final decision before the completion of further feasibility studies.

Re-study on the Project At the IOth enlarged leading group meeting on the feasibility study for the Three Gorges project. XU CHANGJUN In April 1986, some Party and government leaders led some of- careful, more accurate and more ted to the central government for ficials of departments concerned reliable. In addition, they asked final decision. to the Three Gorges for investi- the Ministry of Water Conser- Since the founding of New gation. After finishing, they is- vancy and Power to organize dis- China, this was the first time the sued a circular pointing out that cussions attended by experts in central government ordered a re- in view of some existing prob- various fields, especially those study of a project that it had lems and some new suggestions holding different views. Full already approved in principle. raised recently, a deep-going scope should be given to demo- On the one hand, this shows that feasibility study of the project cracy in technical discussions. the central government takes an should be carried out econom- They also asked for a new report active and cautious attitude to- ically and technically. They of a feasibility study based on wards the Three Gorges project hoped the study would be more scientific evidence to be sumbit- which has drawn the attention of the whole world. On the other hand, it indicates that the central The Three Gorges Project government has moved in the di- rection of democracy and science he proposed Three Gorges project will be built on the upper in their macro-decision-making. stream of the Changjiang River at Sandouping, on the Xiling In June 1986, Qian Zhengying, T Gorge, at a distance of more than 40 km from the Gezhouba Minister of Water Conservan- Dam, the first water conservancy project built on the Changjiang cy and Power, announced the mainstream. The new mammoth undertaking envisages facilities for founding of a leading group flood-control, power, navigation and irrigation. headed by her, to take charge of the new feasibility study. The These include a dam across the river, flood-discharge channels, group invited 21 experts and hydro-power stations and navigation passages. The dam will be 185 scholars with rich experience and metres high, with a water-retaining level of 175 metres. The draft to high prestige to act as advisors, be adopted features the principles of "first-grade development, com- 412 experts to work at the actual pletion of the dam at one stroke, retaining water by stages and re-study. gradual resettlement of population." Hydropower stations will be The re-study itself covered installed with 26 generating sets, with a total generating capacity of more than 40 specialities includ- 17.68 million kilowatts, supplying 84 billion kwh a year. ing natural sciences, engineer- The project, to be built in three stages, will take 18 years. The plan ing technology, social sciences, stipulates that from the 12th year, the first group of generating sets finance and economy, ecological will be providing electricity. Population resettling is to be spread out environment, systems engineer- over 20 years. [] ing and civil air defence. In ad-

16 BEHING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 On June 9, Chairman of the Central ~, Military Commission Deng Xiaoping re- ...... ,: ...... : ~,~,~, : ...... ceived and made an important speech " :~ ...... " ~:'"~' .... to army commanders and higher- ...... : ~: ~,',,,~ ranked officers of the martial law en- ~.., : , : "% ~rcement troops in Beijing.

On June 17. 10.000 young pioneers of Beijing held a gathering with the theme "Love the Communist Party of China and love our socialist motherland" at the Tiananmen Square recently swept clean. Some officers and men of the martial law enforcement troops attended. A horrifying counter-revolutionary rebellion broke out in Beijing on June 3. In attempt to subvert the People's Repbulic, a handful of rioters incited innocent people to attack major government departments, set fire to police watchtowers, army vehicles and public buses and intercept martial law enforcement troops advancing into downtown Beijing and Tianan- men Square. Pictured are vehicles set ablaze by rioters. i ...... ii ¸¸! (Photos by Li Jing, Wu Jinsheng, Yuan Xuejun, Yang Ziheng, Zheng Shufu and Tao Junfeng)

A riot scene at the Muxidi area in western Beijing.

il ~i¸~¸ ~

Rioters set buses ablaze. AL cles, and some 100 public during the riot. At Beijing's Xidan intersection, Liu Guogeng, a second lieutenant of the martial law enforcement troops, was first beten to death (upper left), then burned (right) and disembowelled (lower left). Martial law enforcement troops began cleaning up Tiananmen Square soon after all students left at 5:30 am, June 4.

~ltogether more than 500 military vehi- buses and trolley buses were burned Martial law enforcement troops sent food grain to residents soon after they quelled the riot.

A greengrocer in Beijing's Fengtai District sent vegetables to martial law enforcement troops.

Grandmother Zhao Zhenni ~is- its the martial law enforcement troops to greet the PLA officers and men.

Ma Xiaomin, a student of the Bei- jing No. 140 Middle School, risked his life to take to safety four PLA officers and men in danger of being attacked by rioters on June 4. HINAII

dition to experts in water conser- lay a good foundation for the the project. They reserved the vancy and power, there were 213 study. In April 1987, at its fourth right to sign or not to sign the experts and scholars engaged in enlarged meeting, the leading final report. other special fields, accounting group passed a draft resolution for 51.7 percent of the total. The which set the height of the dam Different Opinions feasibility study team included at 185 metres, and the normal According to published mater- 15 members of the General As- water-retention level at 175 ials, out of the 14 feasibility stu- sembly of the Chinese Academy metres. The project will be built dy reports, 9 reports governing of Sciences, 355 associate profes- on the principle of "first-grade geological earthquakes, hydrolo- sors, associate research fellows development, completion of the gy, silt, key buildings, machinery and senior engineers. dam at one stroke, retaining wat- and electrical equipment, con- It can be said that they are er by stages, and gradual resettle- struction, appraisal of invest- outstanding representatives on ment of population." ment, population resettling, and China's water conservancy front In the second step, experts navigation were passed by all ex- and other related areas. were divided into 14 groups to perts and advisors by signature. The project re-study was con- take up re-study of different sub- There were 10 experts and advi- ducted in two steps. Through all- jects centring on the draft. Each sors who did hot sign their names around analysis and discussion, group did its work independent- on five other reports on ecologi- they first drew up a draft resolu- ly, ranging from drafting work cal environment, flood control, tion on a water-retention level outlines, organizing investiga- power, comprehensive pro- that would not only satisfy the tions, conducting experiments, gramme, water level and com- minimum demands of both eco- and making calculations to draft- prehensive economic evaluation nomic departments and local- ing, revising and finalizing their because they disagreed with the ities, but also make allowances reports on the feasibility study. conclusions of these reports. for such restrictive factors as The leading group did not inter- Famous ecologist Hou Xueyu, earthquake risk, erosion, mud, fere in the concrete work. All member of the General Assem- ecological environment and po- experts were free to air their bly of the Chinese Academy of pulation resettling. This would views based on scientific study of Sciences, was the only expert A view of Outang Gorge. who did not fix his signature to the report on ecological environment. He considered that the Three Gorges project poses a great threat to the ecological environment: Land resources will be under water, the loss of tourist resources irretrievable; landslides pose a potential threat to the dam, population resettling for development will lead to new pollution and erosion; the reservoir will affect fish swimming to the upper reache¢ to spawn and offshore fishing grounds. The feasibility study on the project, which lasted two years and eight months, was carried out in the midst of heated de- bates. Differences over the dam not only came from experts, but also from some members of the CPPCC attending the 10th meeting of the group, centring around on the problems of silt, earthquake risk, population resettling, ecological environment, investment estimates, and state finan-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 21 HINA! cial resources. Some suggested completing their own feasibility be properly handled. No other putting off the project well into study which started in 1986. draft involving less expense the 21st century, to be solved by According to reports an- could provide such efficiency in later generations. All these diver- nounced by both sides, their con- flood control and power gener- gent views have been submitted clusions agree, on major points. ating. Therefore, the Canadian to the State Council along with The only difference concerns re- consortium expressed its willing- the report. servoir water level. The Canadi- ness to give energetic support Besides the domestic study, an side considered that the im- a consortium of five Canadian pact of the Three Gorges project to the proposal for building the government institutions and pri- on. environment, reservoir inun- Changjiang dam at the highest vate companies issued a favour- dation and resettling of 750,000 cost in the world, to provide able independent report after local people on higher areas can flood control and power. []

THREE GORGES PROJECT (2) Main Points of the Feasibility Study Report

eexamination of the Three ince (otherwise called Jingjfang After the proof and compari- Gorges Project is finished River), most urgently in need son of two alternative schemes R and A Report on the Feasi- of flood control. Geographical- --to build reservoirs on upper bility Study of the Three Gorges ly, the location is excellent, over reaches of the Changjiang River Key Water Conservancy Project 95 percent of flooding on the or to enlarge the flood-discharge has been issued in March 1989, Jingjiang River section and two- capacity in the middle and low- both of which took experts two thirds of any flooding above er reaches--the report conclud- years and eight months. An in- Hankou can be controlled and ed that reservoirs are very help- vestigation committee of the regulated from here. This would ful in local flood control and State Council is responsible for be the most effective way to irrigation, but limited in their examining the report. On the control floods on the middle function of flood control in the basis of previous proofs of 14 Changjiang River, and prevent middle reaches. The scattered special topics and with the help destructive disasters on the distribution of these reservoirs of voluminous research materials Jingjiang. The dam would be an and the location of part of them of the past, the report conclud- indispensable part of the flood- outside the rainstorm region are ed that the project is technically control system on the middle and chiefly responsible for the limita- feasible and economically worth- lower reaches of the Changjiang. tion of their flood control func- while and that it is better to The suggested dam will be 185 tion in the middle reaches. Be- build it than not to and to build metres high with a normal water sides, it is .impossible to store or it earlier is better than later. The storage of 175 metres. The Three block the flood waters from the following main results have been Gorges Reservoir, designed to rainstorm region of about 300,- confirmed. have a flood control capacity of 000 square kilometres in area, 22.15 billion cubic metres, will lying between these reservoirs Flood Control Function raise the Jingjiang's flood control and Yichang, unless the Three During the past 2,000 years capacity to the extent that a big Gorges Reservoir is built. since the Hart Dynasty, there flood occurring once a century The report argues that even if have been 214 flood disasters by such as that of !931 can be prev- the Three Gorges Reservior is the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. ented. Even such a big flood as not built, flood control in the Among them, 11 occurred in the that of in 1870 happening once middle and lower Changjiang last 70 years, causing heavy loss- a millennium can be prevented River can still be taken care of es. Therefore, the project is fo- from creating disaster through by solidifying dykes and dams, cussed on flood control. the regulating of the Three building flood-control project in The report suggests planning Gorges Reservoir and the co- flood-diversion and flood-storage the Three Gorges dam at a site ordinating of the Jingjiang flood- area as well as completing their over 40 km up river from Yi- diversion area plus other flood- safety installations. However, chang, close to the section of the diversion and flood-discharge flood disasters on the Jingjiang Changjiang River in Hubei Prov- measures. Rive~ will still constitute a great

22 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 CHINA I

comparison, shipping experts voted down two plans for reasons of economy and practicability. The report takes the Three Gorges Project as the best option to improve shipping conditions on the Changjiang River passing through Sichuan Province. Back- waters will reach Chongqing when the project is completed, basically improving shipping conditions from Chongqing to Yichang for a length of 660 kilometres. Fleets of 10,000 tons will be able to directly arrive at Drilling in the river, the port of Chongqing. Great increases in shipping efficiency threat. construction into account. In addition to this, the substitution of and shipping volume, and de- Electric Power Benefit the Sanxia hydro-power station creases in shipping costs of 35-3'7 for thermal power plants can re- percent will emerge after dan- The Three Gorges course has a sult in great environmental bene- gerous shoals are submerged, the steep drop and centralized hy- fits. Each year it can lower the channel depth is increased, the droelectric resources. The report discharge volume of sulphur bank slopes become more grad- takes it as a giant energy re- dioxide by two million tons, car- ual and the flow slows down. A source of western China's hy- bon monoxide by 10,000 tons, ni- higher degree of shipping safety droelectric resources nearest to trogen oxide by 370,000 tons and also can be assured. Meanwhile, the load center of central and a great deal of industrial waste the lowest water-discharge below east China's power network. The water. Furthermore, the project Yichang will rise from the cur- future Sanxia hydro-power sta- will significantly help to dimin- rent 3,000 cubic metres per se- tion will be the biggest in the ish the harm of environmental cond to 5,000 cubic metres per world with 17.68 million KV of pollution such as acid rain. second, deepening the channel installed capacity and 84 billion depth of the Jingjiang during the kwh of annual generated energy Shipping Conditions dry season, and facilitating chan- substituting for 40 million tons Improved nel maintenance and shipping of coal. Although the whole transport. Three Gorges project will need a The total shipping mileage of long time and a huge investment, the Changjiang River' and its Geological Structure and 12 years after preparation for the branches surpasses 70,000 kilo- Earthquakes construction begins, i.e. 9 years metres, accounting for 80-90 per- after formal construction starts, cent of China's total inland wat- In the process of re- it will begin to generate electric- er navigation lanes. But the confirming, experts have newly ity. Till then, the investment will Chongqing-Yichang course's surveyed and studied the geolog- be only half of the total. In the drop reaches 120 metres. There ical conditions of the dam site at six years after that, the annually are 139 dangerous shoals in the Sandouping, its local crust stabil- increased production of electrici- rushing current, only allowing ity and possibility of reservoir- ty will be 2.7 million kw, or the passage for ships under 3,500 caused earthquake. The report installed capacity of the Gezhou- tons and sending carg~ costs fair- concludes that the base of the ba hydro-power station. The ly high. dam-site is composed of granite, Three Gorges Project is much The special topic teams had which has an integrative lithol= more profitable than others in proposed two schemes, one of ogy, high mechanical intensity terms of time- and investment- them was to gradationally ex- and weak soakage; there are no effectiveness. The investment in- ploit and develop the Sichuan active geological rifts or serious dex of the Sanxia hydro-power course of the Changjiang River unhealthy geological tendencies station is also superior to that of by canalizing it; another was to within the scope of ten kilo- thermal power plants when tak- build reservoirs on the upper metres. The project's favourable ing the lattdrs' time and invest- reaches and to dredge the chan- geological conditions are suitable ment for coal mines and railway nel. But through research and for building a high concret dyke.

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 23 CHINA I

The reservoir surrounded by the dertaken. The report deems that the reservoir, it may cause parts thick water-proof stratum has experts have to a large extent of the bank to become loose or excellent retaining conditions, realized the possible dangerous some layers of land to begin slid- without any problem of seepage. outcome that reservoir-caused hag, but this cannot affect the The report argues that around earthquake might bring about basic stability of the edge. the dam-site earthquake pheno- and consequently have offered a Currently, along the bank of mena are inconspicuous, weak set of feasible evaluating meth- the river's mainstream, experts and infrequent. Earthquake re- ods, though the mechanism of its have found 270 spots prone to cords of the 2,000 years prior to formation and process of devel- collapse or landslide, each of 1959 show that within 300 kilo- opment have so far not been es- them exceeding 100,000 cubic metres of the site, there had been sentially uncovered in the stage metres, the total volume reach- 19-earthquakes among which of exploration. At the present hag 1.7-2.0 billion cubic metres. three had a shock of 6.5 magni- time, the possibility of a ]~ight of them, over one million tude and one of 6.25 magnitude; reservoir-caused earthquake in cubic metres in total volume, are all occurred 200 kilometres away parts of the area still exists, but still developing while 14 show from the site. Even those of 5-6 even if it occurs, no serious harm signs of instability, bringing the magnitude were 130 kilometres can threaten the project's safety total to 320-390 million cubic away. Therefore, the reservoir because of its geological ad- metres. If all the bulk of these 22 district generally has a relative- vantages and some rational potential collapses and landslides ly good crust stability, a typical earthquake-proof designs. became destabilized and plunged weak-earthquake geological envi- into the water, it would have lit- ronment. The state seismological About Landslide tle effect on the capacity and durability of the reservoir. Scat- departments have determined The edge of the Three Gorges tered along the banks as they are, and ratified the basic earthquake Reservoir is 1,300 kilometres not one of them could block up intensity of the area as 6 degrees. long in all, and mainly composed the river if it fell into the water- In respect to a project still of solid rock without large areas stored reservoir, or form "a dam under consideration, the Three of accumulated loose materials. in front of the dam." In addition, Gorges Project is quite unique in Therefore, according to the re- the Sanxia Reservoir will widen the world in terms of the scope port, the reservoir has fairly the water surface 200 to 800 and depth of the research into good conditions for geological metres and deepen the water reservoir-caused earthquakes un- stability. Once water is stored in depth by dozens or even one Heavy-calibregeological drilling. hundred metres, so that any chance of obstruction to shipping due to collapses or landslides would be rendered highly un- likely. Silt Problem The report concludes: The silt system in the Three Gorges can not perceptibly increase or decrease judging from research re- suits, various angles and the present materials on silt. In recent decades, soil erosion in some areas along the upper reaches of the Changjiang River has increased, however, the annual silt discharge volume in the main stream as monitored at Cuntan and Yichang stations has not yet grown apparently, mainly because of a combination of factors in the upper" reaches including geology, land forma-

24 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 CHINA I tion, climate and rain. During 1981 and 1984, storm con- centrating in the heavy silt- producing zone resulted in a higher silt discharge volume at Yichang, a phenomenon which has also previously occurred in history. Since 1985, the silt volume has dropped below the average figure. Therefore it is reason- able to take the silt data obtained over the years from actual mea- suring as the basis of the silt research in the Three Gorges project. The reservoir effective storage capacity has long been a hot question. According to the point of the report, the Changjiang Experimental research on the silt model for the project. River possesses abundant water early working period, the silt 11 county seats and two cities. and low silt content. In light of particles basicall, will not settle More than 720,000 people will the practical experiences of the in the reservoir; at the same have to move. The inundated Sanmenxia and Heisonglin reser- property and goods include 44 voirs as well as the demand for time, the stretch more than 1,800 km. down-river from the dams is sites of cultural relics. flood control in the middle and plentiful in silt, thus, the total The feasibility investigation lower reaches, the Three Gorges silt volume in the Changjiang regards the index of inundated project will be operated like the items reliable and qualified to be following: when the silt volume River mouth will not perceptibly decrease, nor will it affect sea taken as the basis of the mig- increases in the flood season, rants' settlement programme, the lower water level will be main- beach development adversely. Then what about the effect of investment estimation and the tained in the front of the dam in silt up-stream from the reservoir policy decisions. According to order to discharge the silt and the 1986's policy and price calcu- lessen the deposit of silt in the --Chongqing Port? The report states: After the Three Gorges lation, the migration investment rear of reservoir; when the silt is 11.061 billion yuan. The mig- content is less at the end of flood reservoir has been working many years and experiencing extreme- rants can be settled within their season, the water level will be native counties 8r even their na- increased gradually to the nor- ly dry years as well as silt- bumper years, some sections of tive townships. The whole pro- mal storage level. When the dry gramme may go along with the season of the second year arrives, the river may temporarily lack sufficient width and depth for reservoir's regional development the water level will be lowered in and construction in order to order to satisfy the demand for transportation and navigation. However, these problems can be bring about a prosperous econo- power generation and river tran- my and environmental improve- sportation. According to the cal- solved by means of optimizing ment. culations, by employing this the reservoir regulation, dredg- .ing together with port improve- method, after the Three Gorges Environment reservoir works for 100 years, the ment to guarantee the passage of regulation storage capacity for 10,000-ton class ships through According tothe report, the electric power generation will the Chongqing Port which is doz- Three Gorges project will have still remain at 91.5 percent, and ens of kilometres in length. a far-reaching and profound im- at 86 percent for flood preven- pact on the environment. Among tion. The reservoir can be used Migration Problem its advantages are: It will effec- for a long time. Assuming the normal reser- tively lessen the threa.t and des- In regard to the impact of voir storage level to be 175 tructiveness of flood disasters on the Three Gorges project on the metres, 632 square km. of land the densely-populated and econ- Changjiang River mouth, the re- will be inundated between the omically developed plain areas port said, due to the 31-36 per- dam and Chongqing City--240,- on the middle reaches; hell~ prev- cent silt displacement rate at the 000 hectace of cultivated land, ent snail fever on the middle and

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 25 2HINA I lower reaches, improve the cli- tively solid. thousand and 1.23 per thousand, mate in some areas; reduce silt The report said, from the fin- which is lesser than the total in- deposits in the Dongtinghu Lake ancial appraisal, we can see the vestment for the Panzhihua Iron and at the same time serve to investment efficiency of this pro- and Steel Base and the first-term regulate the volumes of water in ject is good. From the 12th year project of the Baoshan Iron and the Changjiang. after the construction begins, Steel Complex. In accordance Untoward effects on the envi- when the project begins to gener- with the economic strength of ronment occur mainly in the re- ate electricity, onto the eight suc- the state in recent times, our servoir region. They include: ceeding construction years, the country has adequate capacity The irretrievable loss, by inun- accumulative income from the to undertake such specially large dation, of some historical sites, sale of electricity will reach 39.22 basic project, with good econo- of the natural beauty of the billion yuan. At the same time, mic results. Simultaneously this Three Gorges scenery and of 2.5 billion yuan will be turned will have a great influence on the some cultivated land. over to the state in various kinds national economy. The plan will Threat of extinction of race of taxes and for construction succeed if we only remain cau- species, such as the dolphins (Li- funds of energy, resources and tious, draw up an all-round pro- potes vexillifer); tendency to lan- communications. The pay-off gramme, rationalize investment dslides reservoir-induced earth- period of the investment will be structure, and adopt effective qualte; these effects may be dim- 20.6 years, which means the pro- methods to guarantee the key inished by the adoption of appro- ject can pay off all its investment construction. priate measures. in the second year of its comple- In terms of materials, the Relatively minor effects on eli- tion. From the 21st year, the an- domestic production capacity is mate in some areas, some hydrol- nual income from selling elec- ogical factors, people's health adequate. The quantity demand- tricity will grow to 7.5 billion ed for the Sanxia Project in bulk and terrestrial animals and yuan. After all loans are paid, plants. Suitable measures may materials such as rolled steel, the project will annually turn lessen the harm. timber and cement, account only over 3.56 billion yuan to the state In addition, it is difficult at for 0.12-0.33 percent of the state financial department, the prof- present to calculate the potential total supply, a small proportion. its and tax totalling 5.41 billion harm to marine life in the upper Part of the Timber and rolled yuan, the rate of return on the reaches, regional ecology as well steel can be imported in order to investment up to 12.1 percent, a as the ecological environment of reduce the pressure on domestic higher rate than the average 9 the river mouth and the neigh- supplies as well as large construc- percent of the national electric bouring sea. tion machinery and equipment power industry. Its annual total which cannot be produced here. Investment Calculation profit and tax exceeds the entire The single machine capacity of investment of the Gezhouba pro- the water turbogenerator unit is Inthe "feasibility report, the ject. investment calculation in the above 500,000 KW which also has not yet been produced in the Three Gorges project is based The Capacity of the State on 1986 market prices. The total country. The plan is to buy part static investment is 36.108 bil- The report regards that, in of the equipment with foreign lion yuan with 18.767 billion terms of flood prevention, elec- loans, simulta~aeously importing yuan investd in the key project, tric power generation and river the technology to gradually 11,061 billion yuan for migra- transportation, the Sanxia Pro- change over to domestic prod- tion and 6.28 billion yuan in the ject is in harmony with the coun- uction. The total foreign invest- transmission station or electric try's developmental needs, some ment used in this plan will not substation. of which are very urgent. Its exceed US$1 billion, a sum which Because the Three Gorges pro- scale does not exceed the capaci- will not cause the country any ject's hydrology, geological con- ty or resources of the state. difficulty. As for the actual ditions and engineering designs Judging from the future of na- work, the construction team have been researched for many tional economy, the country is of the Gezhouba Engineering years and checked many times, it financially able to construct the Bureau, an experienced team is impossible that any important Sanxia project. During construc- trained in practical work at the item has been left out. The report tion, the rate of the project in- Gezhouba construction site, is regards the basis of the prelimi- vestment to the GNP and nation- capable of undertaking the task nary investment calculation rela- al income is respectively 0.73 per at Three Gorges. []

26 BEIJINQ REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 CHINA I

THREE GORGES PROJECT(3) Why I Am Against the Project by Sun Yueqi, deputy director of the Economic Commission of the CPPCC

he Three Gorges project has see the dangerous section of the control flood only in the upper been discussed for 33 years, Jingjiang River dam. Along the reaches of the Chuanjiang River, T but owing to objections from way we invited local people from • but not in the middle and lower various sides, it has not been car- the Party and-government and reaches. Moreover, ff a reservoir tied out. In 1986, the State Coun- from all walks of life to have in the gorges can have only a cil again ordered the Ministry discussions with us. Our survey small capacity, it would suffer Of Water Resources and Electric took 38 days. from losses by flood from the Pov/er to re-examine the recom- Back in Beijing, we .wrote a reservoir, and would be ham- mendations and evidence. At report to the CPPCC Nation- pered by the necessity to move that time, I Was Economic Con- al Committee, the Party Central the population; in short, it is struction Group leader of the Committee and the State Coun- impossible to build the Three CPPCC. It is a great honour to cil, giving our opinions on com- Gorges dam very high. The past be invited, by the Ministry of prehensive control of the tentative programme for setting Water Resources and Electric Changjiang River and suggesting the normal water level at 235 Power, as one of the special con- that the Three Gorges project metres drawn up by the PlannLag sultants of a leading group to should be postponed. We also ad- Office of the Changjiang River make investigations. Now the vocated control of the tributories was rejected because it would meeting to re-consider the evid- first and of the trunk second, and submerge half the Sichuan basin. ence on the Three Gorges project that flood prevention be carried Then the programme considered held by the ministry has ended. out on the plain.. later decided on 150 metres, and It would be unworthy of my post I will now say something about the recently adopted programme and responsibility if I did not flood prevention, electric power (of first-grade development, speak up at this session. generation and navigation in re- building up once, storing wat- In spring 1985, in order to lation to the Three Gorges pro- er gradually and moving peo- learn the situation of the Three ject. ple successively, with a height of Gorges project, our economic Flood Prevention 185 metres and a normal water construction group decided to set "On problems of preventing level of 175 metres) has a storage up an investigation group made flood, it is necessary to avoid the capacity of only 22.1 billion cu- up of 10 people headed by me illusion of waiting for the Three bic metres. This is inadequate for and including members of the Gorges project to solve them and flood prevention in the middle CPPCC and experts. The subject of thinking that everything will and lower reaches. If a flood like of the investigation was "A plan go off without a hitch in building that of 1954 should occur again, for comprehensive control over the project," Premier Zhou Enlai we wouM have to deal with 70 the Changjiang (Yangtze) River remarkbd in the "Opinion on the billion cubic metres of flood wat- valley and problems connected Three Gorges key water control er. If a flood like that of 1870 with the Three Gorges project." project and programme for the struck, the dam would need to The group left Beijing for Changjiang River" adopted at hold 50 billion cubic metres. Chengdu on May 30. There they the Chengdu Meeting of the Cen- However, the Three Gorges re- made a survey of Sichuan's Du- tral Committee held in 1958. I servoir could handle only a small jiang Dam and the upper reaches think that this "opinion" con- of the Minjiang River. From a forms to the Changjiang River's portion. Moreover, the reservoir boat they surveyed the site cho- characteristics. It is still highly would get smaller as it silted up sen for the Three Gorges dam at practical today. for a certain number of years. It Saadouping. We went to Yich- The Three Gorges project can- could only take over part of ang, passing through the lock of not prevent floods in the middle the flood volume stored at the the Gezhouba dam, and then and lower reaches. Jingjiang flood-diversion areas traveled to Jingzhou and Shashi The project is limited by its and above the Chenglingji areas. City in Hubei Province by car to geographical conditions. It can As for areas near Wuhan, it

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 27 :HIN/ could neither lower the flood water le-vel there, nor decrease the volume of stored .water, to say nothing of the lower reaches in Jiangxi and Anhui provinces. Flooding of the Three Gorges Reservoir would bring serious losses to the ecological environment. Losses incurred by inundation of the Three Gorges reservoir would win a world record in the history of water resource construction. Under a normal stored water level of 175 metres, the over flow would Submerge 430,- 000 mu, nearly 30,000 hectares of cultivated land, excluding land needed by moving of cities and towns and by factory con- At a discussion, experts freely express their views on the Three Gorges Project. struction as well as land silted up XU CHANGJUN by mud and sand. Areas around the proposed Three Gorges reser- er storage level, which calls for no indication that the planning voir are undeveloped, with many moving 330,000 or 500,000 peo- office was studying a programme people and little arable land. The ple. The amount of investment for flood control in the upper population has increased far be- needed and the results on the reaches; the next programme for yond the capacity of the land to ecological environment incurred building a reservoir at the trunk support it. If vast areas of fer- in moving more than 1 million and tributaries of the upper tile land are submerged again, it people from the two sides of the reaches still focused on flood would be a great detriment to Three Gorges reservoir in the prevention in the middle reach- grain production. It would also mountain areas should be consi- es, and made no mention of the be very difficult to build new dered carefully. upper reaches. A reservoir at the cities near the reservoir on The Three Gorges reservoir Three Gorges would cause water mountainous territory after the would increase flooding in Si- during a flood to back up original fertile land in the reser- chuan. further, making Sichuan's flood voir areas has been flooded. To Floods in the middle and lower worse. The Chuanjiang River, open up new land would increase reaches of the Changjiang River 17 kilometres downstream from water and soil erosion. So to re- are disastrous, while floods in the Chongqing, is blocked-by the settle a large number of migrants upper reaches in Sichuan are also Tongluo Gorge. This will lead to would subject the environment very serious. The planning office raising Chongqing's water level. to further damage. of the Changjiang River valley After a high dam is built at the At a normal water storage lev- should consider flood prevention Three Gorges, the effect will be el of 175 metres, the number of in the upper, as well as the mid- exacerbated. migrants, according to a survey dle and lower reaches. It is ab- If the great dam is built at a made in 1985, would be 725,500 solutely wrong to pay attention height of 185 metres, in case an people. In view of the natural only to the middle reaches while exceptionally large flood such as increase in population from the disregarding the upper reaches. that of 1870 occurred again, ~ve year 1985 to 2008 (in reality, The 1981 flood and that of would make the best use of the even later), and land occupied by 1870, the worst in history both reservoir to block flood in order migrants because of the moving occurred in the upper reaches of to ensure the security of flood of thickly populated cities and the Changjiang River, with disas- prevention at the Jingjiang Dam towns, the actual number of peo- trous results. However, the plan- and to decrease flood in the mid- ple who would need to move ning office of the Changjiang dle reaches; in this case, the stor- would reach 1.13 million. This is River valley has never paid at- age water level would be bound a big difference compared with tention to flood prevention in the to exceed 180 metres. Moreover, the situation under the previous upper reaches. After the huge a flood year means a great sand programme for a 150-metres wat- 1981 flood in Sichuan, there was year. In the process of storing

28 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 ]HIN/

flood water, a huge amount of Electric Power Generation allows for routine navigation mud and sand can silt up the end during dry seasons. The Changjiang River valley is of the reservoir. This will ser- Opening up the tributaries very rich in water resources. Ac- iously influence navigation and brings every province into play. cording to the planning office's will raise the flood water level For example, Hunan Province • statistics, the whole valley can at Chongqing to 200 metres or can voluntarily help solve the yield nearly 200 million KW of more! It will also increase flood problem of migrants in order to hydroelectric power and 4,440 disasters, injuries, deprivation build a power station on the hydroelectric stations can be and death among the people in Yuanjiang River; Hubei Prov- built on the tributaries totalling the Sichuan Basin! And a great ince can voluntarily collect 600 106.59 million kw. amount of mud and sand carried million yuan to support the Ge- Development of water resources by the Jialingjiang River will silt heyan project on the Qingjiang should be: tributaries first and up its mouth, further raising its River. Sichuan Province can col- trunk second. flood water level and increasing lect funds to support the Ertan The Changjiang River has the harm. project on the Yalong River, and many tributaries which them- I think that it is not suitable to also to develop the Qujiang and selves are big rivers, such as the Qijiang rivers for navigation and carry out the project of the Three Yalong, the Minjiang, the Dadu Gorges unless its key problems power generation. River, the Jialing, the Qijiang, Scale of investment must con- are cleared up and solved. When the Wujiang and the Chishui riv- tributaries in the upper reaches, form with the country's economic ers in the upper reaches; the strength. where floods often occur, where Xiangjiang River, Hanjiang, mud and sand are easily dis- At present, the scale of our Qingjiang and Ganjiang rivers in investment in capital construc- placed are basically controlled, the middle reaches; the Huaihe, then it is relatively suitable to tion is very big and needs to be the Oujiang and the Minjiang more strictly controlled and cut begin the project. rivers in the lower reaches. Many People in the reservoir areas down. If it is increased in the hydroelectric power stations can huge amounts required by the cannot depend merely on the so- be built on these rivers. Many called fees allocated to them for Three Gorges's project, which people have put forward various cannot go into operation for a migration; they need to make ef- programmes for developing hy- forts to develop the economy of long time, other projects for elec- droelectric stations on these tri ~ trification would be squeezed out their own area. butaries. All can generate more as well as other key and capital The natural scenery and an- than 10 million KW of electric- construction projects. cient historical and cultural sites ity. We should not build the The Gezhouba Dam, to give around the Three Gorges rank Three Gorges reservoir first and just one example, squeezed out among the ten major wonders in develop the tributaries later. projects for the Qingjianggehey- China. They are valuable tour- To open the tributaries first an and other hydroelectric power ist resources. A developed tour- would have advantages of small- stations. If we had built one hy- ist industry can also bring in for- scale, short-term construction, droelectric power station after eign exchange which can be used for supplying electricity in the another on the four tributaries as capital for introducing tech- near future, before the year -- the Qingjianggeheyan, the nology. 2000. Even if the construction of Yuanshuiwuqiangxi, the Lishui- Historically, one:sidedness on the Three Gorges dam is carried jiangya and Zishuifuxikou in- the question of harnessing the out soon, it cannot generate pow- stead of the Gezhouba project Changjiang River has consisted er until the beginning Of the next carried out in 1970, they could mainly of insufficient investiga- century. So it cannot meet the have generated a total of 2.97 tion and understanding, which present needs for electricity as million KW. As compared with lead to bad results. If a decision distant water cannot quench pre- the 2.715 million KW of the Ge- is hastily,made on the .project, it sent thirst. zhouba Dam, this is 255,000 KW may not only bring disaster to To exploit the tributaries, more. Moreover, they would later generations, but also might opening up navigatibn should be have needed less funds than were create obstacles to the second combined with power generation. invested in Gezhouba; and could phase of our present economic During the dry season, power have gone into use earlier. All development strategy. This is stations on the tributaries should four tributaries are important in • why I don't agree with the deci- generate electricity, and allow flood prevention, navigation and sion to build a dam 185 metres water to flow to the trunk to irrigation. The Gezhouba Dam high. deepen the shipping lanes. This took 18 years, and began to ge-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 29 ;HIN.a nerate electricity 11 years after it in the southwestern areas. If dangerous threat to Sichuan was begun. The constn~ctipn was there appear problems, the over- Province. slow, the quality of power is in- all economic development would A report made in June 1986 by ferior and its efficiency is Ix)or. not only be influenced but leave the experts group of the Three In exploiting the Changjiang a legacy of trouble to future ge- Gorges Project of the World River's electric power potential, nerations as well. The Chuan- Bank stated, "The problem of is it preferable to open up the jiang River's navigation cannot mud and sand is one of the most tributaries first and the trunk la- be replaced by any other ways. important problems in the Three .ter in line with local conditions, "Navigation first" was put for- Gorges project. Although much or to build a huge Three Gorges ward by Premier Zhou Enlai in research work has been done, Dam first? I suggest that a com- the two meetings held respective- more effort should be made to parison of the two programmes ly in June 1971 and November further study and ascertain the be discussed carefully at this 1972. His words comform to both exact volume of sludge in the meeting. the objective and natural con- reservoir and to predict the Chief Engineer Hong Qingyu ditions in the Chuanjiang Riv- depth of waterway after silting of the planning office of the er and the comprehensive de- up in the moving backwater area. Changjiang River valley said, velopment of technological and The influence of silt deposits in "Investment per KW unit in the economic effeciency in the moving backwater areas on wat- Three Gorges is low." "Some Changjiang River valley. erways is the most serious prob- comrades adding on factors of The height and runoff volume lem in the Three Gorges project, interest and price hikes claim of the 'Changjiang River rank and it is necessary to make a that 'it needs 60 billion or 100 third in the world, and for years, careful investigation. The predic- billion yuan, but they don't add the averal~e sand transmission tion and conclusion based on it them to other power stations. In volume ranked fourth. However, should be assessed in an overall that way, you can't really com- owing to over-felling of trees in way." pare." Our investigation group the upper reaches, water and soil To develop navigation first really did mention 60 billion erosion and the increase of mud needs to harness waterways. yuan, but the investment investi- and sand, the average annual In the past 30 or so years after gation department of the Con- sand transmission volume in the liberation, the Chuanjiang River struetion Bank specially in past six years has reached 680. course was brought under con- charge of capital construction million tons; it might probably trol. About 100 million yuan was made a higher estimate than now rank third in the world. invested in some 650 kilometres OURS. It is hard to solve the sludge of waterways. The depth of the In 1985, the working group of problem. shallowest waterway was in- the Three Gorges of the United The Changjiang River is a creased from 2.1 metres to 2.9 States estimated that the project multiple sands river. To build metres, and the present annual needed US$ 8.5 billion excluding a high dam on the Chuanjiang freight volume is about 5 mil- expenditures on migrants, while River is bound to bring about a lion tons. It is estimated that the Canada estimated that it needed great amount of mud and sand freight volume can reach 15 mil- US$10.6 billion, without indi- which naturally enter the reser- lion tons in the year 2000, about cating whether it includes expen- voir areas of the Three Gorges. 30 million tons in 2015, and 50 ses for migrants or not. In short, This would seriously influence million tons in 2030. In order to they all made higher estimates navigation, and lower its effi- meet the needs of development than our planning office. ciency in power generation. in the southwestern areas, con- Navigation In the 175 metres programme, tinuous efforts should be made I think that the planning and although backwater can reach di- to harness the waterways of the harnessing of the Chuanjiang rectly above Chongqing, the Chuanjiang River on a large River should focus on naviga- sludge in the backwater from the scale by deepening the channels, tion, and not "flood preven- reservoir inlet may change areas reducing dangerous shoals and tion first." This is because the and approach Chongqing har- controlling river sections. At the Changjiang River is China's big- bour and the mouth of the Jial- same time, port construction and gest and the most important ing River, blocking the navi- transformation should be carried channel for navigation, and is a gation course. Moreover, out and on trunk lines the freight big artery linking the southwest- sludge deposite on the river bed volume of ships should be in- ern, central and eastern China's will also raise the flood water creased, navigation technology economies. It is also a key export level, so that flood disasters in improved, more ships added and mouth to foreign transportations the upper reaches will be a more management made more effi-

30 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3*9, 1989 .'HINI

cient. Through survey and cal- different levels must be accom- an experts in water resources and culation and after adopting the plished before the Three Gorges electric power advocated a pro- above measures, the capacity of project. This is also a component gramme for a 160- or 150-metre waterways in the Chuanjiang part of the comprehensive con- storage-water level, or advocated River can reach about 30 million trol of the Changjiang River val- carrying out two-stage develop- tons. ley. I think that the Ministry of ment. In addition to one grade in It is believed that the first Communications' realistic, pract- the Three Gorges, they suggested that another grade be started stage of harnessing will need a ical method of proceeding is very near Fuling. This would reduce 500 million yuan investment, correct. and the capacity of navigation the number of migrants and the At the tenth enlarged meeting accumulation of silt in the areas can reach 10 to 15 million tons. of the leading group investigat- near the Chongqing port. I and In the second stage, large-scale ing the Three Gorges project more than ten other members of harnessing will need more than held from February 27 to March the CPPCC who attended the 1 billion yuan, and the capacity 7, a feasibility report on the pro- meeting all stood for the pro- will reach about 30 million tons. ject was adopted by the majority, gramme of tributaries first, This accords with China's na- and the programme for a normal trunk second, and flood preven- tional conditions and financial storage water level of 175 metres tion in the plains.. Experts in means. Realistic measures to was decided on. They still think navigation maintain that water- meet the needs of navigation de- that "it is advantageous to build ways should be dredged, while velopment in the Chuanjiang earlier than later," and to "start experts in ecological environ- River within 20 years should be construction at the earliest date." ment hold that the Three Gorges adopted without delay. project will have a far-reaching In my speech at this meeting, I Harnessing the tributary and influence on the ecological envi- said that I had a different opi- the trunk waterways should be co- ronment and these aspects merit nion about this programme. I am ordinated. due attention. Although there against the decision to build the As volume of freight along are many different opinions, trunks of the Changjiang Riv- Three Gorges project early and none of them have been adopt- er increases, a great through- fast. ed. [] transport network should be At this meeting, several veter- formed by using the tributaries leading in all directions (in addition to the land-water coordinated transport in port cities). There are many navigation China Still Welcomes Tourists services along the Changjiang River tributaries, but most of JI he counter-revolutionary rebellion in Beijing, China's capital, them are not up to standard, has been put down. Communications and the social order of have a small turnover and low T life in the city of Beijing and other tourist cities such as Xian, freight volume, and therefore, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin, Hangzhou and Nanjing has re- need to be greatly improved. turned to normal. Constructibn of 33 tributaries On June 13, the Palace Museum (Forbidden City) was reo- is planned by the Ministry of pened. Both international and domestic flights, railway transpor- Communications before the year tation, postal and telecommunications are back in action. All large 2000, and for 15 of them the hotels, restaurants and shops are running as usual. ground-work has already begun. Martial law enforced in some areas of Beijing should notaffect Some of the construction has visitors in their tours and everhng recreational activities, and their been started as part of the Sev- safety is guaranteed. enth Five-Year Plan (1986-90). The National Tourism Administration (NTA) solemnly pro- For example, the waterway be- claims that the safety of overseas tourists who come to visit China tween Yibin and Chongqing has has never been affected and can be guaranteed. Tourists may been opened to navigation for execute their visits and tours as planned. They are welcome to visit barges with a capacity of 1,000 China and do not need to change their travel itineraries. tons so as to link the channel The NTA gives its hearty thanks to overseas travel agencies between Chongqing and Yich- including those in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan which have ang. Control of the waterways of been organizing tourist trips to China and welcomes them to come the Minjiang and Chishui rivers and check out the tours conducted in China. o and channeling the Qujiang at

BI~IJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 31 CULTURE/SCIENCE| Remains of Peking Man Suggest Chinese Origins

ne fine, crisp morning I contents and the overall findings In addition to hunting and went to Zhoukoudian, 50 provide a history of Peking Man. gathering food in the wilds, the o kilometres southwest of Unfortunately, the human fos- Upper Cave Man had learned to central Beijing, to visit the home sils recovered before the Anti- catch fish and shell fish, thus of the world-famous Peking Man, Japanese War disappeared while broadening his diet. cave dwellers whose existence has they were being transferred to Also noteworthy is that these been dated back about 500 millen- places of safety and their wherea- cave dwellers were beauty- ilia. bouts are still Unknown. conscious compared with the ape- • Discovdred in 1929, Peking Today, small tags are placed in men below and adorned them- Man, or Sinanthropus pekinensis, the cave to indicate where a parti- selves with beads, rings and other is believed to be the ancestor of cular relic was found. The cave is odd-shaped ornaments made of the modern Chinese. The caves now a centre for the study of hu- bones and stones. where their fossils were found are man evolution and attracts many The latest discovery of a cave located in Longgushan or Dragon anthropologists from abroad. home of primitive humans was Bone Hill, about 70 metres high. With mixed feelings of nostal- made in 1973, also in this small As I made my way up the steps gia and curiosity, I examined the hill. Studies of teeth unearthed leading to the caves, birds could relics intently and tried to pic- here indicated that the dwellers be heard in the thicket of trees, ture in my mind a group of low- here occupied a stage between deepening the sense of tranquility. browed, high-cheekboned, and Peking Man and the Upper Cave I felt I was not climbing a hill so big-mouthed ape-men sharpening Man. The ash deposits in the cave much as stepping backward to- stone tools and roasting animals contained elephant bones and wards the origin of human so- over fire here in the cave while bones of small insect eaters. ciety. their women made clothes of The fossils of cave dwellers in After a while I reached the nar- leaves or fed their children. Beijing are clues to the origin row crevice halfway up the hill These cave dwellers had learned of Chinese race. Wu Xinzhi, a and I sensed this must be one of to use fire for warmth, protection Chinese anthropologist, said, "Up- the caves. And indeed it was. and cooking. But the thick deposit per Cave Man represents primi- The cave ape-men used as a of ashes suggests they had not tive Mongoloid type and is closely shelter against the elements 500,- yet learned to generate fire them- related to the ancestors of mod- 000 years ago is about 20 metres selves and still had to preserve fire ern Chinese, Eskimo and Ameri- high and half the size of a basket- they found in nature. can Indian though some typical ball court. The cave roof had al- Analysis of animal remains in Mongolian characters were not ready collapsed, allowing sunlight the cave revealed bison, deer, tig- yet well developed at that time." to streak in. er, bear, wolf, wild horse, cheetah, Jia Lanpo, author of "Early This otherwise unimposing cave woolly rhino, beaver, otter, giant Man in China," only partly suddenly rose to fame in Decem- camel and ostrich. agreed with Wu. This is because, ber 1929 when Professor Pei Wen- Such an abundance of animals he said, radiocarbon testing dated zhong unearthed the first well- suggests that the Beijing area used Upper Cave Man as 18,000 years preserved skull-cap of Peking to contain forests, marshes and old and Jia believes the develop- Man. grassland, and that the climate ment of Mongolian characteristics The importance of this find lies was much warmer and humid had begun long before then. in that it allowed scientists tO than what is now. The fossils in the cave also re- study its relationship with other From this cave, I followed a vealed the enormous environmen- known human fossils and esta- winding path further uphill to an- tal changes of the past 500,000 blish his lineage. other cave. This one, smaller than years, making us all the more Excavations later yielded more that occupied by ape-men, housed aware of possible eoological disas- skull-caps and fossils belonging to the much more advanced homo ters looming ahead of ma.nidnd. about 40 individuals of varying sapiens who lived about 18,000 On the way back, I thought: A ages, a large quantity of animal years ago and were capable of man's life span is just a flash of bones, thousands of stone imple- making fire, drilling, grinding and light in the galaxy of human his- ments and other relics. sewing. tory. Yet his life is made possible All these were dug from a de- The finding of bone needles by, more than 500,000 years of hu- posit more than 40 metres deep. suggests that people at this time man evolution. Mankind is not The deposit consists of 13 layers. knew how to sew pieces of animal created by God but by itself. Each yielded its own distinctive skin into garments. by Cai Xlanfeng 32 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 .till II II! :t ~l~,,."Itl I =1 ~ ill ~1

Zhongpei, the exhibition also East-West Exchanges in Ceramics showed a specially close relationship between Chinese and Ja- n exhibition of Ceramics the Japanese gallery, said, "The panese ceramics. jointly sponsord by China's craftsmanship of these pottery and China is the birthplace of cer- A Palace Museum and Japan's porcelain ware reflects the course amics. Before 1,400 BC it had Idemitsu Gallery was held in the of the exchanges between East and baked the beaut~ul, solid glazed Forbidden City in Beijing last West." pottery. In the Eastern Han Dy- May. But according to the curator nasty (25-220), there appeared ce- Named "The Ceramic Road" of the Palace Museum, Zhang ladon. The Chinese knew how to the exhibition compx,ised about The plate on the left was baked at Jingdszhsn In the 17th century. With a design 170 pieces of celadon, white por- featuring blue flowers and an immortal, It Is 28.6 cm in diameter. On the right is celain and painted potter which a similarly named plate made in Italy in the 18th century, 28.2 cm in diameter. were collected by the Idemitsu Gallery and were fired in China, Japan, Iran, the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, Germany, Italy and other countries. The exhibition was centred on China's ancient pottery. European ceramics and ceramic objects from the Middle East and Near East of the 17th centuries were comparatively displayed with their models--Chinese and Ja- panese wares revealing the history of the interaction of ceramics between East and West. Shosuke Idemitsu, curator of Three flasks from the 18th century designed with blue flowers and the eight produce white porcelain in the Buddhist emblems of good omen. That in the midddle Is 50 cm high and was sixth century and the magnificent" baked In Jlngdezhon in Chlna's Jlangxi Province. That on the left is 53.7 cm high tri-coloured glazed pottery of the and the one on the right 48 cm. They' were respectively baked In Delft in the Netherlands and In France. Tang Dynasty came in the eighth century. As these ceramics entered into the daily life of the Chinese, their production increased contin- uously so that some was exported. Cultural relics unearthed in Asian and African areas show that the earliestChinese ceramics there ~8 were made in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). On the one hand, Chi- na's ancient ceramics made a not- able impact abroad; on the other hand, they were influenced from the outside. For instance, among the exhibited articles, there is an ewer of tri-coloured glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty designed in the shape of a phoenix head, which is Very similar to the Irani- an designed one. In the Song Dynasty (960-1279 ), along with the rapid increase in production, ceramic exports developed greatly. Korean celadon and some of the Japanese products clearly reflected the Song influ-

BEIJING REVIEW,JULY 3-9, 1989 33 CULTURE/SCIENCE|

enc¢. France, Germany and Italy prod- Carved with water birds and de- In the 14th century during the uced in succession ceramics mo- signs of human faces, the gold stick Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), Jing- deUed on Chinese and Japanese from the No. 1 pit is believed to be dezhen in present-day Jiangxi designs, but with their own char- a symbol of royal power. Legend Province created the novel and acteristics. says that the ancient king of Shu, graceful blue and white porcelain, A flask designed with a blue Yu Fu, used a water bird as his which was treasured by the whole flowery pattern indicating good surname. Fu literally means wild duck in Chinese. world. Among ceramics produced luck and baked in Jingdezhen in Among more than 60 bronze hu- in Egypt, Syria and Turkey in the 18th century found its replica man statues unearthed from the the 15th and 16th centuries, there among the Delft articles. A ceram- No. 2 pit, there is only one life-size, were articles vividly modelled on ic object made in France in the standing human statue. This slim, the Chinese blue and white porce- 18th century was also found to 1.72-metre-tall statue wears a high lain. have the same designs, except that corona and two bracelets on its feet, In the 16th century, Portuguese its background was baked into yel- with the two hands placed in front and Spanish merchants began to low. of the chest. The whole statue pre- ship Chinese ceramicsto Europe A Japanese octagonal plate fired sents a leisurely air and possesses for sale. Within 80 years, the in the 18th century based its de- natural grace. The other statues are Dutch East India Co. sold more sign pattern on an old Chinese sto- dr6ssed differently and all the fa- than l0 million Chinese ceramic ry telling how young Sima Guang cial expressions show pain. The pieces. They became indispensable broke a water vat in order to save bronze tree is 1.4 metres high. ornaments in the families of Euro- his friend who had fallen into it. Legend says that, after he died, pean nobles. The plate was conspicuously imi- Du Yu, a descendant of Yu Fu, turned into a cuckoo which called .One could see from the exhibi- tated by Germany and Britain in tion that much porcelain designed sorrowfully every early spring. Ex- the 18th'century. perts think that the No. 2 pit is the with blue flowers on a white back- According to many experts, the one which the ancient Shu people ground, baked by the Delft kiln of exhibition displayed the history of used to offer sacrifices at King Du the Netherlands in the 17th cen- a rich cultural exchang between Yu's funeral. tury, was obviously modelled on East and West as well as offering Historical records say that during China's Jingdezhen porcelain. valuable material for 0ae compar- the reign of King Du Yu, a serious Even their design patterns were ative study of the developing story flood occurred. Archaeological dis- the same. of ceramics. coveries in recent years have veri- From the 18th century, Britain, by Wei Liming fied that the flood led to the disap- pearance of ancient Sanxingdui. In fact, since local farmers acci- Archaeological Progress in Sichuan dentally discovered a pit of jade stone when they dug a channel 60 fter three years of study Mamu Riv~ in the south. Together years ago, Sanxingdui has been and excavation, archaeolo- with the Yazi River in the north haunted by archaeologists. In the gists have finally verified and the Mamu, the wall formed early 60s, archaeologist Feng Han- that the Sanxingdui historical site a protective screen of either mud ji observed that somewhere around in Guanghan City, in southwest bricks or water. Sanxingdui was probably one of the China's Sichuan Province, was the Archaeologist Chen Dean con- central cities of the ancient State capital of the ancient State of Shu firmed that the screen formed by of Shu. By the early 80s, large some 3,000 years ago. The discover- the wall and waterways showed the amounts of jade, pottery and bone ies at Sanxingdui three years ago strategic importance of Sanxingdui. ware, dozens of house foundations had intrigued archaeologists at The city without doubt was the cap- of the Shang Dynasty, pottery kilns home and abroad very much. ital of the state. and ash pits were discovered there. In last April's excavation, ar- In summer 1986, archaeologists These made experts aware that the Sanxingdui site had not only a cul- chaeologists found the ancient city discovered by Sanxingdui two sac- rificial pits of the Shang Dynasty tural history of more than 2,000 wall, bank revetment and the ditch- (1600-1100 BC), where some 800 years. The rich variety of the relies es of the city moat. On top of the rare cultural relies were unearthed, and their abundance led to the be- main city wall, there were traces of including a large amount of jade lief that Sanxingdui might not be adobe laid by human hands. The and stone ware, a bronze stand- an ordinary historical site. Later, base of the wall was 40 to 50 metres ing human statue, bronze human members of the Siehuon Archaeo- wide and it had a total length of heads, face masks, a bronze tree logical Institute made the inference around 2,600 metres. The wall was with rare animals and pheasants, .as that Sanxingdui might be the capi- found by the east and west sides of well as branches, leaves and fruit tal of the ancient State of Shu. The the central district of the historical on it, a gold stick and pure gold excavations in the last three years site and in the curve formed by the face guards. have proved that they are right. D

34 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 3-9, 1989 Woodcutsby Yi Zhensheng Yi Zhensheng was born in Xinghua, diangsu Province. He now works at t~e Wuhu Municipal Studio of ~ and Calllgra~ in Anhul Province.

Song Dynasb/PorcelainBe Still Lif:e.

ART PAGE

Herding in Autumn. Ferry. '~{j,

Plum-brand glassware has enjoyed a 36-year history of export to more than 80 countries and regions. With improved technology, new variety, better style and pack- aging, our company's pioducts receive favourable comments from consumers whereve~ they are sold. Now the assortment of Plum-brand glassware include the following products: 1. Machine-moulded products: These include various kinds of cups, beer glasses, teacups, drinking glasses, milk glasses, ash trays, sugar bowls, glass bowls and coffee cups. 2. Machine-blown cups: These include plain-glass cups, printed-glass cups and carved cups in various styles, volumes and models. 3. Broad assortments of individually blown products: These include plaln-glass cups, carved cups, scenic patterns, colourless wine glasses, colourless cut glass vases, jacketed vases, colourless beer sets, seven-piece drinking sets of cups and ves- sels. With varied models, new styles, bright colour and high transparence, the various kinds of glassware are ideal for big or small banquets, restaurants, bars and family use. In addition to the above-mentioned goods customers can also choose from and order the products made by the Tianjin Light Industrial Products Import & Export Corp. that offers sales services and can also process goods according to buyers' samples (including designs).

PIL:m-Brand GLASSW AR

TIAHJIN LIGHT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS IMPORT 6 EXPORT CORP. Addnm: 164 ~ Reed,Tm~l~, Ckim C4~: "INDUSTRY"T'ml~ Tebx=..23142TJUP CN