Putting the Movement Back Into Civil Rights Teaching a Resource Guide for K–12 Classrooms
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Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching A Resource Guide for K–12 Classrooms Edited by Deborah Menkart Alana D. Murray Jenice L. View A publication of Teaching for Change and the Poverty & Race Research Action Council (PRRAC) with contributions from Rethinking Schools. Publication companion website: www.civilrightsteaching.org 58326_001_014.pmd 3 7/2/2004, 9:11 AM Copyright © 2004 by Teaching for Change First edition. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted without prior permission of the publishers, except reproduction for classroom use. Individual authors retain the copyright for their respective texts. The views expressed in this book are those of the individual authors and editors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies or advisors. Manufactured in the United States of America by McArdle Printing. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Putting the movement back into civil rights teaching : a resource guide for classrooms and communities / edited by Deborah Menkart, Alana D. Murray, Jenice L. View.— 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-878554-18-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Civil rights movements—United States—History—20th century—Study and teaching. 2. African Americans—Civil rights—Study and teaching. 3. African Americans— History—1877-1964—Study and teaching. 4. United States—Race relations—Study and teaching. I. Menkart, Deborah. II. Murray, Alana D., 1975- III. View, Jenice. E185.61.P88 2004 323'.0973’071273—dc22 2004010911 Cover Photo Credits Young Black Panthers, Oakland, Alcatraz occupiers Oohosis, a Cree from California, 1969. © Roz Payne Archives. Canada, and Brenda, from San Francisco, www.newsreel.us. 1971. © 2003 Ilka Hartmann. “Power to the People, Black Power to Disability rights activists march from their Black People, Yellow Power to Yellow hotel to blockade door and hallway in U.S. People,” Courthouse, Oakland, California, Capitol, where they met with HHS l969. © Roz Payne Archives. Secretary Donna Shalala. Here they enter www.newsreel.us. the Capitol building. © 1993 Rick Reinhard. International Women’s Day button. © San Francisco Bay Area Committee to March on Washington for Jobs and Celebrate International Women’s Day; Freedom, Washington, D.C., August 1963. reprinted from Asian Americans: The Courtesy of the National Archives and Movement and the Moment. Records Administration School desegregation protest, year The buttons on the back cover, and all unknown. Courtesy of the National uncredited buttons throughout the book, Archives and Records Administration. are courtesy of Roger Lowenstein of the L.A. Leadership Academy. IV 58326_001_014.pmd 4 7/2/2004, 9:11 AM CREDITSCREDITS Editors Proofreading Multiple Roles Teaching for Deborah Menkart Rebekah Benson Lindsey Allard Change Board Alana D. Murray Jessa DeSimone Molly Blank Nizam Ali Jenice L. View Chester Hartman Paddy Bowman Naomi Ayala Advisors Jessica Hays Lisa Brock Margarita Chamorro Bill Bigelow Sue Ruff Brown Foundation Heleny Cook Toni Blackman Production Tamara Brown Carmen Davila Elsa Barkley Brown Coordination and Todd S. Burroughs Carrie Ellis Elise Bryant Promotion Helen Butts Alicia Horton Kate Munning Clayborne Carson Liz Canter Irene Leon Charlie Cobb Jr. Sales Coordination Bonny Cochran Jacob Mann Bill Fletcher Jr. Carolina Valencia Erin Cook Darryl McDuffie Colin A. Danville E. Ethelbert Miller James Forman Interns Jiton Davidson Lori Scott Danny Glover Rishi Awatramani James Early Karen Parker Thompson Juan Gonzalez David Berlin Marco A. Esparza Kate Tindle Lawrence Guyot Josh Daniels Rona Frederick Lynda Tredway Suheir Hammad Alison Leff Katherine France Sylvia Hill LaTasha Tucker Poverty & Race Elizabeth Martínez Kelly A. Gesser Research Action Nancy Murray Funding Amheric Hall Council (PRRAC) Charles Payne Akonadi Foundation Judy B. Hall Board Renee Poussaint The Susan A. and Donald Brenda and John Charles Boger P. Babson Charitable Sonia Sanchez William Harvey Sheila Crowley Foundation Lynda Tredway Cheryl Willis Hudson, Thomas Henderson Center for Language Just Us Books Stephen Ward Elizabeth Julian Minority Education and Maureen Kay S. M. Miller Debbie Wei Research (CLMER) Jill Kubit Don Nakanishi Juan Williams CSULB Enid Lee José Padilla Yohuru Williams Fannie Mae Foundation Joann Malone john powell Howard Zinn George Gund Foundation E. Ethelbert Miller Florence Wagman Resource Coordination Humanities Council of Sandy Paik Roisman Washington, D.C. Chester Hartman Brenda Randolph Anthony Sarmiento Book Design Belvie Rooks Theodore M. Shaw Gwen Farrell, BACE Marta Vizueta Cathi Tactaquin Amy Way Cover Design William Taylor Megan Wells-Jamieson Gene Kim, GKGraphics Philip D. Tegeler Amanda Wheeler-Kay Copyediting Derrick White EdEx Denise Young Indexing Teri Grimwood Layout Consultant Magdalena Lezama Permissions Lisa Moore, text Bev-Freda Jackson, images Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching V 58326_001_014.pmd 5 7/2/2004, 9:11 AM ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS ust as the Civil Rights Movement was the result of the copyediting services, Teri Grimwood for expert index- work of countless people whose names did not make ing, and Jessa DeSimone for skillfully juggling endless Jthe headlines, so too was this book the result of the proofing, permissions calls, and image research. work of many more people than those acknowledged on Our hats off to Lisa Moore, who methodically the cover. found copyright holders and secured reprint permissions Dr. Vincent Harding provided the inspiration with his for most of the book. We wish her luck on her own new book, Hope and History: Why We Must Share the Story publication, Spirited: Affirming the Soul and Black of the Movement. We hope that in some small way this Gay/Lesbian Identity (Redbone Press). book helps to support teachers in their role, described by Credit for the appearance of the book goes to: Dr. Harding, as the “the nurturers and encouragers of all the dreams, all the seeds deep in all the hearts where the z Gwen Farrell, who designed and desktop- future of a redeemed and rescued land now dwells.” published the book in the wee hours of the night while her twin baby boys and preschool- The advisors played a much larger role than is aged daughter were sleeping. We greatly typically expected. They helped shape the overall frame- appreciate her skills and commitment, her work for the book, then literally did the heavy lifting when patience with our dozens of revisions, and her the five-pound, 500-page draft arrived. Many read the good nature when this book grew way beyond entire draft, and their feedback kept us working for its originally estimated size. another three months addressing keen insights. The quality and depth of the book is to their credit; any gaps or z Gene Kim, for applying her artistic and activist problems reflect our own shortcomings in responding to talents to the cover design. their guidance. Our thanks to James Early, who intro- z Steve Louie and graphic designer Mary Kao duced us to many of the advisors. Thanks also to Enid from the UCLA Asian American Studies Lee, Teaching for Change Visiting Scholar, who provided Center Press. We modeled the design of our invaluable comments on the galley. book on their groundbreaking anthology, Asian Americans: The Movement and the Chester Hartman of the Poverty & Race Research Moment (edited by Steve Louie and Glenn Action Council (PRRAC) shares much of the credit for Omatsu, 2001). Not only did they let us adapt bringing this book to light. He played multiple roles, their design, they helped us secure permission including designing a course which led to the concept for to use many of their images. the book, the vital task of securing funds for production and printing, making key contacts for reprint permissions z Bev-Freda Jackson, who began as a PRRAC and promotion, and reading every page for editorial input intern and proved to be so invaluable that she was and proofing. hired as the full-time image researcher. She worked until late each evening, never resting until Although this book is largely a labor of love and many she found just the right images for every article, hours of volunteer labor, we could not have produced it and somehow also kept up with her post-graduate without funding for the real expenses of core staff, studies. printing, promotion, and overhead. We are very grateful to z The many artists, photographers and archivists the Akonadi Foundation, the Susan A. and Donald P. who contributed their work. These include: Babson Charitable Foundation, the CSULB Center for Language Minority Education and Research, Equity in z Ilka Hartmann, who read the galley herself Education Initiatives and Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers so that she could help us identify the to Use Technology Project, the Fannie Mae Foundation, photos and graphics we needed for dozens the George Gund Foundation, and the Humanities Council of articles. of Washington, D.C. z Herbert Randall, whose work is housed at the University of Southern Mississippi We greatly appreciate all the authors and publishers Freedom Summer archives. Choosing who either submitted original texts or allowed us to reprint from his hundreds of photos was daunting, their work. This book is a reflection of your collective as each one tells such moving stories. knowledge and experience. Many thanks also to Dorothy Miller and the staff of EdEx for high-quality and prompt Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching VII 58326_001_014.pmd 7 7/2/2004, 9:11 AM z Roger Lowenstein, who donated as many Highlander Center; Nancy Sherbert at the political button images as we needed from Kansas State Historical Society; Clifford L. his collection of 4,000. He began collecting Muse Jr. at the Howard University Archives when he was a teenager at the March on Moorland-Spingard Research Center; Washington. He now serves as founding Elizabeth Odle at the Nashville Room of the director of the L.A.