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Module16 Emergency Preparedness and Response Module XVI Emergency preparedness and response International Atomic Energy Agency, June 2015 V1.0 Background In 1991, the General Conference (GC) in its resolution RES/552 requested the Director General to prepare 'a comprehensive proposal for education and training in both radiation protection and in nuclear safety' for consideration by the following GC in 1992. In 1992, the proposal was made by the Secretariat and after considering this proposal the General Conference requested the Director General to prepare a report on a possible programme of activities on education and training in radiological protection and nuclear safety in its resolution RES1584. In response to this request and as a first step, the Secretariat prepared a Standard Syllabus for the Post- graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection. Subsequently, planning of specialised training courses and workshops in different areas of Standard Syllabus were also made. A similar approach was taken to develop basic professional training in nuclear safety. In January 1997, Programme Performance Assessment System (PPAS) recommended the preparation of a standard syllabus for nuclear safety based on Agency Safely Standard Series Documents and any other internationally accepted practices. A draft Standard Syllabus for Basic Professional Training Course in Nuclear Safety (BPTC) was prepared by a group of consultants in November 1997 and the syllabus was finalised in July 1998 in the second consultants meeting. The Basic Professional Training Course on Nuclear Safety was offered for the first time at the end of 1999, in English, in Saclay, France, in cooperation with Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires/Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (INSTN/CEA). In 2000, the course was offered in Spanish, in Brazil to Latin American countries and, in English, as a national training course in Romania, with six and four weeks duration, respectively. In 2001, the course was offered at Argonne National Laboratory in the USA for participants from Asian countries. In 2001 and 2002, the course was offered in Saclay, France for participants from Europe. Since then the BPTC has been used all over the world and part of it has been translated into various languages. In particular, it is held on a regular basis in Korea for the Asian region and in Argentina for the Latin American region. In 2015 the Basic Professional Training Course was updated to the current IAEA nuclear safety standards. The update includes a BPTC text book, BPTC e-book and 2 “train the trainers” packages, one package for a three month course and one package is for a one month course. The” train the trainers” packages include transparencies, questions and case studies to complement the BPTC. This material was prepared by the IAEA and co-funded by the European Union. Editorial Note The update and the review of the BPTC was completed with the collaboration of the ICJT Nuclear Training Centre, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia and IAEA technical experts. Module XVI: Emergency preparedness and response CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 5 2 BASIC CONCEPTS ............................................................ 8 2.1 Emergency response .................................................... 8 2.2 Goals of an emergency response ............................... 10 2.3 Goal of emergency preparedness ............................... 10 2.4 Doses and protective actions ...................................... 11 2.5 Exposure pathways ..................................................... 13 2.6 Source term ................................................................ 15 2.7 Dose calculations and Field Monitoring ...................... 16 2.8 Questions .................................................................... 18 3 PREVIOUS NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS ............................... 20 3.1 The Three Mile Island accident ................................... 20 3.2 The Chernobyl accident .............................................. 21 3.3 The Fukushima Daiichi accident ................................. 22 3.4 Questions .................................................................... 23 4 ESTABLISHING RESPONSE CAPABILITY .................... 24 4.1 Assessment of hazards ............................................... 24 4.2 Protection strategies ................................................... 28 Operational criteria .......................................................... 29 Emergency Action Levels (EALs) .................................... 30 Operational Intervention Levels (OILs) ............................ 30 4.3 Concept of operations ................................................. 31 4.4 Allocation of responsibilities ........................................ 33 4.5 Developing emergency plans and a response capability35 4.6 Questions .................................................................... 37 5 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS .............................................. 38 5.1 Managing emergency response operations ................ 38 5.2 Identifying, notifying and activating ............................. 39 Emergency classification ................................................. 39 5.3 Taking mitigatory actions ............................................ 41 5.4 Taking protective actions and other response actions 42 Iodine thyroid blocking (ITB) ............................................ 43 Evacuation ...................................................................... 44 Sheltering ........................................................................ 45 Relocation ....................................................................... 46 Closing off the area ......................................................... 47 Prevention of inadvertent ingestion .................................. 47 Personal decontamination ............................................... 48 Restrictions on food, milk, drinking water and other commodities .................................................................... 49 5.5 Instructions and warnings to affected population ........ 50 5.6 Protecting emergency workers and helpers ................ 51 5.7 Facility status and emergency radiation monitoring .... 54 5.8 Managing the medical response ................................. 57 Triage .............................................................................. 58 Dealing with contaminated individuals ............................. 59 5.9 Public communication during a nuclear emergency .... 59 Page 3 of 87 Module XVI: Emergency preparedness and response Addressing public concerns ............................................. 60 5.10 Managing radioactive waste ........................................ 61 5.11 Mitigating the non-radiological consequences ............. 62 5.12 Terminating the emergency and the transition to recovery ...................................................................... 63 5.13 Questions .................................................................... 64 6 INFRASTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ................................... 66 6.1 Authority ...................................................................... 66 6.2 Organization and staffing ............................................ 67 6.3 Coordination ................................................................ 67 6.4 Plans and procedures ................................................. 69 6.5 Facilities and equipment.............................................. 69 Emergency response facilities and locations .................... 69 Emergency tools, equipment and supplies ....................... 71 Communications .............................................................. 72 6.6 Training, drills and exercises ....................................... 72 6.7 Quality management programme ................................ 73 6.8 Questions .................................................................... 74 7 THE ROLE OF THE IAEA IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE ............................... 75 7.1 IAEA safety standards and other publications in EPR . 77 7.2 Questions .................................................................... 83 8 APPENDIX ........................................................................ 84 8.1 Criteria for use in emergency preparedness and response ..................................................................... 84 9 REFERENCES .................................................................. 86 Page: 4 of 87 Module XVI: Emergency preparedness and response 1 INTRODUCTION Learning objectives After completing this chapter, the trainee will be able to: 1. Realise that no nuclear power plant is 100% safe. 2. Understand the need for an emergency preparedness process to support an effective emergency response. 3. Become familiar with the basic terminology such as nuclear emergency, on-site and off-site areas. 4. Distinguish on-site and off-site emergency preparedness and response. 5. Get to know how this module is organised. Electricity is essential in our everyday lives, and there is no indication that this will change in the future. However, there are different types of power plants for generating electricity and they all have their benefits and drawbacks. Nuclear power plants, which generate 13% of the world’s electricity, have great benefits, but they have drawbacks as well. The possibility of severe nuclear emergency is, without doubt, considered their biggest drawback. A lot of effort has been put into improving
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