Novel Multi-Functional Dental Cement for Enamel Remineralization And

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Novel Multi-Functional Dental Cement for Enamel Remineralization And ISSN: 2469-5734 Shinonaga et al. Int J Oral Dent Health 2018, 4:065 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5734/1510065 Volume 4 | Issue 2 International Journal of Open Access Oral and Dental Health RESEARCH ARTICLE Novel Multi-Functional Dental Cement for Enamel Remineralization and Anti-Cariogenic Bacteria Activity Yukari Shinonaga1*, Kenji Arita1, Rie Imataki2, Michiko Takemura2, Chikoto Nagaishi2, Keiichi 2 1 1 2 2 1 Check for Kagami , Takako Nishimura , Yoko Abe , Sho Aoki , Masae Okuno and Kyoko Harada updates 1Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Japan 2Graduate School of Dentistry (Department of Pediatric Dentistry), Osaka Dental University, Japan *Corresponding author: Yukari Shinonaga, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan, Tel: +81-6-6910-1515, Fax: +81-6-6910-1038 Abstract Introduction Objective: This experimental study evaluated the release The pathophysiological processes of dental caries of fluoride and several minerals related to remineralization lead to mineral loss, which occurs as a result of an im- from a novel functional cement, apatite ionomer cement balance between enamel or dentin demineralization (AIC), and its anti-bacterial properties compared with glass ionomer cement (GIC) and surface pre-reacted glass-iono- and remineralization. Recently, caries management has mer filler containing composite resin (giomer). increasingly adopted more conservative approaches against conventional surgical treatment, depending on Materials and methods: Conventional GIC (Fuji III, GC Co., Tokyo, Japan) was used as the control and fundamen- the early detection of white-spot lesions and the use of tal materials. In the AIC powder, 28% wt of GIC powder was remineralizing agents to reverse or arrest caries lesion replaced with spherical-shaped hydroxyapatite powder. The progression. Fluoride promotes remineralization and in- giomer, BeautiSealant (Shofu Co., Kyoto, Japan), was used hibits demineralization of dental hard tissue [1]. as a positive control. Each specimen was immersed in de- ionized water and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma Fissure sealants are materials placed in the pits and atomic emission spectrometry (for Al, Si, P, Ca and Sr) and fissures of teeth in order to prevent or arrest the de- a fluoride-selective electrode. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was evaluated using the adenos- velopment of dental caries. Their effectiveness has ine-5’- triphosphate luminescence method. been demonstrated through numerous studies and summarized in a systematic review [2]. However, sev- Results: Concentrations of released ions from AIC speci- mens were significantly higher than those from GIC and gi- eral factors, such as operator skill, sealant material, omer specimens, except for Sr. Regarding antibacterial ac- fissure type, enamel quality, and teeth eruption phase tivity, luminescence intensity of the AIC group (27.2 ± 12.6 influence the optimal placement of fissure sealants [3]. RLU) was significantly lower than that of the giomer group Moreover, the removal of debris and biofilm, and the (787.4 ± 176.1 RLU). setting of sealant materials at the bottom of the fissure Conclusion: It was concluded that AIC could be a most are complicated in the case of a deep and narrow fissure suitable material for pit and fissure sealant for enamel rem- ineralization and anti-cariogenic and -bacterial activity. [4]. Furthermore, it is more desirable for the sealant material to have good antimicrobial and remineraliza- Keywords tion properties than good sealing properties. Antibacterial property, Fluoride ion release, Glass ionomer cement, Hydroxyapatite, S-PRG Fissure sealants are normally composite resin or glass ionomer cement (GIC) materials. In a systematic review [2] comparing the results of eight studies of com- posite resin-based and GIC-based sealants, three stud- Citation: Shinonaga Y, Arita K, Imataki R, Takemura M, Nagaishi C, et al. (2018) Novel Multi-Function- al Dental Cement for Enamel Remineralization and Anti-Cariogenic Bacteria Activity. Int J Oral Dent Health 4:065. doi.org/10.23937/2469-5734/1510065 Accepted: October 22, 2018: Published: October 24, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Shinonaga Y, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Shinonaga et al. Int J Oral Dent Health 2018, 4:065 • Page 1 of 7 • DOI: 10.23937/2469-5734/1510065 ISSN: 2469-5734 ies reported an improved caries-preventive effect for Co., Tokyo, Japan), was used for the control GIC (GIC composite resin-based sealants, two studies reported a group) and as the base material for the AIC group. Based better caries-preventive effect for GIC-based sealants, on preliminary experiments, AIC powder contained 28% while three studies found no significant difference be- wt spherical-shaped hydroxyapatite particles (HApS) tween composite resin-based and GIC-based sealants. comprising Fuji III glass powder and HApS. GIC and AIC Another review concluded that there was no consistent powders were mixed with Fuji III liquid at a powder/liq- difference in caries-preventive effect between compos- uid ratio of 1.2, according to the manufacturer’s recom- ite resin- and GIC-based sealants [5]. mendation. All the cements were mixed in 60 seconds. In addition, BeautiSealant (Shofu Co., Kyoto, Japan), a GIC, introduced in the 1970s by Wilson and Kent [6], giomer, was used for a positive control (giomer group). has been widely used as a fluoride-releasing material in The specimens of giomer group light-cured in 20 sec- dental clinics [7-9]. GIC materials are mineral-based, ad- onds by Highly concentrated light in a cordless hand- here to the tooth surface, and facilitate post-eruptive min- piece, Pencure (J. Morita Co., Osaka Japan). eral uptake in the enamel. Owing to these desirable prop- erties, GIC products have been used as sealing materials in Fluoride ion release test the pits and fissures of teeth in order to prevent or arrest Five cylindrical specimens (10 mm in diameter × 2 the development of dental caries. GIC materials have been mm in thickness) were prepared for each of the GIC, AIC, found to exert a cariostatic effect even after they had dis- and giomer groups using plastic split mold. The samples appeared macroscopically, and this effect might be based were individually suspended by a cotton thread in 18 ml on remnants of the cement in the fissure as well as in- of distilled water in sealed containers and were stored creased levels of fluoride ions on the enamel surface [10]. at 37 °C. For the measurements, each disk was removed Researchers recently indicated that GIC could be effective- from the water, washed by immersion in 2 ml of water, ly used, not only for occlusal initial caries, but also for prox- dried on filter paper, and immediately immersed in 18 imal caries and demonstrated that fluoride released from ml of fresh distilled water for further equilibration. A GIC restorations inhibited the progression of proximal car- volume of 2 ml of total ionic strength adjustment buf- ies in adjacent teeth [11]. Proximal sealing with GIC directly fer solution (TISAB III, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Beverly, could also manage initial proximal caries [12]. MA, USA) was added to the water sample. The fluoride However, the use of GIC has been limited due to its ion concentration was measured daily for 7 days using inferior mechanical strength, wear resistance, and sen- a fluoride-selective electrode (6561-10 C, Horiba Ltd., sitivity to initial moisture [13,14]. Therefore, several re- Kyoto, Japan) connected to an ion analyzer D-53 (Hori- searchers have attempted to strengthen the mechanical ba Ltd.). properties of GICs [15-17]. Hybrid materials that com- bine GIC and a composite resin, such as resin-modified Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plas- GICs, polyacid-modified resin composites (compomers), ma-atomic emission spectroscopy and giomers have been developed. In particular, gio- Four cylindrical specimens (10 mm in diameter × 2 mers, a type of composite resin, have been introduced mm in thickness) for each of the three groups were pre- in the latest development of fluoride-releasing materi- pared in the same manner as in the fluoride ion release als. They contain a surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer test. The samples were individually suspended by a cot- (S-PRG) filler in the resin matrix and possess anti-bac- ton thread in 20 ml of distilled water in sealed contain- terial activity due to their ion release properties [18- ers and were stored at 37 °C for 7 days. The amounts of 21]. However, some researchers have suggested that Al, Si, P, Ca and Sr released from the specimens were the properties of giomer-products are less conspicuous subsequently measured by inductively coupled plas- than those of S-PRG fillers [22,23]. ma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPS-8100, Shimad- In contrast, we previously reported that a novel ma- zu Co., Kyoto, Japan). terial, apatite ionomer cement (AIC), with a GIC matrix Anti-bacterial activity test modified by hydroxyapatite particles, not only improves flexural and compressive strength, but also increases For the antibacterial activity test, six samples measur- the quantity of fluoride ions released [24,25]. We also ing 10 mm in diameter × 2 mm in thickness per group demonstrated that it possesses antimicrobial activity were prepared in a plastic split mold. Antibacterial tests against cariogenic bacteria [26]. were performed using a bioluminescence method; The adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) luminescence method The purpose of the present study was to evaluate according to a preliminary study [26]. This method uti- and compare the ion release and antibacterial proper- lizes the luminescent mechanism of firefly luciferase; ties of a novel material (AIC) with GIC and giomer. Fireflies generate light by creating a reaction inside their Materials and Methods bodies between their own ATP and the enzyme lucifer- ase.
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