Volume 15, No. 2/3 pplement to BIOTROPICA Vol 36 No. 3
The Association for Tropical Biology and THE BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF Conservation Yi/i^r^- Organization for , tU^' Tropical Studies FOREST FRAGMENTS PROJECT: where science and nature converge 25 Years of Research in the Brazilian Amazon
IN THIS ISSUE: William Laurance^ ^ Rita IVIesquita^ Regina Luizâo\ and Flavia Pinto^ Researchers celebrate 25 years of study in Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Amazonian Brazil Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil ^Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama REVIEWS: - Herps of the Yucatán, The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) is the world's largest and long- est-running experimental study of habitat fragmentation. On June 28, 2004, researchers, stu- reviewed by Richard dents, and associates of the BDFFP celebrated a watershed event•the 25th anniversary of the Lehtinen project. The event provided an opportunity to showcase the scientific and societal impacts of - Francis Halle's elegy to this landscape-scale investigation into the ecology and conservation of Amazonian forests. plants, reviewed by Jimmy PROJECT HISTORY Initiated in 1979, the BDFFP is a bi-national, collaborative project between the Smithsonian Grogan Institution and the Brazilian National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA). As one of the longest-term projects evaluating the impacts of human activities in the Amazon, the BDFFP is Conservation committee both a cutting-edge study of forest fragmentation and a model for similar investigations in other regions. of ATBC seeks input from The project owes its genesis to a heated scientific debate in the mid-1970s, concerning the members on issues applicability of island biogeography theory to conservation planning. This debate, summarized as "SLOSS" (single large or several small reserves of equal area), eventually helped to galvanize many ecologists to study fragmented and other insular ecosystems. At the time, however, the Why you and your closest arguments about SLOSS were more about ecological theory than actual data, because so few friends should belong to the data were available. The SLOSS debate was ATBC - A message from highly relevant to Tom president-elect Thomas Lovejoy, at that time the Love joy head of programs for World Wildlife Fund-U.S. (and cur- rently President-elect of the ATBC). In late 1976, Lovejoy conceived of a giant experi- Editor: Lyn Loveless, Department of ment in the Amazon to study Biology, The College of Wooster, the implications of fragmen- Wooster, OH 44691. Phone: (330) tation and its relevance for 263-2022. Fax: (330) 263-2378. SLOSS. INPA endorsed the Email: [email protected] project and, in 1979, the in- • kM s Tropinet is accessible on the ATB vestigation•initially chris- website at http://www.atbio.org tened the IVIinimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project Figure 1. The BDFFP study area near Manaus, Brazil, showir)g the locations of forest fragments Production Editor:Carol Mozell OTS •began in the rainforests and control sites in intact forest (shaded blocks). Stippled areas are cattle pastures or regrowth Design by Katherine Hartman near Manaus, Brazil, with forest, while unstippled areas are rainforest. Thick, solid lines are roads. Continued on page 2 UaLma IS T^û. z/2 T "R û ? í 7N| E T SÊptambûf' Zûû4 the fieldwork led by Richard Bierregaard. effects on plant and animal communities; autecological investi- Over the past 25 years, BDFFP researchers and students gations of key species; diverse studies of forest regeneration; have assessed the impacts of Amazon forest fragmentation on spatial modeling of land-use changes throughout the Amazon a great diversity of species•trees, birds, primates, small mam- Continued on page 3 mals, frogs, insects, and many other plant and animal taxa•as ÏOZES DÍ ÏOZES DÍ ^^^^H^^^B^^^H VOZES DA well as on many eco- AMAZONIA AMAZONIA ^^Sg^H^^H AMAZONIA BRASILEIRA BRASILEIRA ^HMp^^^QH BRASILEIRA logical and ecosystem Aves das Reservas Aves das Reservas ^^^^^Hj^ZMpJ^On^ .^^NlH Aves processes (Box 1). A lie INm. Manaus do INPA, Manaus ^^^^KjTn^ÉQ^^^yi^^^ dû Manaus VOICES DF THE VOICES DF THE ^^^KÍCMQ3^|BB VOICES OF THE key feature of the BRAZILIAN BRAZILIAN ^^H(' -^»0^1 BRAZILIAN AMAZON AMAZON ^^HE'-'ÍME^H BDFFP is that abun- birJs ol Ihe Birds of Ihe AMAZON INl'A Reserves gl INPA Reserves, dance data were col- Manaus Manaus lected for many spe- cies prior to experi- ^ mental isolation of the forest fragments, per- mitting a far more rig- orous assessment of VM^ai ^ fragmentation effects • than would otherwise be[^ possible. 1 A three-volume CD of bird calls of Amazonian birds was unveiled at the BDFFP's The BDFFP's 1,000-km2 study area (Fig. 1) includes a total 25th Anniversary Symposium. The CD was authored by Phillip Stouffer ¡Luciano of 11 forest fragments ranging from 1-100 ha in area within three Naka, Mario Cohn-Haft, Curtis Marantz, and Richard O. Bierregaard. large cattle ranches, and extensive areas of intact forest that serve as experimental control sites. Despite its acidic, heavily BOX 1: IMPACTS OF FOREST weathered soils, the study area has extremely high tree diver- sity, averaging over 280 tree species (>10 cm diameter at breast FRAGMENTATION height) per hectare in intact forest. Also present are secondary forests of varying ages and floristic composition that have re- The BDFFP has yielded scores of insights into the effects of habitat generated on abandoned cattle pastures. fragmentation on rainforest biotas. As expected, many species•large mammals, primates, understory birds, and certain beetles, ants, bees, termites, 25• ANNIVERSARY SYMPOSIUM and butterflies•are highly sensitive to fragment area, and some have Today, BDFFP investigators have produced about 450 scientific disappeared from even the largest fragments in the area. Surprisingly, a few publications, several books, and nearly a hundred graduate theses groups, such as small mammals and frogs, have remained stable or increased (Box 2). A special four-day symposium in Manaus provided an op- in species richness after fragment isolation. These taxa have small area portunity to see many of the fruits born by these investigations. The requirements, seem insensitive to edge effects, or readily use the mosaic symposium brought together current researchers and students with the original investigators whose efforts initiated the project 25 years (matrix) of modified habitats surrounding fragments. ago. For those in attendance, it was partly a scientific meeting and BDFFP studies have also revealed the diversity of edge effects in partly a giant family reunion. fragmented rainforests. Such changes dramatically affect plant communities The meeting was organized in seven sessions, each orga- and various ecological and ecosystem processes. Edge effects also influence nized by a research leader. Session 1, organized by William many animals. Species that favor disturbed forest or treefall gaps often increase Laurance, described the impacts of fragmentation on forest in abundance near edges, whereas others, including many understory birds, structure, composition, and dynamics. Session 2, led by Rita bats, flies, bees, wasps, beetles, ants, and butterflies, have been shown to IVIesquita, summarized studies of forest regeneration in degraded lands of the BDFFP landscape. The third session, coordinated decline near edges. Such edge-avoiding species may be particularly vulnerable by Richard Bierregaard, described how different animal spe- to forest fragmentation. cies respond to forest fragmentation, whereas the fourth ses- The matrix of modified habitats surrounding fragments also has important sion, headed by Heraldo Vasconcelos, described how fragmen- effects on fragment biotas. Fragments bordered by regrowth forest are less tation altered ecological processes and species interactions. vulnerable to edge-related microclimatic changes and have lower tree mortality The final three sessions focused on practical applications of than do those adjoined by cattle pastures. The matrix also strongly influences BDFFP research. Session 5, coordinated by Eduardo fragment connectivity. Among rainforest frogs, birds, small mammals, and Venticinque, described the increasing role of the BDFFP and its GIS laboratory in land-use planning and ecological zoning in bats, matrix-avoiding species have been much more likely to decline or Amazonia. Session 6, organized by Domingos IVIacedo, sum- disappear in the BDFFP fragments than are those that use the matrix. marized the many educational programs offered by the BDFFP• Fragments surrounded by regrowth should therefore sustain more sensitive from undergraduate and graduate courses to those designed rainforest species than do those surrounded by hostile habitats such as pastures. for environmental decision-makers in Amazonia. The final ses- Another important finding is that even small clearings are barriers for sion, led by Regina Luizâo, focused on the future management many rainforest organisms. Many terrestrial insectivorous birds have of the BDFFP landscape and its surrounding forests•which are disappeared from the BDFFP fragments and failed to recolonize even those likely to change dramatically in coming years as a result of in- creasing forest colonization, logging, and other land-uses in isolated by only 80 m, despite a proliferation of regrowth around many central Amazonia. fragments. Even an unpaved road of only 30-40 m width dramatically alters The plethora of talks illustrated just how far the BDFFP has the community structure of understory birds and inhibits the movements of come, and how much it has evolved, over the past quarter cen- many species. Clearings of just 15-100 m are insurmountable barriers for tury. Initially, the project had a relatively simple focus on as- certain dung and carrion beetles, euglossine bees, and arboreal mammals. In sessing fragment area-related changes in rainforest communi- human-dominated landscapes, habitat fragments are often isolated by much ties. Today, the BDFFP's activities are far more diverse. It larger distances than these from large forest tracts, suggesting that movement includes a more complex and sophisticated range of studies designed to assess the role of edge, area, isolation, and matrix among fragments will be drastically curtailed for many rainforest species. UolMma IS T^û. 2/S T "R Û ? I ]N E T SÊpIâmUr' 2ûû4
BOX 2. PUBLICATIONS AND SCHOLARSHIPS AND INFORMATION ABOUT THE BDFFP FELLOWSHIPS To learn more about the BDITP, and to find a fiiU list of the project's student Scholarship Program many publications and theses, visit the project website (http:// Bat Conservation International (BCI) announces its 2005 student pdblF.inpa.gov.br). Below are several key books and new resources: research scholarship program. About 15 grants ranging from $500 to $2,500 will be awarded to research that is directly related to bat Laurance,W. F., andR.O.Bierregaard, editors. 1997. Tropical conservation and that documents roosting and feeding habitat Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of requirements of bats, their ecological and economic roles, or their Fragmented Communities. University of Chicago Press. conservation needs. Students enrolled in any college or university Gascon, C, and P. Moutinho, editors. 1998. Floresta worldwide are eligible to apply. Application deadline for 2005 Amazónica: Dinámica, Regeneraçâo e Manejo. Ministerio da scholarships is 15 December 2004. Information and forms are Ciencia e Tecnología, Manaus, Brazil. available at http://www.batcon.org/schol/schol.html.For questions, Laurance, W. F., and C. Gascon, editors. 1998. Ecology and contact Sarah Keeton at skeeton(S)batcon.orq or 512-327-9721. Management of Fragmented Tropical Landscapes. Special Issue of Biological Conservation 91:99-247. Short Courses on Field Identification of Tropical Plants in Costa Bierregaard, R. O., C. Gascon, T. E. Lovejoy, and R. Mesquita, Rica. IVIarch 14-26, 2005 & June 27-July 9, 2005 (in English). editors. 2001. Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Courses are given in 4 different environments (Life Zones) We Conservation of a Fragmented Forest. Yale University Press. offer partial fellowships. Details are available at