DOCSLIB.ORG

Reserve Design Principles SLOSS Debate- Criticisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reserve Design Principles SLOSS Debate- Criticisms SLOSS debate reserve design principles • “Single large or several small” • Debate over reserve design SLOSS debate- criticisms Caribbean Anolis • Pattern not always supported • Other factors may explain diversity • Close-site problems (synchrony) • Don’t take species identity into consideration (and trophic levels) • At particular sizes, no more species are added • Patches more connected than assumed, function of matrix Losos and Schluter (2000) Nature Habitat heterogeneity and species diversity The species-area relationship on islands Habitat heterogeneity and species diversity Species 1 What is the relationship between habitat heterogeneity Variance = x and island area? Species 1 • However, the species- Variance ≈ x area relationship is not always linear Species 2 Species 1 Variance = (n)x Courtesy of Jason Knouft Courtesy of Jason Knouft 1 Caribbean habitat data Shifting paradigms….. • In 1980’s, under heavy criticism of TIB, metapopulation theory becomes the dominant theory Elevation Temperature • Shift from community level to population level approach Landcover Precipitation Courtesy of Jason Knouft Metapopulations Metapopulations • Population of populations • r -- % occupancy • Migration and extinction drive population • b – colonizations dynamics • d – extinctions • Variations • Examples Metapopulations Variations P = 1 – e/c •Simple: e = extinctions (true metapopulation) c = colonizations • Source-sink: Patch occupancy increases with decreasing e/c • Patchy population: 2 Examples Examples • California mountain • California sheep checkerspot butterfly Metacommunity Local Communities • Definition: A set of local communities linked by dispersal of • competition multiple potentially • predation interacting species (Leibold et al. 2004) • disturbances • abiotic factors • Two distinct community scales: Local and Regional Species-specific traits Regional Community (trade-offs) • coexistence at • dispersal local and • patch regional heterogeneity community scales • predicts type of species expected 3 Trade-off examples Dispersal Frequency and Diversity (based on Mouquet and Loreau 2002) Richness Kneitel and Chase (2004) Ecology Letters Regional Dynamics: Regional Dynamics: Experimental Design Local Richness 6 b X 3 Resource levels b X 2 Predator levels a X 3 Dispersal rates X 5 Replicates 3 measured protozoan Local species richness 0 abundance and richness None Low High Dispersal frequency Kneitel and Miller (2003) American Naturalist Regional Dynamics: Regional Dynamics: Protozoan Regional Diversity Protozoan Abundance 2.5 b b a 2 Square root root Square (regional richness) (regional 1.5 None Low High Dispersal frequency Kneitel and Miller (2003) American Naturalist Kneitel and Miller (2003) American Naturalist 4 Regional Dynamics: Protozoan Local Diversity Empirical Examples Harrison 1997, 1999 Shurin 2001, Cottenie et al. 2003 Bengtsson 1991, Lei and Hanski 1998, Therriault and Kolasa 2000 Amarasekare 2000 Kneitel and Miller (2003) American Naturalist How do communities change with time?? Types of Succession • Succession • Primary succesion (where no life existed before) •Sere • Types of Succession 1895 1999 Rotmoos Glacier on the Austria-Italian border Secondary succession (Post-disturbance) Bog succession 5 Disturbance Disturbances an event that removes biomass from a community • Gaps in rain forest a disturbance will start/restart succession to an • floods in floodplain (Mississippi) earlier stage • boulder rolling through the intertidal zone •fire • unusual severe weather - or long term aberrant trend •? Clearwater Riparian Area 1981 1982 1983 1984 6 1987 Pioneer species organisms that arrive early in succession Pioneer Species Climax vegetation • r species • produce many small seeds, the final stage of a successional may form a process, usually defined by the seed bank habitat type • poor competitors • good colonizers Climax Species Succession on Rocks • K species • produce few large seeds, no seed bank • good competitors • poor colonizers 7 Soil development Superorganism vs Individualistic (Clement 1936) (Gleason 1939) 8 Rivet Model Species Redundancy • Paul and Anne Ehrlich (1981) • Walker (1991) • Species like rivets in airplane wings • Species and ecological processes • Not all necessary to hold wings together, redundant in community but enough loss (species) will result in it • Those species lost will be replaced by falling apart (ecosystem functioning) others with similar function (guilds or functional groups) 9.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography: a Review
    Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography: A Review Angela D. Yu Simon A. Lei Abstract—The topography, climatic pattern, location, and origin of relationship, dispersal mechanisms and their response to islands generate unique patterns of species distribution. The equi- isolation, and species turnover. Additionally, conservation librium theory of island biogeography creates a general framework of oceanic and continental (habitat) islands is examined in in which the study of taxon distribution and broad island trends relation to minimum viable populations and areas, may be conducted. Critical components of the equilibrium theory metapopulation dynamics, and continental reserve design. include the species-area relationship, island-mainland relation- Finally, adverse anthropogenic impacts on island ecosys- ship, dispersal mechanisms, and species turnover. Because of the tems are investigated, including overexploitation of re- theoretical similarities between islands and fragmented mainland sources, habitat destruction, and introduction of exotic spe- landscapes, reserve conservation efforts have attempted to apply cies and diseases (biological invasions). Throughout this the theory of island biogeography to improve continental reserve article, theories of many researchers are re-introduced and designs, and to provide insight into metapopulation dynamics and utilized in an analytical manner. The objective of this article the SLOSS debate. However, due to extensive negative anthropo- is to review previously published data, and to reveal if any genic activities, overexploitation of resources, habitat destruction, classical and emergent theories may be brought into the as well as introduction of exotic species and associated foreign study of island biogeography and its relevance to mainland diseases (biological invasions), island conservation has recently ecosystem patterns. become a pressing issue itself.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective on the Geodynamics And
    Title: Oceanic archipelagos: a perspective on the geodynamics and biogeography of the World’s smallest biotic provinces Journal Issue: Frontiers of Biogeography, 8(2) Author: Triantis, Kostas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Whittaker, Robert J. Fernández-Palacios, José María Geist, Dennis J. Publication Date: 2016 Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/744009b2 Acknowledgements: D.J. Geist acknowledges the support of NSF (EAR-1145271). We thank the editors, Luis Valente and an anonymous referee for constructive comments on the manuscript. Author Bio: Assistant Professor Keywords: Diversity, island biogeography, hotspot, mantle, macroecology, macroevolution, meta- archipelagos, subsidence, island evolution, volcanic islands Local Identifier: fb_29605 Abstract: Since the contributions of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, oceanic archipelagos have played a central role in the development of biogeography. However, despite the critical influence of oceanic islands on ecological and evolutionary theory, our focus has remained limited to either the island-level of specific archipelagos or single archipelagos. Recently, it was proposed that oceanic archipelagos qualify as biotic provinces, with diversity primarily reflecting a balance between speciation and extinction, with colonization having a minor role. Here we focus on major attributes of the archipelagic geological dynamics that can affect diversity at both the island and the archipelagic level. We also re-affirm that oceanic archipelagos are appropriate spatiotemporal
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation I: Reserve Planning and Design
    Network of Conservation Educators & Practitioners Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation I: Reserve Planning and Design Author(s): Eugenia Naro-Maciel, Eleanor J. Stering, and Madhu Rao Source: Lessons in Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 19-49 Published by: Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History Stable URL: ncep.amnh.org/linc/ This article is featured in Lessons in Conservation, the official journal of the Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners (NCEP). NCEP is a collaborative project of the American Museum of Natural History’s Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (CBC) and a number of institutions and individuals around the world. Lessons in Conservation is designed to introduce NCEP teaching and learning resources (or “modules”) to a broad audience. NCEP modules are designed for undergraduate and professional level education. These modules—and many more on a variety of conservation topics—are available for free download at our website, ncep.amnh.org. To learn more about NCEP, visit our website: ncep.amnh.org. All reproduction or distribution must provide full citation of the original work and provide a copyright notice as follows: “Copyright 2008, by the authors of the material and the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation of the American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.” Illustrations obtained from the American Museum of Natural History’s library: images.library.amnh.org/digital/ SYNTHESIS 19 Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation I: Reserve Planning and Design Eugenia Naro-Maciel,* Eleanor J. Stering, † and Madhu Rao ‡ * The American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, U.S.A., email [email protected] † The American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, U.S.A., email [email protected] ‡ Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, U.S.A., email [email protected] Source: K.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Design
    Schueller NRE 509 What allowed your metapopulation to persist (not crash) even when populations Schueller NRE 509 Lecture 19: went extinct? Landscape Ecology Applied – High enough: _____________ 1. Fragmentation 2. The Design of Reserves and Not too high:______________ Landscapes Landscape Ecology APPLIED: Causes of fragmentation? 1. Fragmentation a. What is it/what does it look like? •Natural b. What causes it? - fires, floods, succession c. What are the consequences? •Anthropogenic - Previously continuous NOTICE Variation in patch & habitat is fragmented matrix type, and: into patches within a • Area matrix • Shape • Arrangement (connectivity) The world’s ongoing fragmentation experiments Haddad et al. 2015. Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Causes of fragmentation? Earth’s ecosystems. Sci Adv. 1:e1500052 •Natural - fires, floods, succession,… •Anthropogenic - agriculture, logging, development, oil & gas extraction, mining,… - fences, roads, powerlines, dams, … What are the consequences? 1 Schueller NRE 509 • Largest and longest-running experiment to General findings: Ecological study fragmentation in tropical forests • Increased mortality of mechanisms? • Manaus, Brazil tree species • Started in 1979 • Loss of frugivorous Use your smarts to birds in small fragments • By logging, set up a series of forest patches, • Loss of large predators come up with specific ranging in size from 1 to 100 ha in small fragments hypotheses •Increase in generalist http://pdbff.inpa.gov.br/iarea.html species What are the implications of fragmentation? 1. AREA effects (fragment size) How large is enough? What does it depend on? Species-area For example, - Trophic level relationship • Butterflies that move less - Dispersion of Competition = than128 m in their lifetime resources in smaller populations the habitat = increased chance • Mice with home ranges of of extinction about half a hectare.
    [Show full text]
  • How Does Habitat Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity? a Controversial Question at the Coreof Conservation Biology
    Biological Conservation xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Editorial How does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity? A controversial question at the coreof conservation biology Does habitat fragmentation harm biodiversity? For many years, production based in part on concerns about the negative effects of most conservation biologists would say “yes.” It seems intuitive that fragmentation (OMNR, 2002; Fahrig, 2017). fragmentation divides habitats into smaller patches, which support Fahrig (2017) recently argued that the evidence base for these be- fewer species (Haddad et al., 2015). Edge effects further erode the liefs, recommendations, and actions is not as strong as many think, ability of small patches to support some species. This reasoning has largely due to the confounding effects of scale, habitat amount, and been invoked, for example, when interpreting the results of iconic fragmentation. In a separate essay, Fahrig (2018) described the history conservation experiments and studies, such as the large forest frag- of research that led to the current understanding (or misunderstanding) ments experiment in the Brazilian Amazon (Laurance et al., 2011), and regarding the effects of fragmentation on biodiversity. Processes that has been supported by meta-analyses of the findings of fragmentation occur at local patch scales—the scale of the vast majority of fragmen- experiments (Haddad et al., 2015). The negative effects of fragmenta- tation studies—may not be the dominant processes that affect biodi- tion are taught to students in introductory biology, ecology, and con- versity at larger landscape scales. Moreover, in practice, landscapes servation courses and featured in textbooks.
    [Show full text]
  • Shafer * Natural Resources, Stewardship and Science, National Park Service 1849 C St
    Biological Conservation 100 (2001) 215±227 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Inter-reserve distance Craig L. Shafer * Natural Resources, Stewardship and Science, National Park Service 1849 C St. NW, Washington DC 20240, USA Received 14 March 2000; received in revised form 20 November 2000; accepted 21 December 2000 Abstract Since the mid-1970s, reserve planners have been advised to locate reserves in close proximity to facilitate biotic migration. The alternative, putting great distance between reserves as a safeguard against catastrophe or long-standing chronic degradation forces, has received little discussion. The demise of a population can be caused by both natural and anthropogenic agents and the latter, including poaching and global warming, could be the bigger threat. Reserves sharing biotic components, whether close together or far apart, have advantages as well as costs. We need to consider whether the result of adopting the proximate reserve design guideline to preserve maximum species number will contribute to the potential extinction or extirpation of some rare ¯agship spe- cies? Should such extinctions occur, will society be understanding of science-based advise? Current conservation dogma that claims reserves should be located in close proximity demands more scrutiny because that choice may be tested this century. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Keywords: Catastrophe; Reserve; Design; Planning; Management 1. Introduction sur®cial phenomena (e.g. earthquakes, meteor strikes). In addition, scientists usually assume that such geologi- Simberlo (1998) asked how the adoption of goals cal events are infrequent in historical time (Raup, 1984). like ``biological diversity management'' supersedes When scientists use the term catastrophe for biological management of their component species? The intent of impacts, which may have natural or anthropogenic the earliest reserve design guidelines (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • For Peer Review 19 15 4Department of Biology, University of Missouri at St
    Global Ecology and Biogeography New Directions in Isla nd Biogeography Journal: Global Ecology and Biogeography ManuscriptFor ID GEB-2016-0004.R1 Peer Review Manuscript Type: Research Reviews Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Santos, Ana; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Department of Biogeography & Global Change; Universidade dos Açores , Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group Field, Richard; University of Nottingham, School of Geography; Ricklefs, Robert; University of Missouri-St,. Louis, Biology Climatic niche, evolutionary processes, General Dynamic Model, Invasive species, marine environments, Natural laboratories, Species-area Keywords: relationship, species interactions, Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography, Community Assembly Page 9 of 61 Global Ecology and Biogeography 1 2 3 1 Manuscript type: Research Review 4 2 5 3 New Directions in Island Biogeography 6 4 7 1,2, 3 4 8 5 Ana M. C. Santos *, Richard Field & Robert E. Ricklefs 9 6 10 7 1 Department of Biogeography & Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales 11 8 (CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Email: 12 9 [email protected] 13 2 14 10 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity 15 11 Group and Universidade dos Açores – Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, 9700-042 Angra 16 12 do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal 17 13 3School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. Email: 18 14 [email protected] Peer Review 19 15 4Department of Biology, University of Missouri at St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. 20 21 16 Louis, MO 63121 USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory and Design of Nature Reserves Kent E
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn EEB Articles Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 2012 Theory and design of nature reserves Kent E. Holsinger University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/eeb_articles Part of the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Population Biology Commons Recommended Citation Holsinger, Kent E., "Theory and design of nature reserves" (2012). EEB Articles. 41. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/eeb_articles/41 Theory and Design of Nature Reserves Managing landscapes In a 2008 review, David Lindenmayer and a long list of distinguished conservation biologists review two decades of research on landscape management [5]. They identify a set of 13 factors that anyone managing a landscape for conservation should consider, and they group those factors under four boad themes: setting goals, spatial issues, temporal issues, and management approaches. • Setting goals { Develop long-term shared visions and quantifiable objectives. • Spatial issues { Manage the entire mosaic, not just the pieces. { Consider both the amount and configuration of habitat and particular land cover types. { Identify disproportionately important species, processes, and landscape elements. { Integrate aquatic and terrestrial environments. { Use a landscape classification and conceptual models appropriate to objectives. • Temporal issues { Maintain the capability of landscapes to recover from disturbances. { Manage for change. { Time lags
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Patch Size on Species Richness and Distribution of Sub-Alpine Saxicolous Lichens
    Effect of patch size on species richness and distribution of sub-alpine saxicolous lichens Abraham Adida1, Melody Griffith2, Margot Kirby3, and Amanda Lin3 1University of California, Santa Cruz; 2University of California, Davis; 3University of California, Los Angeles ABSTRACT Understanding how communities respond to environmental pressures is important for conservation planning and management. In this observational study, we examined the SLOSS debate and the ecological concept of nestedness in respect to how saxicolous lichen communities in sub-alpine habitats are structured. We analyzed the effects of patch size on the species richness and distribution of saxicolous lichen. We surveyed 242 granitic rocks in the White Mountains, California, and collected data on the different taxa found. Our results showed that there was greater species richness per m2 on small rocks, supporting the “Several Small” side of the SLOSS debate. Additionally, we found that there was a high degree of nestedness in our study system. Saxicolous lichen provide a manageable scale to test community-level ecological concepts and allow us to better define the boundaries of their applications. Keywords: saxicolous lichen, community ecology, SLOSS, nestedness, sub-alpine INTRODUCTION addresses species richness within a confined habitat, but overlooks species composition Investigation into how ecological concepts and distribution across habitats, and is can be used to determine community therefore often supplemented with the responses to environmental pressures may ecological concept of nestedness. help inform conservation planning and Nestedness is a measure of structure in the management of biotic assemblages (Will- distribution of species across habitats. wolf et al. 2006).⁠ Application of these models Systems with high nestedness would can vary among taxa and defining their demonstrate that species-poor habitats boundaries can increase confidence in their contain a subset of the taxa in species-rich use.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Wild Animal Welfare
    Potential effects of habitat fragmentation on wild animal welfare Matthew Allcock1,3 and Luke Hecht2,3,* 1 School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK 2 Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK 3 Animal Ethics, 4200 Park Blvd. #129, Oakland, CA 94602, USA *to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] 1. Introduction The habitats of wild animals change in significant ways, attributable to both anthropogenic and naturogenic causes. Habitat changes affect the welfare of inhabiting populations directly, such as by decreasing the available food, and indirectly, such as by adjusting the evolutionary fitness of behavioral and physical traits that affect the welfare of the animals who express them. While by no means simple, estimating the direct welfare effects of habitat changes, which often occur over a short timescale, seems tractable. The same cannot yet be said for the indirect effects, which are dominated by long-term considerations and can be chaotic due to the immense complexity of natural ecosystems. In terms of wild animal welfare, it is plausible that the indirect effects of habitat change dominate the direct effects because they occur over many generations, affecting many more individuals. Accounting for such long-term impacts is a crucial objective and challenge for those who advocate for research and stewardship of wild animal welfare (e.g. Ng, 2016; Beausoleil et al. 2018; Waldhorn, 2019; Capozzelli et al. 2020). Despite the seemingly lower tractability of predicting long-term and indirect effects, we must consider all impacts of actions to improve wild animal welfare.
    [Show full text]
  • The Habitat Amount Hypothesis Lenore Fahrig
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2013) 40, 1649–1663 SYNTHESIS Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis Lenore Fahrig Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Research ABSTRACT Laboratory (GLEL), Department of Biology, I challenge (1) the assumption that habitat patches are natural units of mea- Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, surement for species richness, and (2) the assumption of distinct effects of hab- Canada itat patch size and isolation on species richness. I propose a simpler view of the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness, the ‘habitat amount hypothesis’, and I suggest ways of testing it. The habitat amount hypothesis posits that, for habitat patches in a matrix of non-habitat, the patch size effect and the patch isolation effect are driven mainly by a single underly- ing process, the sample area effect. The hypothesis predicts that species richness in equal-sized sample sites should increase with the total amount of habitat in the ‘local landscape’ of the sample site, where the local landscape is the area within an appropriate distance of the sample site. It also predicts that species richness in a sample site is independent of the area of the particular patch in which the sample site is located (its ‘local patch’), except insofar as the area of that patch contributes to the amount of habitat in the local landscape of the sample site. The habitat amount hypothesis replaces two predictor variables, patch size and isolation, with a single predictor variable, habitat amount, when species richness is analysed for equal-sized sample sites rather than for unequal-sized habitat patches.
    [Show full text]
  • Decision Theory in Conservation Biology: Are There Rules of Thumb?
    Decision theory in conservation biology: are there rules of thumb? Application for 1999 NCEAS Centre Fellowship Prof. Hugh Possingham Department of Environmental Science and Management The University of Adelaide Roseworthy SA 5371 AUSTRALIA Summary Ecological theory and complex, often spatially explicit, computer simulations are two ways in which ecologists have attempted to help managers solve conservation problems. Both methods have provided little guidance. Ecological theory is simple enough to be general, but lacks the constraints and trade-offs to be usefully applied in the real world. Complex computer simulations target specific ecosystems and problems (are not general), require many parameters that may be hard to estimate, and the robustness of the ensuing decisions may take years of simulating to evaluate. The primary purpose of this sabbatical will be to use existing work on the application of formal optimisation tools, like stochastic dynamic programming, to develop simple and robust “rules of thumb” for two major conservation problems, disturbance management and metapopulation management. In its grandest sense, I wish to outline a theory of applied conservation biology - something which I believe does not exist. This research proposal arises from an NCEAS working group on population management held in August 1997 (Shea, Mangel and Possingham). Some ancillary projects initiated in the workshop need to be completed. In the July 1998 NCEAS proposal round I will apply for funds to reconvene parts of the population management workshop. My research will be split between the problem described above and tidying up ancillary projects from the working group. Problem Statement In August 1997 the Centre hosted a working group on population management (Shea, Mangel and Possingham).
    [Show full text]