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Sustainability in Stormwater Management in a Changing Climate - a Case Study in Falkenberg, Sweden

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Sustainability in Stormwater Management in a Changing Climate - a Case Study in Falkenberg, Sweden Sustainability in Stormwater Management in a Changing Climate - A Case Study in Falkenberg, Sweden Albin Noreen Uppsats för avläggande av masterexamen i naturvetenskap 30 hp Institutionen för biologi och miljövetenskap Göteborgs universitet June 2015 Abstract Heavy rainfall may cause pluvial flooding, especially in urban areas with much impermeable surface. Because of this there is a need for stormwater management, which historically has been aimed at quick drainage. This creates high peaks in runoff volume during intensive rains and may cause flooding downstream. Urban stormwater may contain pollutants and nutrients, which are unwanted in the end recipient. Because of this new management practices has been implemented to mimic natural processes to even out the peaks and increase remediation of the pollutants. A common practice in Sweden is to construct stormwater ponds, and several ponds have been constructed in the Swedish city of Falkenberg. The aim of this study was to qualitatively assess these ponds in the context of national and international research and to provide an analysis of the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation in Falkenberg. Stormwater ponds have been shown to be cost- effective, flexible and resource- and energy-efficient green stormwater solution for equalizing flow volumes. Stormwater ponds can provide other values as well such as social and recreational values for nearby residents as well as improvements in air- and water quality. However, there are negative aspects with ponds as they can work as barriers and that they demand relatively much space, which may lead to conflicting interests and difficulties to find the necessary space for construction. Another negative aspect is the risk of drowning, mainly for small children. The ponds in Falkenberg are well planned from a recreational point of view, thus they provide great values for nearby residents. The ponds seem to have a limited success in remediating contaminants and nutrients, which is problematic because of the recipient showing signs of eutrophication. The analysis of heavy precipitation in Falkenberg suggests that it is likely that the city receives less intense daily rains than other locations in the surrounding area. The intensity of rains varies significantly between compared stations and between distribution models used. In comparison to the Dahlström formula, which is used for calculating dimensioning volume, it is likely that the formula overestimates the intensities for Falkenberg. However, in comparison with the surrounding measuring stations the results are more varied and depend on duration and return period of the precipitation in question. The generic Dahlström formula is not valid for all locations investigated and may both over- and underestimate the true value. The temporal trends in precipitation intensity for southern Sweden is varying but there is evidence that the climate has become wetter during the last century, especially in the fall and winter, and that precipitation has become more intense. These trends are expected to continue in the future due to the changing climate. For Falkenberg a climate factor of 1.3, which is used today, is a good estimate of what current research has found for the increase in heavy precipitation until the year 2100. However, there is a risk that the changes will be larger than this factor. Keywords – Stormwater ponds, qualitative assessment, heavy precipitation, extreme value analysis, climate change b Sammanfattning Kraftiga regn kan orsaka pluviala översvämningar, speciellt i urbana områden med mycket hårdgjorda ytor. Historiskt sett har dagvattenhanteringen i städer varit inriktad på att snabbt avleda vatten från oönskade områden. Snabb avledning från hårdgjorda ytor skapar kraftiga toppar i avledd volym under kraftiga regn, vilket kan överbelasta systemet och orsaka översvämningar nedströms. Dagvatten från urbana områden kan även innehålla höga halter av föroreningar och näringsämnen vilka kan orsaka skador på recipienten. Därför har nya typer av dagvattenhantering utvecklats för att efterlikna naturliga miljöer, för att på så sätt utjämna flödet och rena vattnet. En vanlig metod i Sverige är att anlägga dagvattendammar vilket även har skett i Falkenberg. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera dessa dammar kvalitativt, samt att analysera frekvensen och intensiteten av kraftig nederbörd i Falkenberg. Dagvattendammar är kostnadseffektiva, flexibla och resurs- och energisnåla jämfört med andra flödesutjämningsalternativ. Dammarna kan även tillföra sociala värden och rekreationsvärden för närboende, samt förbättra luft- och vattenkvalitén. Det finns även negativa aspekter med dagvattendammar då de kan fungera som barriärer och är relativt ytkrävande, vilket kan göra det svårt att anlägga nya dammar om den tillgängliga ytan är begränsad. Dammar medför även en drunkningsrisk för barn. De undersökta dammarna i Falkenberg hade alla höga värden för rekreation, då de var välplanerade för detta ändamål. Däremot påvisar de relativt dålig rening av näringsämnen vilket är problematiskt då recipienten Kattegatt är känslig för övergödning. Nederbördsanalysen visade att det är troligt att Falkenberg utsätts för mindre intensiva dagliga regn än närliggande mätstationer. Spridingen i regnintensitet mellan de olika stationerna och mellan de olika distibutionsmodellerna som användes var relativt stor. Det är troligt att Dahlströms formel, som används för dimensioneringsberäkningar, överskattar regnintensiteten för Falkenberg för 24-timmarsregn. I jämförelse mellan Dahlströms formel och andra närliggande stationsvärden är resultatet dock mer varierat, beroende på varaktighet och återkomsttid för nederbörden i fråga. Formeln kan både över- och underskatta regnintesiteter beroende på vilka stationsvärden den jämförs med. Varierande nederbördstrender sågs i södra Sverige under förra århundradet, men studier visar att klimatet har blivit något blötare och nederbörden har blivit något mer intensiv. Troligen kommer dessa trender att fortsätta in i detta århundrade och den klimatfaktor om 1.3 som används i Falkenberg stämmer väl in med den senaste forskningen för modelleringar fram till år 2100. Dock så finns det en risk att förändringen i intensitet blir större än 30 %, men resultaten är mycket osäkra. c Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 1 2.1. STORMWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT................................................................................. 1 2.1.1. Precipitation......................................................................................................................... 1 2.1.2. Measuring precipitation ...................................................................................................... 2 2.1.3. Return periods ..................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.4. Extreme precipitation in Sweden ......................................................................................... 3 2.1.5. Stormwater management ................................................................................................... 3 2.1.6. Consequences of pluvial Flooding......................................................................................... 5 2.1.7. The Dahlström Formula........................................................................................................ 6 2.2. POLLUTION AND WATER QUALITY........................................................................................................ 7 2.3. CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXTREME PRECIPITATION ................................................................................... 8 2.3.1. IPCC reports ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.2. Regional and local changes in extreme precipitation .......................................................... 9 2.4. CASE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.4.1. Falkenberg ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.4.2. The ponds........................................................................................................................... 10 2.4.3. The recipient ...................................................................................................................... 16 3. AIM OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................................................17 3.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................... 17 4. METHODS ..................................................................................................................................18 4.1. SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS................................................................................................................ 18 4.2. APPLICATION OF PRECIPITATION DATA ............................................................................................... 19 4.2.1. SMHI data .........................................................................................................................
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