DOCSLIB.ORG

Corrosion of Metals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Corrosion of Metals NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 396-3 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (t) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences: Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics" — Cryogenics" — Electromagnetics-" — Time and Frequency". THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, the Office of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor Radiation — Physical Chemistry. THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Government; cooperates with public and private organi'zations leading to the development of technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies upon request. The Insti- tute consists of the following divisions and Centers: Standards Application and Analysis — Electronic Technology — Center for Consumer Product Technology: Product Systems Analysis; Product Engineering — Center for Building Technology: Structures, Materials, and Life Safety: Building Environment; Technical Evalua- tion and Application — Center for Fire Research: Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering. THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effec- tiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consists of the following divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Informa- tion Technology. THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical Publications — Library — Office of International Relations — Office of International Standards. 1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg. Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington. D.C. 20234. - Located at Boulder. Colorado 80302. Critical Survey of Data Sources: Corrosion of IVIetals Ronald B. Diegle and Walter K. Boyd Battelle Columbus Laboratories Columbus, Ohio 43201 This work was sponsored by the Office of Standard Reference Materials National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary James A. Baker, III, Under Secrefary Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director Issued January 1976 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Diegle, Ronald B. Critical Surveys of Data Sources. (NBS Special Publication; 396-3) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. Supt. of Docs. No.: 13.10:396-3. 1. Corrosion and anti-corrosives—Information services—Direc- tories. 2. Corrosion and anti-corrosives—Bibliography. I. Boyd, Walter K.. joint author. II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special Publication; 396-3. QC100.U57 No. 396-3 [TA462] 602'.ls [620.1'6'23] 75-34273 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 396-3 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 396-3, 38 pages (Jan. 1976) CODEN: XNBSAV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1976 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.10:396-3). Price $1.30 (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing). Foreword The National Standard Reference Data System was established in 1963 for the purpose of pro- moting the critical evaluation and dissemination of numerical data of the physical sciences. The program is coordinated by the Office of Standard Reference Data of the National Bureau of Standards but involves the efforts of many groups in universities, government laboratories, and private industry. The primary aim of the program is to provide compilations of critically evaluated physical and chemical property data. These tables are published in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, in the NSRDS-NBS series of the National Bureau of Standards, and through other appropriate channels; The properties of commercial materials have thus far received rather limited coverage in the NSRDS program. However, many other groups select and compile data on the properties of such ma- terials, using a variety of criteria. Thus, identifying the best data source for a given purpose requires something more detailed than an ordinary bibliographic listing. This series is designed to provide such guides to data covering selected areas of materials and properties. Earlier publications covered Mechanical Properties of Metals (SP 396-1), and Properties of Ceramics (SP-396-2). The present volume covers corrosion of metals. The sources covered in this series are primarily those which emphasize evaluated or selected com- pilations of numerical data, rather than monographs or other reports which are primarily descriptive in nature. Most publications dealing with corrosion necessarily contain a substantial amount of de- scriptive material, so this Survey includes more general rnonographs and similar publications than the earlier ones. However, the most specific and quantitative sources available have been selected. For each of these surveys we have sought assistance from specialists, with emphasis on those involved in the production and use of important commercial materials, and we have been extremely fortunate in obtaining such advice from panels of relevant technical societies. For this survey the Publications Committee of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, which is currently pre- paring a new series of Corrosion Handbooks, the first of which will be entitled "Corrosion Failures and Their Prevention", agreed to serve in this capacity. The assistance of these individuals, listed below, and of NACE is gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to acknowledge the assistance of J. Kruger, NBS, who assisted in the review of the coverage and text. David R. Lide, Jr., Chief Office of Standard Reference Data Publications Committee of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. W. K. Boyd, Battelle, Columbus, Chairman H. R. Hanson, Exxon Production Research Company, Vice Chairman J. C. Bovankovich, E. I. du Pont deNemours & Company, Inc. H. P. Leckie, Inland Steel Company I. M. Parker, Consultant R. B. Leonard, Cabot Corporation R. W. Staehle, Ohio State University H. P. Godard, Aluminum Corrosion Services M. G. Fontana, Ohio State University A. L. Ericson, Peoples Gas Abstract This survey was undertaken to provide a directory of authoritative sources of information on corrosion of metals. It assesses the scope, assets, and deficiencies of about thirty-eight of the most important sources. These include handbooks and technical compilations, information centers, technical societies, and trade associations and institutes. The initial listing of sources to be in- cluded was drafted by the authors and submitted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemical Metallurgy Second Edition
    Chemical Metallurgy Second Edition J.J. MOORE, PhD, BSc, CEng, MIM Professor and Head, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA Co-authors E.A. Boyce, CChem, FRSC MJ. Brooks, BSc B. Perry, PhD, BSc, CEng, MIM P.J. Sheridan, PhD, BSc, CChem, MRSC Lecturing staff in the Materials Technology Division at Sandwell College of Further and Higher Education FachbereicM^aiBriaivvisssnschaft derTechn.KochschuieD3mstaol Inv.-Nr.: Butterworths London Boston Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington Contents Preface v Units and symbols xv 1 BONDING AND PERIODICITY 1 (E.A. Boyce) 1.1 The Atomic Structure of Elements 1 1.1.1 The Nucleus 1 1.1.2 Atomic Spectra 2 1.1.2.1 Bohr theory 2 1.1.2.2 Quantum numbers 3 1.1.2.3 Electronic configuration of the elements 4 1.2 The Periodic Table of the Elements 7 1.3 Chemical Bonds 7 1.3.1 The Ionic Bond (Electrovalency) 9 1.3.1.1 Size of atoms 9 1.3.1.2 Ionisation energy 10 1.3.1.3 Electron affinity 11 1.3.1.4 Electronegativity value 12 1.3.1.5 Structures of ionic solids 13 1.3.1.6 Applications of ionic compounds 15 1.3.2 The Covalent Bond 15 1.3.2.1 Shapes of covalent molecules 16 1.3.2.2 Multiple bonds 18 1.3.2.3 Intermolecular forces 18 1.3.2.4 Covalent giant structures of industrial importance 18 1.3.3 The Metallic Bond 20 1.4 A More Detailed Study of the Periodic Table of the Elements 22 1.4.1 The s-Block elements 22 1.4.1.1 Oxides 22 1.4.1.2 Chlorides 22 1.4.2 Transition Elements (d-Block) 22 1.4.2.1 Magnetic properties 25 1.4.2.2 Colour 26 1.4.2.3 Catalytic properties 26 1.4.2.4 Interstitial compound formation 26 1.4.2.5 Variable oxidation states 26 1.4.2.6 Complexes 26 1.4.2.7 The first transition series (Sc to Zn) 27 1.4.3 The p-Block Elements 29 s I viii Contents .
    [Show full text]
  • CURRENT PROGRAMMES on PHYSICAL METALLURGY and RELATED AREAS in BARC Compiled by Metallurgy Division
    BARC/1994/E/007 SB JO n m CURRENT PROGRAMMES ON PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND RELATED AREAS IN BARC Compiled by Metallurgy Division 1994 BARC/199*/E/007 § £ GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 2 ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION U < CD CURRENT PROGRAMMES ON PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND RELATEa AREAS IN BARC Compiled by: Metallurgy Division BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE BOMBAY, INDIA BARC/1994/E/OO7 BIBLIOGRAPHY DESCRIPTION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL REPORT (as per IS i 9400 - 1980) 01 Security classilcat ion : Unclassified 02 Distribution : External 03 Report status : New 04 Series : BARC External 05 Report type : Technical Report 06 Report No. : BARC/1994/E/007 07 Part No. or Volume No. : 08 Con t r sct No. : Current programmes on physical metallurgy and related areas in B.A.R.C 11 Collation : 152 p., figs. 13 Project No. : 20 Personal author (s) 21 Affiliation of author <s) : 22 Corporate author(s) : Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay-400 085 23 Originating unit s Metallurgy Division, BARC, Bombay 24 Sponsor(s) Name : Department of Atomic Energy Type : Government 3O Date of submission : March 1994 31 Publication/Issue date March 1994 contd...<ii) (ii) 40 Publisher/Distributor s Head, Library and Information Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Bomb ay 42 Form of distribution s Hard Copy 50 Language of te:<t : English 51 Language of summary : Eng1i sh 52 No. af references : 53 Gives data on : 6O Abstract rCurrent research and development programmes an physical Metallurgy and related areas from the following Divisions are included in this report : Atomic Fuels Division, High Presure Physics Division, Metallurgy Division, Radio Metallurgy Division, Solid State Physics Division.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy of Rare Earths – Part A: Analysis of Metallothermic Reduction and Its Variants
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 18 March 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0463.v1 Page 1 of 14 Pyrometallurgy and electrometallurgy of rare earths – Part A: Analysis of metallothermic reduction and its variants Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique Eastern Engineering Solutions Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139 E: [email protected] Abstract Rare earths are classified as most important and critical material for US economy and defense by Congress and a mandate has been set to increase their in-house production, domestic resource utilization and decrease reliance on foreign resources and reserves. They are widely available in earth crust as ore (bastnaesite (La, Ce)FCO3, monazite, (Ce, La, Y, Th)PO4, and xenotime, YPO4), but their so-called economic reserves are sparsely located geographically. They may be produced by various means such as beneficiation (physical, chemical, mechanical, or electrical), reduction (direct or indirect), electrolysis (of aqueous or molten / fused single or mixed salt systems) at high temperature or hydrometallurgy. Out of these, direct reduction also known as metallothermic reduction (La and Ca reduction) is mostly utilized. Its variant, high temperature electrowinning of fused salts is also practiced widely. These processes are material and application specific. In this study, author will employ thermodynamics (Ellingham diagrams, -2 free energy of formation, reduction potential, Nernst equation, Pourbaix (Eh-pH) diagrams, E-pO diagrams), kinetics and energetic of a chemical reaction (chemical metallurgy) to reduce rare earth oxide / salt to rare earth metals (REO/RES – REM). It is shown that materials and energy requirement vary greatly depending on type of mineral ore, production facility, and beneficiation / mineral processing method selected.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching High-Temperature Materials Chemistry at University
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 299–338, 2009. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-05-01 © 2009 IUPAC INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY DIVISION* TEACHING HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AT UNIVERSITY (IUPAC Technical Report) Prepared for publication by GIOVANNI BALDUCCI1,‡, ANDREA CICCIOLI1, GIOVANNI DE MARIA1, FIQIRI HODAJ2, AND GERD M. ROSENBLATT3 1Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma 34, Italy; 2SIMAP Laboratory, ENSEEG/LPTCM, Domaine Universitaire, B. P. 75, F-38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France; 3Materials Science Division, Mail Stop 62B0203, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-8253, USA *Membership of the Division Committee during the final preparation of this report was as follows: President: A. R. West (UK); Vice President: K. Tatsumi; Secretary: L. V. Interrante (USA); Titular Members: C. Bianchini (Italy); A. Chadwick (UK); T. B. Coplen (USA); M. Leskela (Finland); R. D. Loss (Australia); J. Reedjik (Netherlands); M. P. Suh (Korea); Associate Members: J. Garcia-Martinez (Spain); N. E. Holden (USA); S. Mathur (Germany); L. A. Oro (Spain); National Representatives: T. Basova (Russia); J. Corish (Ireland); J. Takats (Canada); M. Drabik (Slovakia); T. P. Gajda (Hungary); T. Ding (China/Beijing); V. K. Jain (India). ‡Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment, with full reference to the source, along with use of the copyright symbol ©, the name IUPAC, and the year of publication, are prominently visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Mineral Processing & Extractive Metallurgy in Recycling
    RecyclingRecycling TechnologiesTechnologies && ConsiderationsConsiderations (Introduction(Introduction toto MineralMineral ProcessingProcessing && ExtractiveExtractive MetallurgyMetallurgy inin Recycling)Recycling) Edgar E. Vidal and Patrick R. Taylor Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy Colorado School of Mines G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM WhyWhy ShouldShould CompaniesCompanies Recycle?Recycle? Computer Monitor Recycling in China – ¾ The bottom line is Copyright Basel Action economics. Network ¾ But in addition, companies may derive positive benefits from addressing both: social responsibility and sustainable development issues. G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM WhatWhat TechnologyTechnology isis usedused inin Recycling?Recycling? ¾ Most recycle technology is based upon our understanding of both mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. ¾ Innovative advances in both technologies have been, and are being, made to address the unique resource recovery problems associated with both recycling and waste Computer Wire Recycling minimization. in China (Copyright Basel Action Network) G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM DUST EXHAUST TRUNK LINK COLLECTOR EXHAUST AIR Fe WIRE CROSSBELT INPUT MAGNET TWO DECK EXHAUST SCREEN WASTE FAN PRIMARY PRODUCT GRANULATOR CROSSBELT SECONDARY TERTIARY DUAL MAGNET GRANULATOR GRANULATOR ASPIRATOR BIN Fe COPPER OR ALUMINUM DUST GRAVITY WireWire ProcessingProcessing SystemSystem SEPARATOR (System(System
    [Show full text]
  • Antoine Allanore
    Antoine Allanore Date: October 01, 2016 Department: Department of Materials Science and Engineering Education Records Institution Degree Date Specialization Thesis Title Institut National Polytechnique de Ph.D. in December Experimental study of the iron metal production by electrolysis: iron Lorraine (now Lorraine University) Electrochemical 2007 oxide reduction mechanism and electrochemical cell development Engineering Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Chemical Process January Industries Chimiques, Nancy, France Engineer Diploma 2004 Institut National Polytechnique de M.Sc. with Honors January Lorraine (now Lorraine University) 2004 Fields of Interest Field of Interest Sustainable Materials Processing Green chemistry Sustainable mining Metal extraction Materials Chemistry High Temperature Materials Electrochemistry Honors and Awards Award Name Date TMS Early Career Faculty Fellow Award 2015 Vittorio de Nora from TMS, recognizing outstanding materials science research and development contributions to the reduction of environmental impacts, 2012 as applied in global metallurgical industries Young Leader Professional Development Award from TMS Extraction & Processing Division 2011 Professorships Title Type Begin Date End Date Thomas B. King Career Development Professor in Metallurgy Career Development 9/15/2012 9/14/2015 MIT Affiliations None Publications Books None Papers in refereed journals Publication Publication Name and Url Date A. Allanore, H. Lavelaine, G. Valentin, J.P. Birat and F. Lapicque, « Electrodeposition of metal iron from dissolved species in alkaline media », January Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 154, 187-193, (2007) 2007 A. Allanore, H. Lavelaine, G. Valentin, J.P. Birat and F. Lapicque, « Iron Metal Production by Bulk Electrolysis of Iron Ore Particles in Aqueous January Media », Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 155, 125-129, (2008) 2008 H.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiranjib Kumar Gupta Chemical Metallurgy
    Chiranjib Kumar Gupta Chemical Metallurgy Chemical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice. Chiranjib Kumar Gupta Copyright © 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-30376-6 Chiranjib Kumar Gupta Chemical Metallurgy Principles and Practice Author This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, author and publisher do not warrant the information Dr. Chiranjib Kumar Gupta contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are Bhabha Atomic Research Centre advised to keep in mind that statements, data, Materials Group illustrations, procedural details or other items may Mumbai 400085 inadvertently be inaccurate. India Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Biblothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnd.ddb.de>. © 2003 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free and low chlorine paper Cover Design Grafik-Design Schulz, Fußgönheim Typesetting Manuela Treindl, Laaber Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Binding Großbuchbinderei J. Schäffer GmbH & Co. KG, Grünstadt ISBN 3-527-30376-6 V Foreword Dr. C. K. Gupta is a very distinguished colleague of mine. I have been familiar with his pro- fessional career over a long period.
    [Show full text]
  • Ever in Orbit Full Treatment of Aluminium Chemical
    NATURE, VOL. 214, APRIL 1. 1967 57 little account appears to have been taken of work pub­ EVER IN ORBIT lished after 1962. Few references bear the date 1963 The Earth-Moon System (although at least one publication of 1965 is referred to) Edited by B. G. Marsden and A. G. W. Cameron. (Pro­ but, for instance, grain boundary precipitation pheno­ ceedings of an International Conference, January 20-21, mena in aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloys are discussed 1964, sponsored by the Institute for Space Studies of the entirely in terms of solute depletion, no mention being Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA.) Pp. xiv+288. made of recent explanations based on a vacancy depletion (New York: Plenum Press, 1966.) $12.50. mechanism. Other examples can be cited. THE present rate of publication of new books on the Moon At £7 the book cannot be recommended to the individual buyer, but should find a place on library shelves as a is so great that one automatically questions their need and asks how they differ in their coverage from previously general introduction to aluminium metallurgy and as a published volumes. This volume provides outlines of all convenient source of thermodynamic data of interest the interesting aspects of the dynamics of the Earth­ in the field. H. ME.li> Moon system and the origin of the Moon, and the only w. D. MOORE comparable book is Munk and MacDonald's The Rotation c. of the Earth. Although some topics in Munk and Mac­ Donald are repeated in The Earth-Moon System, the emphasis is, naturally, different; and other topics in the two books are distinctly different.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Principles of Metallurgy and Metalworking
    Basic Principles of Metallurgy and Metalworking Course No: T04-009 Credit: 4 PDH Donald Parnell, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 076 77 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] Basic Principles of Metallurgy and Metalworking 1 Basic Principles of Metallurgy and Metalworking Table of Contents Chapter 1: History of Metalwork and Metallurgy Chapter 2: Ore and Metallurgical Processing Chapter 3: Metal Properties and Alloys Chapter 4: Mechanical Properties of Metals Chapter 5: Strength in Metals Chapter 6: Corrosion Resistance Chapter 7: Types of Iron (Ferrous Metals) Chapter 8: Types of Steel (Another Ferrous Metal) Chapter 9: Nonferrous Metals and Alloys Chapter 10: Metalworking Processes Chapter 11: Metal Identification And Testing Methods 2 Basic Principles of Metallurgy and Metalworking Chapter 1: History of Metalwork and Metallurgy 3 Basic Principles of Metallurgy and Metalworking Metals and temperature Throughout history, advances in metalworking correlated with advances in achieving the higher temperatures in our melting of those metals. As we developed the means to achieve higher temperatures in the melting and smelting processes, so too did we advance in our metalworking and alloying technologies. Those ores and metals that could be smelted and melted at lower temperatures were the first to be developed into the weaponry, tools, and jewelry of the day. Metals with lower melting points such as copper, and its alloy bronze, were discovered long before iron and its alloy steel. Also, the pure metals, like copper and iron, were used before their alloys, bronze and steel. 4 Basic Principles of Metallurgy and Metalworking Metals found in ancient history Ancient civilizations knew of seven metals: • Iron • Tin • Lead • Copper • Mercury • Silver • Gold Not all metal required heat in order to be processed.
    [Show full text]
  • GANDHI CENTRE for Atomic RESEARCH Kalfai(KAM ICC-100 1988
    O CO o w «- 0) 6" Biennial Activity Report of Metallurgy Programme-1985 and 1986 Edite: by C. Maiitkc P. R. Sreenivosan P. Murahedhcran M. T. Shyamsunder P. Kuppusami N. Sampath A. K. Bhaduri 0. M. Sreedharan GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENEFCY GANDHI CENTRE FOR ATOMiC RESEARCH KALFAi(KAM ICC-100 1988 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY Biennial Activity Report of Metallurgy Programme-1985 and 1986 Edited by C. Mallika, P.R. Sreenivasan, P. Muraleedharan, Ai.T. Shyamsunder, P. Kuppusami, N. Sampath, A.K. Bhaduri and O.M. Sreedharan Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India FOREWORV I have, gxzat pk.aiu.xz in pie.ie.ntmQ thz Biennial Activity Uzpoit o{\ thz Mztalluxgy Pxogxammz oh the, Indka Gandhi Ce.ntxz faoi Atomic Ue.ie.aich hot the. ye.au 1985 and 1986. Thii xzpoxting pzxiod maihi the. f,iut two ye.au oh thz izcond decade oh thz Pxogxammz. Thz pziiod hai izzn iomz itxuctuxal changzi in thz oxgani- iation oh thz Pxogxammz. Thz activitizi oj thz "Radiomztalluxgy Laboxatoiy havz come undzx thz Viviuon fax Poit-lxxadiation Examination and NVT Peve- lopmznt [VPENV) oh thz Mztalluxgy Pxogxammz. Thz doxmation oh VPENV ii a xzcognition not only oh thz impoxtancz oh NVT in Poit-lxxadiation Exami- nation but aiio oft thz zxczllznt contxibutiom ^xom tkii taboxatoxy to both V.SV in NVT and to impoxtant pxactical applicatiom in out powzx xzactoxi, hzavy watzx pxojzcti and in FBTU. With thz completion o& thz comtxaction o^ FBTH, thz Quality Contxol S Inipzction Wing hai now become a paxt ofa thz Pxogxammz and hai bzzn xznamzd ai thz Quality Enginzzxing Section.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods of Investigation of Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection Of
    NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The program of research on building materials and structures vmdertaken by the National Bureau of Standards is planned with the assistance of the following advisory committee designated by the Subcommittee on Design and Construction of the Central Housing Committee. TECHNICAL RESEARCH GROUP Walter Junge, Federal Housing Administration, Acting Chairman A. G. Bear, Vincent B. Phelan, Veterans' Administration. National Bureau of Standards. Pierre Blouke, E. A. POYNTON, Home Owners' Loan Corporation. Bureau of Lidian Affairs. C. W. Chamberlain, John H. Schaefer, Procurement Division. Procurement Division. Jos. M. DallaValle, A. C. Shire, Public Health Service. United States Housing Authority. Hugh L. Dryden, George W. Trayer, National Bureau of Standards. Forest Service. G. E. Knox, Elsmere J. Walters, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Quartermaster Corps, War Department. Department. Sterling R. March, Charles E. Mayette, Secretary. United States Housing Authority. The program is administered and coordinated by the following staff committee of the Bureau: Hugh L. Dryden, Chairman P. H. Bates W. E. Emley A. S. McAllister H. C. Dickinson G. E. F. Lundell H. S. Rawdon The Forest Products Laboratory of the Uniied States Department of Agriculture is cooperating with the National Bureau of Standards in studies of wood constructions. How To Purchase BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS On request, the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing OflBce, Washington, D. C, will place your name on a special mailing list to receive notices of new reports in this series as soon as they are issued. There will be no charge for receiving such notices. An alternative method is to deposit with the Superintendent of Documents the sum of $5.00, with the request that the reports be sent to you as soon as issued, and that the cost thereof be charged against your deposit.
    [Show full text]