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CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS CHINA-MEXICO CHINA-MEXICO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO La inversión extranjera directa de China en América Latina: 10 casos de estudio presente documento busca hacer un aporte sobre un El grupo de empresas chinas —o vinculadas con China— en América Latina. Se seleccionaron 10 empresas en 5 países —Argentina, Uruguay, Brasil, Perú y México— que permitieran profundizar sobre el conocimiento de las condiciones especí- ficas de establecimiento en cada país, sus encadenamientos hacia delante y atrás, así como el segmento global y territorial específico en el que las empresas participan, con el objeto de responder, entre otras, a la pregunta: ¿es la IED china cualitati- vamente diferente a la IED de otras naciones? El documento es una invitación a continuar con esta línea de trabajo y que permite un serio y estructurado diálogo con organismos empresariales y el sector público interesados en propuestas puntuales con respecto a China. No podemos más que invitarlos a participar activamente en la Red Académica de América Latina y el Caribe sobre China (RED ALC-CHINA) y en integrarse a la generación de conocimiento interdisciplinario y desde una perspectiva de largo plazo; pues consideramos que así lo amerita China y la muy dinámica y profunda relación que se está gestando entre América Latina y el Caribe con China. ISBN: 978-607-8066-09-4 9786078066094 Enrique Dussel Peters (coord.) Red Académica de América Latina y el Caribe sobre China Dr. Enrique Dussel Peters Coordinador General y Coordinador del eje temático Economía, comercio e inversión Dr. José Ignacio Martínez Cortés Coordinador del eje temático relaciones políticas e internacionales Dra. Yolanda Trápaga Delfín Coordinadora del eje temático recursos naturales y medio ambiente Dra. Liljana Arsovska Coordinadora del eje temático historia, cultura y aprendizaje del chino Dr. Antonio Ibarra Romero Representante de la Unión de Universidades de América Latina y el Caribe http://www.redalc-china.org/ Unión de Universidades de América Latina y el Caribe Dr. José Tadeu Jorge Presidente Dr. Roberto Escalante Semerena Secretario General Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Dr. José Narro Robles Rector Dr. Eduardo Bárzana García Secretario General Ing. Leopoldo Silva Gutiérrez Secretario Administrativo Dr. Francisco José Trigo Tavera Secretario de Desarrollo Institucional Lic. Enrique Balp Díaz Secretario de Servicios a la Comunidad Lic. Luis Raúl González Pérez Abogado General Centro de Estudios China-México Dr. Enrique Dussel Peters Coordinador Dra. Yolanda Trápaga Delfín Responsable La preparación del presente estudio fue financiada por el Banco Inter-Americano de Desarrollo a través del Fondo de Fortalecimiento de la Capacidad Institucional (ICSF), gracias al aporte del Gobierno de la República Popular China La inversión extranjera directa de China en América Latina: 10 estudios de caso. Coordinador: Enrique Dussel Peters Diseño de portada e interiores: Socorro García DR© Unión de Universidades de América Latina y el Caribe Circuito Norponiente del Estadio Olímpico, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México, D.F. Primera edición: 2014 ISBN: 978-607-8066-09-4 Impreso en México La inversión extranjera directa de China en América Latina: 10 estudios de caso. Enrique Dussel Peters (coord.) Índice Introducción ......................................................................... 7 Enrique Dussel Peters Argentina y China: nuevos encadenamientos mercantiles globales con empresas chinas. Los casos de Huawei, CNOOC y Sinopec ................................................................. 13 Andrés López y Daniela Ramos. 1. Los flujos de comercio e inversión bilaterales ........................ 14 2. Caso 1. Industria petrolera (CNOOC y Sinopec) .................... 23 3. Caso 2. La industria electrónica (Huawei) .............................. 46 4. Conclusiones ............................................................................. 54 Las relaciones económicas entre Brasil y China a partir del desempeño de las empresas State Grid y Lenovo .............. 61 Alexandre de Freitas Barbosa, Ângela Cristina Tepassê y Marina Neves Biancalana 1. Cuadro general de las relaciones económicas entre Brasil y China en los años 2000 ...................................... 61 2. El desempeño de State Grid en Brasil ..................................... 75 3. El desempeño de Lenovo en Brasil ......................................... 95 4. Consideraciones finales .......................................................... 120 5 LA INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA DE CHINA EN AMÉRICA LATINA La inversión extranjera directa de China en Perú. Los casos de China Fishery Group y Chinalco .................................. 133 Alan Fairlie. 1. Relaciones comerciales y de inversión Perú-China .............. 140 1.1 Comercio ......................................................................... 140 1.2 Inversiones ...................................................................... 144 2. Casos de estudio de empresas chinas en Perú ..................... 148 2.1. China Fishery Group ...................................................... 148 2.2. Minera Chinalco Perú ..................................................... 187 China y Uruguay. El caso de las empresas automotrices Chery y Lifan .............................................. 227 Gustavo Bittencourt y Nicolás Reig. 1. Relaciones económicas (comercio e inversiones) entre Uruguay y China ........................................................... 229 2. Estudios de caso: empresas Chery Socma y Lifan ................ 241 3. Principales características de la empresa china Chery y las actividades de su filial Chery Socma ............................. 249 4. Principales características de la empresa china Lifan y las actividades de su filial Besiney S.A. ....................................... 258 5. Conclusiones generales y propuestas de políticas ............... 267 La inversión extranjera directa China en México. Los casos de Huawei y Giant Motors Latinoamérica ........................ 273 Enrique Dussel Peters. 1. El comercio y la IED entre México y China (2000-2013)...... 275 2. Dos estudios de caso: Huawei y Giant Motors Latinoamérica ................................................ 290 2.1 El caso de Huawei ........................................................... 292 2.2 El caso de Giant Motors Latinoamérica (GML) ............. 307 3. Conclusiones y propuestas de política .................................. 328 Sobre los autores .............................................................. 343 6 Introducción La Red Académica de América Latina y el Caribe sobre China (RED ALC-CHINA) se constituyó en mayo de 2012 con la participación de varias docenas de miembros de diversos países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), así como de Estados Unidos y China, entre otros. Desde entonces se ha constituido en un foro especializado de investigación, debate y socialización de información con el objeto de promover el conocimiento entre académicos, los sectores público, privado y de- más interesados. Desde sus inicios, la RED ALC-CHINA ha buscado un debate multidisciplinario, crítico y propositivo entre ALC y China, en al menos cuatro ejes temáticos: a) economía, comercio e inversión extranjera; b) relaciones políticas e internacionales; c) recursos natu- rales y medio ambiente y d) historia, cultura y aprendizaje del chino. A partir de entonces, la RED ALC-CHINA ha logrado avances im- portantes, aunque también con enormes retos. La RED cuenta con más de 120 miembros individuales y 25 instituciones, tan relevante también, la cantidad de participantes y calidad del Seminario Inter- nacional “América Latina, el Caribe y China: Condiciones y retos en el siglo XXI” de mayo de 2014 que han mejorado significativamente con respecto al primero. El Seminario se ha consolidado como uno de los más importantes espacios de socialización de publicaciones, resultados de investigaciones, así como de intercambio entre acadé- micos, empresarios, funcionarios y otros especialistas sobre China en ALC. Si en mayo de 2012 se contó con más de 400 participantes y más de 100 ponentes, el Seminario de 2014 contará con más de 130 ponentes y ojalá y más de 500 asistentes, además de editoriales, 7 LA INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA DE CHINA EN AMÉRICA LATINA empresas y organismos empresariales, así como organismos regiona- les especializados de ALC, China y otros latitudes. La RED ALC-CHINA —por lo pronto—, ha logrado establecerse con una infraestructura sencilla que inicialmente responde a las necesida- des establecidas en el Reglamento de la propia RED. La corporación “Cruzando el Pacífico”, de Chile, ha jugado un papel fundamental al apoyar la creación del portal de la RED (www.redalc-china.org), como uno de los principales medios para lograr un diálogo sobre las res- pectivas temáticas. De igual forma, cada eje temático fue definido y coordinado por destacados especialistas y: el Mtro. Ignacio Mar- tínez Cortés (Relaciones políticas e internacionales), la Dra. Yolanda Trápaga Delfín (Recursos naturales y medio ambiente), la Mtra. Lil- jana Arsovska (Historia, cultura y aprendizaje del chino), así como el Dr. Enrique Dussel Peters, Coordinador General de la RED ALC- CHINA y del eje temático “Economía, comercio e inversión”. La Mtra. Hilda Lorena Cárdenas Castro y el Mtro. Samuel Ortiz Velásquez; fue- ron los responsables de la RED ALC-CHINA en diversos períodos du- rante
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