Redalyc.Los Poliporáceos De México V. Algunas Especies Del Norte Del Estado De Querétaro

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Redalyc.Los Poliporáceos De México V. Algunas Especies Del Norte Del Estado De Querétaro Polibotánica ISSN: 1405-2768 [email protected] Departamento de Botánica México Valenzuela, Ricardo; Fernández Nava, Rafael Los poliporáceos de México V. algunas especies del Norte del Estado de Querétaro Polibotánica, núm. 9, diciembre, 1998, pp. 85-122 Departamento de Botánica Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62100901 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto POLIBOTÁNICA Núm. 14:85-122, 2002 LOS POLIPORÁCEOS DE MÉXICO V. ALGUNAS ESPECIES DEL NORTE DEL ESTADO DE QUERÉTARO Ricardo Valenzuela y Claudia P. De la Huerta Laboratorio de Micología, Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Apartado Postal 260, Centro Operativo Naranjo, Col. Santa María de la Rivera, México, DF, CP 02600, MÉXICO. e-mail: [email protected] Rafael Fernández Nava Laboratorio de Fanerógamas, Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Apartado Postal 17-564, México, DF, CP 11410, MÉXICO. e-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN Palabras clave: Poliporáceos, Querétaro, México. Para la realización del presente trabajo se efectuaron diez exploraciones en el área ABSTRACT de estudio, entre 1993 y 1997, con el fin de A project was undertaken between 1993 and recolectar el material fúngico, además se 1997 to collect polypores in the northern part revisaron los especímenes depositados en el of the state of Queretaro. Besides making 10 herbario micológico de la Escuela Nacional de field trips, we studied specimens of polypores Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB). Se estudiaron deposited in the mycological herbarium of the 440 especímenes procedentes de 45 Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN localidades distribuidas en cinco municipios (ENCB). A list of 440 specimens originating de la parte norte del estado de Querétaro. Se from 45 localities is presented. Eighty-five determinaron 85 especies de hongos species of polypores were recognized, poliporoides incluidos en 45 géneros belonging to 45 genera and 5 families of the pertenecientes a cinco familias del orden Order Aphyllophorales. The Family Aphyllophorales. La familia Corticiaceae está Corticiaceae is represented by one genus and representada por un género y una especie; la one species; Ganodermataceae, by two genera familia Ganodermataceae con dos géneros y and four species; Hymenochaetaceae, six cuatro especies; la Hymenochaetaceae con seis genera and 21 species; Polyporaceae sensu géneros y 21 especies; la Polyporaceae con 35 stricto, 35 genera and 58 species; and géneros y 58 especies y finalmente la familia Albatrellaceae, one genus and one species. Fifty Albatrellaceae con un género y una especie. species of polypores are cited as new to Queretaro. En el presente estudio se citan 50 especies por primera vez para el estado de Querétaro. Key words: Polypores, Queretaro, Mexico. 85 POLIBOTÁNICA Núm. 14:85-122, 2002 INTRODUCCIÓN café las enzimas del hongo atacan únicamente a la celulosa, por lo que la zona Los hongos poliporoides son principalmente afectada adquiere un color café debido a la xilófagos y se caracterizan por presentar un presencia de la lignina no degradada; la himenio con poros de formas variables, que pudrición blanca se debe a que el hongo se van desde circulares hasta irpiciformes y en nutre tanto de la celulosa como de la lignina, algunos géneros de laminares a laberintiformes, y adquiere el color blanco característico, pueden ser anuales, bienales o perennes, se presentándose una disminución en el peso unen al sustrato en forma resupinada, sésil, del sustrato (Cartwright y Findlay, 1950). efuso-reflejada o estipitada, su consistencia varía desde subcarnosa a leñosa y crecen Los hongos poliporoides antiguamente se solitarios o gregarios (Ryvarden, 1991). ubicaban dentro de la familia Polyporaceae sensu lato, pero recientemente Ryvarden (1991) Desde el punto de vista biológico reconocio 12 familias dentro de este grupo desempeñan un papel importante en la de hongos, de las cuales 10 han sido naturaleza, pues muchos de ellos citadas para México y son: Albatrellaceae, descomponen la madera de árboles vivos o Bondartzewiaceae, Corticiaceae, Echinodon- muertos, de ahí su importancia ya que tiaceae, Fistulinaceae, Ganodermataceae, mediante la degradación de madera muerta Hericiaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae participan en los ciclos biogeoquímicos de sensu stricto y Thelephoraceae. algunos elementos como carbono, oxígeno y nitrógeno al reciclar los nutrientes de éstos En México los hongos poliporoides han sido y otros elementos al suelo (Cooke y Rayner, objeto de estudio por diversos autores, en la 1984). Esta característica también les mayoría de dichos casos estos hongos están confiere gran importancia económica, incluidos en listados micoflorísticos y porque son responsables en gran parte de las solamente algunos trabajos se han abocado a pérdidas en la industria maderera. Las este grupo de hongos, destacando los de Murrill reacciones degradativas involucradas en la (1912, 1915); Castillo et al. (1969), Castillo y pudrición de la madera son realizadas por Guzmán (1970); Galván-Villanueva y Guzmán enzimas catalíticas capaces de difundirse en (1977); Ojeda-López et al. (1986); Anell y la matriz polimérica e hidrolizar u oxidar el Guzmán (1987, 1988), Valenzuela y Chacón sustrato a moléculas más simples a cierta (1991); Ryvarden y Guzmán (1992), Nava distancia de las hifas, tales enzimas actúan y Valenzuela (1993), Valenzuela et al. (1994) y extracelularmente. Una vez que estas Valenzuela et al. (1996). Además, Guzmán enzimas han degradado los polímeros, las y Herrera (1971) y Bandala et al. (1993) partículas de bajo peso molecular que son hicieron una recopilación bibliográfica de los liberadas, pueden difundirse a las hifas donde hongos del grupo de los poliporáceos citados se metabolizan intracelularmente (Boyce, para México. 1961). De acuerdo a la forma en que se degrada el sustrato se tienen dos tipos de En el estado de Querétaro existen pocos pudrición, la café y la blanca. En la pudrición trabajos que incluyen a los hongos 86 2002 De la Huerta,Valenzuela y Fernández: Los poliporáceos de México v. Algunas especies del norte del estado de Querétaro poliporoides, dentro de los cuales tenemos el 1986). Los colores mencionados en las trabajo de tesis de Sánchez-Cancino (1991), descripciones de las especies se hicieron quien estudió los macromicetos de la parte comparándolos con la tabla de Kornerup y norte del estado y enlistó 27 especies de Wanscher (1978). hongos poliporoides de los cuales cinco pertenecen a la familia Hymenochaetaceae, Las colectas se trasladaron al herbario ENCB, dos a la Ganodermataceae y 20 a la familia donde se procedió al secado del material, para Polyporaceae. Valenzuela et al. (1994) citaron lo cual se utilizó una parrilla eléctrica y una a Albatrellus cristatus (Pers.:Fr.) Kolt et Pouz secadora, una vez deshidratados los para el estado de Querétaro; Valenzuela et al. especímenes recolectados se guardaron en (1996) que citaron a Hydnochaete olivacea cajas de cartón con su respectiva etiqueta (Schw.) Banker e H. tabacina (Berk. et Curt.) (Guzmán, 1977). Ryv. y finalmente García-Jiménez et al. (1998) citaron 19 especies de hongos En el laboratorio se realizó la determinación poliporoides para el estado de Querétaro, de de los ejemplares recolectados previamente los cuales cuatro pertenecen a la familia herborizados, y además se revisaron los Hymenochaetaceae, dos a la Ganodermataceae especímenes depositados en el herbario y 13 a la familia Polyporaceae. El objetivo del micológico de la Escuela Nacional de trabajo es inventariar las especies de este grupo Ciencias Biológicas, IPN (ENCB). Para la de hongos para México y conocer la identificación se emplearon las técnicas importancia que tienen como degradadores de tradicionales de la micología propuestas por madera. Gilbertson y Ryvarden (1986) y Ryvarden (1991) para los hongos poliporoides. Se MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS hicieron preparaciones temporales con KOH al 5% y reactivo de Melzer, realizando cortes Para la realización del presente trabajo se transversales y longitudinales de las efectuaron diez exploraciones en el área de diferentes partes del basidioma tales como estudio, de 1993 a 1997, con el fin de recolectar píleo, contexto, himenio y estípite. Se tomaron el material fúngico utilizando canastas de las características de las estructuras mimbre, navaja de hoja ancha, bolsas y trozos microscópicas de importancia taxonómica tales de papel encerado. Cada hongo fue etiquetado como: tamaño, forma y color de las esporas, con los datos básicos tales como localidad, basidios, cistidios, setas e hifas, así como fecha, sustrato, hábitat, nombre del recolector también se observó el tipo de sistema hifal y y número de colecta. Además, se tomaron presencia de fíbulas, además de las reacciónes características macroscópicas en fresco como: microquímicas de éstas (Gilberson y Ryvarden, tamaño, forma, color, textura, consistencia y 1986). Para la ubicación taxonómica de las reacciones macroquímicas (KOH al 5%) en especies se utilizaron claves y literatura diferentes partes del basidioma (píleo, especializada como la de Overholts (1953), contexto, himenio y estípite). Se dio especial Bondartsev (1971), Pegler (1964), Cunnin- enfasis a la forma y al tamaño de los poros gham
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