Chapter One 1.1 Introduction : the Eye Ball Is the Dominant Structure in The
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Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
Variation in Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
eISSN 1308-4038 International Journal of Anatomical Variations (2013) 6: 68–70 Case Report Variation in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Published online April 21st, 2013 © http://www.ijav.org Deepali Prashant ONKAR [1] Abstract Prashant Madhukar ONKAR [2] Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is a result of failure of regression of embryonic hyaloid artery. It leads to abnormal lenticular development and secondary changes in retina and orbit. It presents as leucocoria and the eye is usually microphthalmic. Departments of Anatomy [1] and Radiodiagnostics [2], NKP High frequency ultrasound usually demonstrates an echogenic mass posterior to the lens with Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, a hyperechoic band extending from the optic disc to the posterior surface of the retrolental Nagpur, INDIA. mass, corresponding to the hyaloid canal. Visualization of hyaloid artery in this canal with color Doppler imaging is almost pathognomonic. A 3-month-old male infant presented with a unilateral leucocoria. High frequency ultrasound revealed echogenic band extending from optic disc to posterior aspect of lens. No retrolental Deepali Prashant Onkar mass was noted. On color Doppler, this band showed vascular pulsatile color flow in the persistent Associate Professor Anatomy hyaloid artery. Color Doppler was diagnostic in this variant of persistent hyperplastic primary NKP Salve Institute of Medical vitreous where retrolental mass was absent. Sciences and Research Center © Int J Anat Var (IJAV). 2013; 6: 68–70. Nagpur, 440016, INDIA. +91 (712) 2248590 [email protected] Key words [variant persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous] [color Doppler] [hyaloid artery] Received March 5th, 2012; accepted October 21st, 2012 [high frequency ultrasound] Introduction broadband linear probe on My Lab 50 ultrasound and color Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous commonly presents Doppler machine manufactured by M/S Esaote, Italy. -
A Study of Some Results of Infection of the Vitreous
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.3.2.49 on 1 February 1919. Downloaded from THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY FEBRUARY, 1919 COMMUNICATIONS A STUDY OF SOME RESULTS OF INFECTION OF copyright. THE VITREOUS BODY WITH SEPTIC MATERIAL IN COUCHED EYES* BY LIEUT.-COLONEL ROBERT HENRY ELLIOT, I.M.S. (Ret.) LONDON. http://bjo.bmj.com/ IN 1911 Professor M. Straub, of Amsterdam, read a communication before the Ophthalmological Society on the pathology of certain opacities which develop in the vitreous as the result of the deliberate infection of the ciliary body with tubercle bacilli.+ The experiments, carried out on rabbits, were two in number, and had for their object the further study of processes, which he had observed to occur in on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected the vitreous when that body had been made the seat of the original focus of inflammation. His principal findings were as follows:- (1) The optic nerve head was inflamed and swollen, and its cup was filled up by leucocytes. (2) In the vitreous body were found a number of leucocytes, seated on thin membranes, and lying on the plane between the granuloma, which had developed as a result of the infection, and the inflamed optic nerve head. (3) Aggregations of leucocytes were found on the walls of the cavities of the eye (on the cornea, on the retina, on the lens capsule, and in *cavities of the vitreous). From these observations he concluded " that the lymph *A communication to the Section of Ophthalmology of the Royal Society of Medicine. -
The Eyeball: Fascial Sheath – Fibrous and Vascular Tunics, Retina Ocular Refractive Media – Aqueous Humor, Vitreous Body, Lens 3
VisualVisual ApparatusApparatus 1. Visual organs – embryonic development 2. Anatomy of the eyeball: fascial sheath – fibrous and vascular tunics, retina ocular refractive media – aqueous humor, vitreous body, lens 3. Accessory visual apparatus 4. Visual pathway Human eye HumanHuman visualvisual organsorgans The eye – some amazing facts: the eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 g ; although only 1/6th of it is exposed to the outside world, about half of our brain is involved in the seeing process – humans are thus very much visual animals!animals the only part of our body that can function at 100% ability at any moment, day or night, without rest ; most complex organs we possess – composed of more than 2 million working parts ; the external muscles that move the eyes are the AppleApple ofof mymy eyeeye strongest muscles in the human body for the job that they have to do. They are 100 times more powerful than they need to be! the retina contains 120 million rods for " night vision",vision and 8 million cones that are colour sensitive and work best under daylight conditions ; contributes towards 85% of our total knowledge – can process 36,000 bits of information every hour. Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov NB:NB: HumanHuman eye:eye: aa windowwindow toto thethe outsideoutside worldworld !! 2 Human eye AnatomyAnatomy ofof thethe eyeeye The eye – Lat. oculus , Gr. ophthalmos : eyeball – coats ocular fibrous tunic • sclera • cornea vascular tunic (uveal tract) • choroid • ciliary body • iris retina ocular refractive media aqueous chamber&humor vitreous body lens accessory structures extraocular muscles eyebrows and eyelids lacrimal apparatus Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 3 Human eye EyeEye developmentdevelopment Eye rudiments : neural tube optic vesicles • optic sulcus – starts in the 3 -week embryo neuroepithelium • lens placode optic cup • retina • retinal pigment epithelium periocular mesenchyme cornea&sclera iris&ciliary body blood vessels of the eye Prof. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
Anatomy of Retina and Vitreous
Anatomy of Retina and vitreous The retina is a thin, semitransparent, multilayered sheet of neural tissue that lines the inner aspect of the posterior two- thirds of the wall of the globe. Thin delicate layer of nervous tissue Surface area of 266 mm2 Extends from optic disc to ora serrata Visible LAND MARKS of Human Retina Optic Disc Retinal Blood Vessels Area centralis with fovea and foveola Peripheral retina and ora serrata Thickest near the optic disc Thin towards the peripheral OPTIC DISC: Circular or slightly oval app. 1.5mn In the central contains a depression known as Physiological Cup AREA CENTRALIS: It is demarcated app. by upper and lower arcuate and temporal retinal vessels. Corresponds to app. 150 of the visual field and adopted for accurate diurnal vision and colour discrimination. It is divisible into fovea and foveola FOVEA: Center of area centralis 4mm temporal to the center of the optic disc. In this layer has there are no rods. Cones are larger and abundant its central part consist of cones and there nuclei covered by a thin internal limiting membrane. All other layers are absent in this region. In the center of the foveola there is tiny depression known as umbo. It corresponds to foveolar reflex. PERIPHERAL RETINA: 4 Regions 1. Near periphery: Circumscribed region of about 1.5mm around the area centralis. 2. Mid periphery: Occupies 3mm wide zone around the near periphery. 3. Far periphery: Extends from the optic disc 9-10mm on the temporal side and 16mm on the nasal side in the horizontal meridian. -
Content Outline
PART I ABS® Exam CONTENT OUTLINE CONDITION BASED Part I ABS Content Outline - Condition Based 2 Part I ABS Applied Basic Science Part I ABS Applied Basic Science test/measures a candidate’s fundamental knowledge and understanding of the scientific principles upon which optometric practice is based so that subsequent mastery of clinical content, both systemic and ocular, can occur. Part I ABS is composed of two major condition areas (Refractive Status / Sensory Processes / Oculomotor Processes and Normal Health / Disease / Trauma), and seventeen specific condition areas. The condition areas and their relative emphases are shown below. CONDITION BASED Refractive Status / Sensory Processes / Oculomotor Processes- 122 Items # of Items* Ametropia 29 - 39 Ophthalmic Optics / Spectacles 17 - 25 Contact Lenses 8 - 14 Low Vision 5 - 9 Accommodation / Vergence / Oculomotor Function 10 - 18 Amblyopia / Strabismus 9 - 17 Perceptual Function / Color Vision 10 - 18 Visual and Human Development 6 - 10 Normal Health / Disease / Trauma- 228 Items # of Items* Lids / Lashes / Lacrimal System / Ocular Adnexa / Orbit 20 - 28 Conjunctiva / Cornea / Refractive Surgery 34 - 50 Lens/ Cataract / IOL / Pre- & Post-Operative Care 7 - 13 Episclera / Sclera / Anterior Uvea 16 - 24 Vitreous / Retina / Choroid 17 - 25 Optic Nerve / Neuro-Ophthalmic Pathways 14 - 22 Glaucoma 13 - 21 Emergencies / Trauma 8 - 14** Systemic Health 55 - 75 Total = 350 *The number of items indicates the range for each condition area within the two major categories of Refractive Status / Sensory Processes / Oculomotor Processes and Normal Health / Disease / Trauma. The range specifies the minimum and maximum number of items in each condition area that will be administered as scored items on the test. -
Latin Term Latin Synonym UK English Term American English Term English
General Anatomy Latin term Latin synonym UK English term American English term English synonyms and eponyms Notes Termini generales General terms General terms Verticalis Vertical Vertical Horizontalis Horizontal Horizontal Medianus Median Median Coronalis Coronal Coronal Sagittalis Sagittal Sagittal Dexter Right Right Sinister Left Left Intermedius Intermediate Intermediate Medialis Medial Medial Lateralis Lateral Lateral Anterior Anterior Anterior Posterior Posterior Posterior Ventralis Ventral Ventral Dorsalis Dorsal Dorsal Frontalis Frontal Frontal Occipitalis Occipital Occipital Superior Superior Superior Inferior Inferior Inferior Cranialis Cranial Cranial Caudalis Caudal Caudal Rostralis Rostral Rostral Apicalis Apical Apical Basalis Basal Basal Basilaris Basilar Basilar Medius Middle Middle Transversus Transverse Transverse Longitudinalis Longitudinal Longitudinal Axialis Axial Axial Externus External External Internus Internal Internal Luminalis Luminal Luminal Superficialis Superficial Superficial Profundus Deep Deep Proximalis Proximal Proximal Distalis Distal Distal Centralis Central Central Periphericus Peripheral Peripheral One of the original rules of BNA was that each entity should have one and only one name. As part of the effort to reduce the number of recognized synonyms, the Latin synonym peripheralis was removed. The older, more commonly used of the two neo-Latin words was retained. Radialis Radial Radial Ulnaris Ulnar Ulnar Fibularis Peroneus Fibular Fibular Peroneal As part of the effort to reduce the number of synonyms, peronealis and peroneal were removed. Because perone is not a recognized synonym of fibula, peronealis is not a good term to use for position or direction in the lower limb. Tibialis Tibial Tibial Palmaris Volaris Palmar Palmar Volar Volar is an older term that is not used for other references such as palmar arterial arches, palmaris longus and brevis, etc. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria
ХОМИЧ В.Т., МАЗУРКЕВИЧ Т.А., ДИШЛЮК Н.В., СТЕГНЕЙ Ж.Г., УСЕНКО С.І. NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Міжнародна ветеринарна гістологічна номенклатура (Термінологічний словник) Київ - 2019 3 УДК 001.4:636.09:611.018(100) (038) ББК 71 М 43 Рекомендовано Вченою радою Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України (протокол № від 2019р.) Рецензенти: С.К. Рудик – доктор ветеринарних наук, професор (Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України); М.Е. Дзержинський – доктор біологічних наук, професор (Київський національний університет ім. Тараса Шевченка); М.Ф. Ковтун – доктор біологічних наук, професор (Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України) Хомич В.Т., Мазуркевич Т.А., Дишлюк Н.В., Стегней Ж.Г., Усенко С.І. Міжнародна ветеринарна гістологічна номенклатура (Термінологічний словник) /За редакцією В.Т. Хомича ISBN У термінологічному словнику латинською, англійською і українською мовами наведені сучасні міжнародні гістологічні терміни, які використовують у ветеринарній медицині. Словник рекомендується науковим співробітникам, які займаються гістологією тварин і викладачам дисципліни «Цитологія, гістологія, ембріологія» для підготовки фахівців ОР «Бакалавр» і «Магістр» напряму «Ветеринарна медицина». УДК 001.4:636.09:611.018(100) (038) ISBN © В.Т. Хомич, Т.А. Мазуркевич, Н.В. Дишлюк, Ж.Г. Стегней, С.І.Усенко © НУБіП України, 2019 4 ЗМІСТ ПЕРЕДМОВА ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Anatomical Eponyms — Unloved Names in Medical Terminology F
Folia Morphol. Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 413–438 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0012 R E V I E W A R T I C L E Copyright © 2016 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Anatomical eponyms — unloved names in medical terminology F. Burdan1, 2, W. Dworzański1, M. Cendrowska-Pinkosz1, M. Burdan1, A. Dworzańska2 1Human Anatomy Department, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2St. John Cancer Centre, Lublin, Poland [Received: 29 July 2015; Accepted: 21 December 2015] Uniform international terminology is a fundamental issue of medicine. Names of various organs or structures have developed since early human history. The first proper anatomical books were written by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen. For this reason the modern terms originated from Latin or Greek. In a modern time the ter- minology was improved in particular by Vasalius, Fabricius and Harvey. Presently each known structure has internationally approved term that is explained in anatomical or histological terminology. However, some elements received eponyms, terms that incorporate the surname of the people that usually describe them for the first time or studied them (e.g., circle of Willis, follicle of Graff, fossa of Sylvious, foramen of Monro, Adamkiewicz artery). Literature and historical hero also influenced medical vocabulary (e.g. Achilles tendon and Atlas). According to various scientists, all the eponyms bring colour to medicine, embed medical traditions and culture to our history but lack accuracy, lead of confusion, and hamper scientific discussion. The current article presents a wide list of the anatomical eponyms with their proper anatomical term or description according to international anatomical terminology. -
Ocular Anatomy 11Th Biannual William Magrane Basic Science Course
OCULAR ANATOMY 12TH BIANNUAL WILLIAM MAGRANE BASIC SCIENCE COURSE 2016 NCSU BRUCE H. GRAHN, DVM, DIPLOMATE, ABVP & ACVO PROFESSOR DEPT. SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL SCIENCES, ASSOCIATE DEAN ACADEMIC WESTERN COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN SASKATOON, SASKATCHEWAN CANADA OBJECTIVES FOR OCULAR ANATOMY LECTURES JUNE 6TH 2016 • Understand ocular anatomy at a gross, subgross, and histologic levels. • Understand the embryologic origin of each of the ocular tissues. • Understand the physiology of ocular tissues at an introductory level. • Understand topographic extraocular and intraocular anatomy. • Review pertinent species anatomic differences. • Review the histologic anatomy of common domestic species in a laboratory session. • Review the neuro-ophthalmic examination and the afferent and efferent nerve pathways and their targets. • Provide self evaluation of your anatomic knowledge by short quizzes that may guide your study patterns. • Disclosures: Figures are derived from a variety of sources as identified on the individual power points, and the gross and subgross and histologic figures not referenced are originals and most are copyrighted by Wiley: Histologic Basis of Ocular Disease, Grahn, Wilcock, Peiffer (publishing date early 2017) OUTLINE FOR FIRST 2 HOURS • TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND THE NEURO-OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION • ORBITAL NERVE ANATOMY (DOG, CAT, HORSE, COW, PIG, RABBIT) • OCULAR ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY (DOG, CAT, HORSE, COW, PIG, RABBIT) • OCULAR VENOUS DRAINAGE (DOG, CAT, HORSE, COW, PIG, RABBIT) • GENERAL OCULAR ANATOMY (EYELIDS, CORNEA, SCLERA, ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SEGMENTS, OCULAR TISSUE HISTOLOGIC INTRODUCTION) • BREAK TOPOGRAPHIC OCULAR ANATOMY WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW AS AN OPHTHALMOLOGIST AT A GLANCE • Distant exam in photopic & scotopic conditions. • Done at arms length in room light and with a trans illuminator in room light and scotopic conditions with minimum hand restraint . -
1-Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Extra-Ocular Muscles) Involved In
MUSCLES OF THE EYE There are two groups of muscles within the orbit: 1-extrinsic muscles of eyeball (extra-ocular muscles) involved in movements of the eyeball or raising upper eyelids; 2-intrinsic muscles within the eyeball, which control the shape of the lens and size of the pupil. The extrinsic muscles include THE LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS SUPERIOR RECTUS INFERIOR RECTUS MEDIAL RECTUS LATERAL RECTUS Superior SUPERIOR OBLIQUE Inferior INFERIOR OBLIQUE Lateral medial The intrinsic muscles include 6 4 recti muscles Superior THE CILIARY MUSCLE 7muscles muscles 2 oblique muscles inferior THE SPHINCTER PUPILLAE THE DILATOR PUPILLAE + 1 levator palpebrae superioris Extrinsic muscles Of the seven muscles in the extrinsic group of muscles, one raises the eyelids, while the other six move the eyeball itself The movements of the eyeball, in three dimensions are: elevation-moving the pupil superiorly depression-moving the pupil inferiorly abduction-moving the pupil laterally adduction-moving the pupil medially internal rotation-rotating the upper part of the pupil medially (or towards the nose) external rotation-rotating the upper part of the pupil laterally (or towards the temple 1-LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS Origin:Lesser wing of sphenoid anterior to optic canal Insertion:Anterior surface of tarsal plate; a few fibers to skin and superior conjunctival fornix Nerve supply: Oculomotor nerve /superior branch Actions:Elevation of upper eyelid 2-SUPERIOR RECTUS Origin:Superior part of common tendinous ring Isertion:Anterior half of eyeball superiorly