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J.Bio.Innov6 (4), pp: 521-527, 2017 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Anjali et al.,

HERBAL REMEDIES FOR : A REVIEW

Anjali Teresa*.,K.Krishnakumar.,Dinesh kumar B & Anish John

Dept. of Pharmaceutics, St James College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalakudy, Kerala St James Hospital Trust Pharmaceutical Research Centre (DSIR Recognized), Chalakudy, Kerala

(Received on Date: 8th May 2017 Date of Acceptance: 21st July 2017)

ABSTRACT

Mouth ulcer is one of the common disorders caused due to variety of etiological factors.The two most common causes of oral ulceration are local trauma (e.g. rubbing from a sharp edge on a filling) and aphthous ("canker sores"), a condition characterized by recurrent formation of oral for largely unknown reasons. Mouth ulcers often cause pain and discomfort, and may alter the person's choice of food while healing occurs .This review focusses on various herbal remedies for the treatment of mouth ulcer.

Keywords:Ulcer,,canker sores

No: of References: 24

2017 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association

J.Bio.Innov6 (4), pp: 521-527, 2017 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Anjali et al.,

INTRODUCTION

A mouth ulcer (also termed an oral ulcer, Minor ulcers. These are around 2-8mm in or a mucosal ulcer) is an ulcer that occurs diameter and they usually clear up in 10 on the of the oral days to 2 weeks.Major ulcers:These are cavity. They are painful round or oval sores bigger and deeper, often with a raised or that form in the mouth, mainly on the inside irregular border. This type of ulcer can take of the cheeks or [1]. Mouth ulcers are several weeks to heal and may leave a very common, and they occur in scar in the mouth. association with many diseases and by Herpetiform ulcers: This type of ulcer is a different mechanisms, but usually there is cluster of dozens of smaller sores about the no serious underlying cause.Common size of pinheads [6]. causes of mouth ulcers include nutritional deficiencies such as , vitamins ULCERATIVE CONDITIONS especially B12 and C, poor , infections, stress, indigestion, mechanical Mouth ulcers are very common and are injury, food , hormonal imbalance, mainly due to trauma such as from ill-fitting skin disease etc. Mouth ulcers, also known dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. as aphthous ulcers, can be painful while However, or other investigation eating,drinking or brushing teeth [2,3]. should be done for patients with an ulcer of over three weeksduration to exclude TYPES OF MOUTH ULCER: On the basis of malignancy or other serious conditions ulcer size and number, mouth ulcer can be such as chronic infections [7]. classified as minor, major, and herpetiform [4,5] Main systemic and iatrogenic causes of oral ulcers The main types of mouth ulcer are: Table no.1: Causes of mouth ulcer [8]

MICROBIAL DISEASE MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS  Herpetic stomatitis Blood disorders   Anaemia  Herpes zoster  Leukaemia  Hand, foot and mouth diseases   Other white cell dyscrasias   HIV infections   Acute necrotizing  Crohn’s disease   Ulcerative Rheumatoid Diseases  Fungal infections  erythematosus

2017 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association

J.Bio.Innov6 (4), pp: 521-527, 2017 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Anjali et al.,

Cutaneous Disease  Behcet’s syndrome   Sweet syndrome   Rieter’s disease  Pempigoid Drugs  multiforme  Cytotoxic agents  Dermatitis herpatiformis   Linear IgA disease  Others  Radiotherapy  Chronic ulcerative stomatitis  Other dermatoses

Factors responsible for the mouth ulcers · recommended for patients with RAS[11]. However, longer treatment and frequent  Viral infections exposure to these medications may cause  and that fungal infection and drug resistance, which contain sodium lauryl sulfate may lead to more severe adverse effects  Mechanical trauma or even life-threatening  Emotional stress / Psychic stress complications.Nowadays natural herbal  Nutritional deficiencies medicines as an alternative therapy for  Allergies and sensitivities RAS have been widely used in many  Hormonal changes countries for decades [12].  Genetics  Infectious agents (both bacterial Aetiopathogenesis and viral)  Medical conditions[9] RAS may be a group of disorders of different pathogeneses.Sometimes cross- reacting antigens between the oral Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS; mucosa and microorganisms may be the aphthae; canker sores) initiators.Immune mechanisms appear for RAS is a very common condition which those person with a genetic predisposition typically starts in childhood or to oral ulceration. There is a positive family adolescence and presents with multiple history or genetic predisposition in about recurrent small, round or ovoid ulcers with one third of patients with RAS. circumscribed margins, erythematous Immunological factors are also involved, haloes, and yellow or grey floors [10]. RAS with T helper cells along with some natural affects at least 20% of the population, with killer cells predominating in the RAS lesions . the highest frequency in higher socio- Cytotoxic cells then appear in these lesions economic classes. Topical corticosteroids, and it is an evidence for an antibiotics, and are

2017 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association

J.Bio.Innov6 (4), pp: 521-527, 2017 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Anjali et al.,

dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) Indiaavailability of medicinal plants reaction[13]. is not a problem.  The cultivation and HERBAL REMEDIES FOR MOUTH ULCER processing of medicinal herbs are eco-friendly. Phytogenic agents aretraditionally used by  Prolong and apparently herbalists and indigenous healers for the uneventful use of herbal medicines prevention and treatment of ulcer. This is safe and efficacious [15]. article reviews the anti-ulcer properties of

the most commonly employed herbal medicines and their identified active Large numbers of medicinal plants and constituents. Botanical compounds with dietary nutrients have been shown to anti-ulcer activity include flavonoids (i.e. possess antiulcer activities such as Aloe, quercetin, naringin, silymarin, Terminalia chebula, Vetiveriaziziinoides, anthocyanosides, sophoradin derivatives) Ginseng, Capsicum etc. saponins (i.e. from Panaxjaponicus and Kochia scoparia), tannins (i.e. from Aloe vera(L.): It belongs to the family Linderaeumbellatae), and mucilages Xanthorrhoeaceae. Reportedchemical (i.e. gum guar and myrrh). Among herbal constituents in plant are aminoacids, drugs, liquorice, aloe gel and capsicum anthraquinones, enzymes, hormones, (chilli) have been used lignin, minerals, salicylic acid, saponins, extensively.Ethnomedical systems employs sterols, sugars, vitamins The mechanism several plant extracts for the treatment of involved in production of antiulcer activity ulcer[14]. of the plant is due to its antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, mucus secreting, Advantages of herbal medicines cytoprotective or healing activities . Reported pharmacological activities of the  Herbal medicines have a plant are hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, long history of use and better woundhealing, immunomodulatory, patient tolerance and public , hepatoprotective. 1–3 acceptance. tablespoons of aloe vera juice used as a  Medical plants have a , then swallowed, three times renewable source, so that we can daily for the treatment of mouth ulcer [16]. have sustainable supplies of cheaper medicines for the worlds Capsicum annuum L. is commonly known growing population. as Chilli pepper and it is most widely  Because of the richagro-climatic, cultivated throughout the world. It belongs cultural and ethnic biodiversity of to the family Solanaceae. The fruit is developing countries like proved to possess antiulcer activity, 2017 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association

J.Bio.Innov6 (4), pp: 521-527, 2017 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Anjali et al.,

antioxidant activity. The fruit and extracts of the plant exerted significant vegetable peel extracts of the plant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtili, exerted radicalscavenging properties. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Solasonine present in the plant is reported and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active to have platelet aggregation inhibitory compound glabridin present in liquorice activity [17]. reported anti-fungal activity against Arthriniumsacchari M001, Carica papaya Linn.is commonly known as Chaetomiumfunicola M002 and potent Papaya. It belongs to the family antioxidant activity towards LDL oxidation. Caricaceae and well known for various Reported pharmacological activities of the medicinal properties. The fruits are plant are anti-inflammatory, anti tussive, reported to possess antiulcer activity . The hepatoprotective, Estrogenic.Licorice seeds are reported to exert antimicrobial, (DGL) (from Glycyrrhizaglabra): Combine anthelmintic, antiamoebicproperties [18]. 200 mg of powdered DGL and 200 ml of Curcuma longa L. is commonly known as warm water swished in the mouth and then Turmeric and also a household remedy for spit out; continue each morning and biliary disorders, anorexia, cough, diabetic evening for one week. [20] wounds, hepatic disorders, rheumatism Chamomile (Matricariarecutita): and sinusitis which belongs to the family Chamomile or chamomile is the common Zingiberaceae. Evaluation of turmeric has name for several daisy like plants of the been done for gastric and duodenal family Asteracea.Terpenoids and antiulcer activity in rats.Volatile oil of flavonoids present in dried chamomile Curcuma longa possess anti-inflammatory flower is responsible for its medicinal and anti-arthritic activities. Water and fat properties.It is commonly used for its soluble extracts of curcumin exhibited antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidepressant, strong antioxidant activity comparable to anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, vitamins C and E [19]. anti-carcinogenic activities.A diluted Glycyrrhizaglabra L., Glycyrrhizaglabra L., is tincture or strong tea made from a sweet, moist, soothing, flavoring herb chamomile flowers can be swished in the commonly known as Liquorice belonging mouth three to four times per day. [21] to the family Fabaceae.The plant is widely Echinacea (Echinacea used as a medicine from the ancient purpurea):Echinacea purpurea is a medical history of ayurveda. The perennial medicinal herb with anti glycyrrhetinic acid of Liquorice showed inflammatory and immune-stimulatory potent in vitro activity against H. pylori properties.It is also having various indicating its antiulcer effect on peptic biological activities such as anti- ulcers. The ether, chloroform, acetone root 2017 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association

J.Bio.Innov6 (4), pp: 521-527, 2017 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Anjali et al.,

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