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Efecto De Especies Nativas Y Silvestres De Lupinus Sobre La Fertilidad Del Suelo Agrícola TESIS

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Efecto De Especies Nativas Y Silvestres De Lupinus Sobre La Fertilidad Del Suelo Agrícola TESIS INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos Departamento de Biotecnología Efecto de especies nativas y silvestres de Lupinus sobre la fertilidad del suelo agrícola T E S I S Que para obtener el Grado de Maestría en Ciencias en Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos PRESENTA Michelle Illiane Figueroa Rodríguez Directoras de Tesis Dra. Kalina Bermúdez Torres Dra. Marta Astier Calderón Yautepec de Zaragoza, Morelos; Enero 2017. El presente trabajo se realizó en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Células Vegetales del Departamento de Biotecnología, en el Laboratorio de Entomología del Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), bajo la dirección de la Dra. Kalina Bermúdez Torres y la Dra. Marta Astier Calderón del Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Los análisis de suelos, parte del trabajo experimental del proyecto, se realizaron bajo la supervisión del Dr. Gerardo Cruz Flores, en el Laboratorio de Edafología y Nutrición Vegetal de la Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores de la UNAM. Para la realización de los estudios se contó con el apoyo económico del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) (No. de becario 640583) del programa de Becas Mixtas de esta Institución, y de la Beca de Estímulo Institucional de Formación de Investigadores del IPN. La investigación fue realizada con el financiamiento otorgado a los proyectos de la Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. DEDICATORIA A Jaime, mi Bi AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Dra. Kalina Bermúdez Torres, por darme la oportunidad de participar en un proyecto dirigido a una comunidad. Gracias por la confianza, el tiempo y el apoyo para llevar a cabo este trabajo. A la Dra. Marta Astier Calderón, por el apoyo y los valiosos consejos que dieron dirección a este trabajo. Gracias por el optimismo, el ánimo y la confianza para realizar este proyecto. Al comité revisor y jurado: Dra. Elsa Ventura Zapata, M. en C. Leticia Bravo Luna, Dr. Gerardo Cruz Flores y Dr. Javier Villanueva Sánchez, por todo el tiempo, esfuerzo y conocimiento invertido. A Arnoldo Sánchez López y Minerva Méndez Tinajero. Ustedes hacen grande al CeProBi. Gracias por su amistad, consejos, ayuda, experiencias y un montón de cosas más que me dieron. Al Ing. Jorge Martínez Sotomayor, por darnos lo esencial para desarrollar este trabajo: el suelo. Gracias por la generosidad y el apoyo, así como los paisajes y la experiencia que nos dejó el huerto de nogal. A Carlos, por su apoyo y sus consejos en campo, y a la Sra. Chona, por tanta amabilidad y ternura, y por los deliciosos huevitos con frijoles. Al Sr. Jesús Ortega, por permitirnos trabajar en sus parcelas y apoyarnos en el trabajo en campo. A Raúl Michi Flores, por la ayuda brindada durante toda la Maestría y sus consejos de manito mayor. A Óscar Antúnez, Fausto Chú, y Jorge Pradel, por el enorme apoyo en campo. ¡No la hubiera hecho sin ustedes! A Nestor Hernández Silva y Armando Valdés, por ensuciarse las manos conmigo y por mí sin ningún motivo más que la solidaridad. ¡Quisiera que este país tuviera muchas personas como ustedes! A Ivan Sequera Grappin, por la ayuda para la inoculación de semillas y de muchas cosas más. Gracias a todos aquellos que hacen que el CeProBi sea una gran institución, que existe para el beneficio de mi país. A Lillian, mi mamá: “When I need motivation, my one solution is my queen 'cause she stay strong (yeah yeah!). She gives me love and affection, baby did I mention?, you're the only girl for me. Oh I think that I found myself a cheerleader, she is always right there when I need her.” Mark Bradford Te amo! Siempre que escucho el coro de esa canción, me acuerdo de ti. A Juan. El mundo se detiene cuando acaricias mi piel y las manos del reloj no giran si no estás presente. Gracias por cuidarme y siempre apoyarme. Te amo. A Jaime, mi Bi. Empecé siguiendo tus pisadas y ahora estoy aquí, viva. Me llevaste al mejor Camino. Siempre paciente y dispuesto a darte a los demás. Te amo! A Papá y Tita: “Sé que el destino ya lo tiene escrito Dios, ¡qué fortuna fue vivirlo entre los dos! Sé que no querías marcharte, sé que te querías quedar. Donde estés un día iré a visitarte, sólo guárdame un besito más.” Por siempre, los amo. Al Dios que me oye. “Haces que crezca la hierba para el ganado, y las plantas que la gente cultiva para sacar de la tierra su alimento: el vino que alegra el corazón, el aceite que hace brillar el rostro, y el pan que sustenta la vida.” Sal 104: 14-15. Gracias por tu creatividad infinita, por estar conmigo siempre. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE DE TABLAS .................................................................................................. III ÍNDICE DE CUADROS .............................................................................................. IV ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................ IV RESUMEN .................................................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 2 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. 3 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ............................................................................... 5 2.1. Suelo agrícola .................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1. Propiedades físicas ........................................................................................ 6 2.1.2. Propiedades químicas .................................................................................... 8 2.1.3. Métodos para el análisis de suelos .............................................................. 16 2.1.4. Fertilidad del suelo ....................................................................................... 21 2.2. Fertilizantes ..................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1. Fertilizantes inorgánicos ............................................................................... 23 2.2.2. Abonos orgánicos ........................................................................................ 26 2.2.2.1. Abonos verdes .......................................................................................... 30 2.3. Lupinus spp. .................................................................................................... 33 2.4. Manejo de huertos frutales .............................................................................. 40 2.4.1. Nogal de castilla ........................................................................................... 44 2.4.1.1. Requerimientos nutricionales .................................................................... 44 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN ................................................................................................. 47 4. HIPÓTESIS ......................................................................................................... 48 5. OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................ 48 5.1. Objetivo general .............................................................................................. 48 5.2. Objetivos específicos ....................................................................................... 48 6. METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................. 49 6.1. Diagrama experimental ................................................................................... 49 6.2. Zona de estudio ............................................................................................... 50 6.3. Evaluación del contenido de nitrógeno en especies del género Lupinus ........ 51 6.4. Evaluación de la escarificación mecánica sobre la germinación de semillas de L. bilineatus ............................................................................................................... 53 6.5. Estimación de la supervivencia de L. bilineatus en campo .............................. 54 I 6.6. Evaluación del efecto de la incorporación de L. bilineatus como abono verde en un huerto de nogal .................................................................................................... 55 6.7. Evaluación del efecto de poblaciones nativas y silvestres de Lupinus spp. sobre la fertilidad del suelo ........................................................................................ 56 6.8. Análisis estadístico .......................................................................................... 58 7. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................... 59 7.1. Evaluación del contenido de nitrógeno en especies del género Lupinus ........ 59 7.2. Evaluación de la escarificación mecánica sobre la germinación de semillas de L. bilineatus ............................................................................................................... 60 7.3. Estimación de la supervivencia de L. bilineatus en campo .............................. 62 7.4. Evaluación del efecto de la incorporación de L. bilineatus como abono verde en un huerto de nogal ...................................................................................................
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