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Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds in Mexican Lupin Beans Species: a Mini-Review

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Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds in Mexican Lupin Beans Species: a Mini-Review nutrients Review Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds in Mexican Lupin Beans Species: A Mini-Review Mario Alberto Ruiz-López 1,*, Lucia Barrientos-Ramírez 2, Pedro Macedonio García-López 1, Elia Herminia Valdés-Miramontes 3, Juan Francisco Zamora-Natera 1, Ramón Rodríguez-Macias 1, Eduardo Salcedo-Pérez 1, Jacinto Bañuelos-Pineda 4 and J. Jesús Vargas-Radillo 2 1 Botany and Zoology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco ZP 45110, Mexico 2 Wood, Pulp and Paper Department, CUCEI, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco ZP 45110, Mexico 3 Research in Behavioral Feeding and Nutrition Institute CUSUR, University of Guadalajara, Cd. Guzman, Jalisco ZP 49000, Mexico 4 Veterinary Medicine Departarment CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco ZP 45110, Mexico * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-(33)-37771192 (ext. 33007) Received: 1 July 2019; Accepted: 27 July 2019; Published: 2 August 2019 Abstract: As a source of bioactive compounds, species of the genus Lupinus are interesting legumes from a nutritional point of view. Although wild species are abundant and represent a potential source of nutrients and biologically active compounds, most research has focused on domesticated and semi-domesticated species, such as Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus albus, Lupinus luteus, and Lupinus mutabilis. Therefore, in this review, we focus on recent research conducted on the wild Lupinus species of Mexico. The nutritional content of these species is characterized (similar to those of the domesticated species), including proteins (isolates), lipids, minerals, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds, such as oligosaccharides, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Keywords: legumes; Mexican lupins; protein isolates; dietary fiber; nutrients; bioactives compounds 1. Introduction At present, epidemiological studies have shown that plant-based diets reduce the risks of developing chronic diseases [1,2]. In this sense, legumes represent one of the most important food categories. They have been widely cultivated and used as basic food sources to cover protein and energy needs throughout human history [3]. Legume seeds are used as a source of proteins, lipids, and dietary fiber in human and animal nutrition, and they are also adapted to marginal soils and climates. In many regions of the world, legumes are the only source of dietary protein and have been used as an effective substitute for animal protein at a lower cost. Additionally, it has been proven that legumes contain a large number of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits, such as the prevention of coronary heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Among these compounds are oligosaccharides, phenols, and alkaloids. The interest in these compounds is due to their possible beneficial applications (Figure1) as metabolic, hormonal, and digestive system regulators, as well as prebiotics [4], so it is of great interest to increase the knowledge of legumes as functional foods and the importance of their bioactive compounds [2]. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1785; doi:10.3390/nu11081785 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Nutrients 2019, 11, 1785 2 of 19 Nutrients 2019,, 11,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 2 of 19 Figure 1. Bioactive compounds compounds in in legume legume seeds and their and physiological effects effects (adapted from Muzquiz et al., 2012 [[4]).4]). L-DOPA (L-Dopaminie),(L-Dopaminie), ODAPODAP (oxalyl-L-(oxalyl-L-αα,,ββ-diaminopropionic-diaminopropionic acid).acid)acid) 2. Domesticated Domesticated Lupins Lupins Despite their high protein and dietary fiber fiber contentcontent and potential health benefits, benefits, lupins are undervalued legumes.legumes. There There is ais great a great diversity diversity of species, of species, but few arebut cultivated. few are Lupinuscultivated. angustifolius Lupinus, angustifoliusLupinus albus,, ,LupinusLupinusLupinus albusalbus luteus,, LupinusLupinus, and Lupinus luteusluteus mutabilis,, andand LupinusLupinus(Figures mutabilismutabilis2–5) are (( FigureFigure among 22 those FigureFigure that 33 FigureFigure are domesticated. 44 FigureFigure 5)5) areDomesticated among those species that are have domesticated. been improved Domesticated and have (a) speciesspecies low alkaloid havehave beenbeen content improvedimproved to increase andand havehave edibility (a)(a) lowlow for alkaloidhumans content and animals, to increase (b) soft edibility seeds with for humans high germination, and animals, and (b) (c) soft indehiscent seeds with pods high that germination, keep their andseeds (c) and indehiscent yield effi cientpods harveststhat keep [5 their]. seeds and yield efficient harvests [5]. Figure 2. LupinusLupinus angusifolius angusifolius (narrow-leafed(narrow-leafed lupin), lupin), Photo: Photo: P.P. White. White. Figure 3. Lupinus albus (withe lupin) Photo: B.Buirchell. Figura 3.. Lupinus albus (withe(withe lupin)lupin) Photo:Photo: B.BuirchellB.Buirchell Nutrients 2019,, 11,, 1785x FOR PEER REVIEW 33 of of 19 Nutrients 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 Figure 4. Lupinus luteus (Yellow lupin) Photo: P. White Figure 4. Lupinus luteus (Yellow lupin) Photo: P. White. Figure 4. Lupinus luteus (Yellow lupin) Photo: P. White Figure 5. Lupinus mutabilis (pearl lupin) Photo: P. White. Figure 5. Lupinus mutabilis (pearl lupin) Photo: P. White In relation to theirFigure nutritional 5. Lupinus properties, mutabilis the (pearl protein lupin) content Photo: in P. lupine White seeds is similar to that in soyIn (Tablerelation1), to with their an nutritional acceptable properties, content of the essential protein amino content acids. in lupine In addition, seeds is similar the presence to that of in In relation to their nutritional properties, the protein content in lupine seeds is similar to that in prolaminssoy (Table and 1), lowwith glutelin an acceptable content makescontent lupine of essential proteins amino desirable acids. forthe In preparationaddition, the of foodspresence low inof soy (Table 1), with an acceptable content of essential amino acids. In addition, the presence of gluten.prolamins A gluten-low and low glutelin diet is content one that makes excludes lupine most proteins grains anddesirable is recommended for the preparation for people of foods who have low prolamins and low glutelin content makes lupine proteins desirable for the preparation of foods low celiacin gluten. disease A gluten-low or gluten sensitivity. diet is one For that other excludes people, most however, grains going and is gluten-free recommended can be for unhealthy. people who The in gluten. A gluten-low diet is one that excludes most grains and is recommended for people who benefitshave celiac and risksdisease of aor gluten-free gluten sensitivity. diet should For be carefullyother people, weighed, however, especially going if the gluten-free person starting can thebe have celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. For other people, however, going gluten-free can be newunhealthy. diet does The not benefits truly needand risks to restrict of a gluten-free gluten intake. diet should be carefully weighed, especially if the unhealthy.person starting The thebenefits new anddiet doesrisks notof a truly gluten-free need to di restrictet should gluten be carefully intake. weighed, especially if the person startingTable 1. theChemical new diet composition does not and truly alkaloids need to in therestrict seeds gluten of four intake. lupine species (g/100 g DM). Table 1. Chemical composition and alkaloids in the seeds of four lupine species (g/100 g DM). TableComponent 1. Chemical compositionL. albus and alkaloids L. angustifolius in the seeds of four L. lupine luteus species L. (g/100 mutabilis g DM). ComponentDry matter L. albus 90.4 L. angustifolius 90.6 91.7L. luteus 62.0L. mutabilis Component L. albus L. angustifolius L. luteus L. mutabilis Dry matterProteins 90.4 36.390.6 33.0 46.591.7 44.7 62.0 DryProteins matterAshes 90.436.3 3.990.633.0 3.7 3.791.746.5 3.0 62.044.7 ProteinsAshesCrude fat36.33.9 11.533.03.7 6.8 4.646.53.7 14.07 44.73.0 Crude fiber 14.4 14.0 13.9 7.04 CrudeAshes fat 11.53.9 3.76.8 3.74.6 14.073.0 Alkaloids 0.04 0.06 0.1 1.27 CrudeCrude fiber fat 11.514.4 14.06.8 13.94.6 14.077.04 Source: [6,7]. CrudeAlkaloids fiber 14.40.04 14.00.06 13.90.1 7.041.27 Alkaloids 0.04 0.06 0.1 1.27 The protein fractions of several species ofSource: lupines [6,7]. have been isolated, and the two most important Source: [6,7]. are albumins and globulins, which are present at a ratio of 1:9. Globulins represent about 90% of the The protein fractions of several species of lupines have been isolated, and the two most total protein content in the seeds, and they can be separated by ultracentrifugation and chromatography importantThe protein are albumins fractions and of globulins, several whichspecies are of presentlupines at have a ratio been of 1:9. isolated, Globulins and represent the two aboutmost into two main components, vicilins and legumins (also called α-conglutin and β-conglutin), and two important90% of the are total albumins protein andcontent globulins, in the whichseeds, andare present they can at bea ratio separated of 1:9. byGlobulins ultracentrifugation represent about and minor proteins, γ-conglutin and δ-conglutin [8]. 90%chromatography of the total protein into two content main componentsin the seeds,, andvicilins they and can legumins be separated (also by called ultracentrifugation α-conglutin and and β- Lupinus albus γ-conglutin in vitro models have demonstrated the biological activity that potentiates chromatographyconglutin), and two into
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