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Astrodynamics
Politecnico di Torino SEEDS SpacE Exploration and Development Systems Astrodynamics II Edition 2006 - 07 - Ver. 2.0.1 Author: Guido Colasurdo Dipartimento di Energetica Teacher: Giulio Avanzini Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aeronautica e Spaziale e-mail: [email protected] Contents 1 Two–Body Orbital Mechanics 1 1.1 BirthofAstrodynamics: Kepler’sLaws. ......... 1 1.2 Newton’sLawsofMotion ............................ ... 2 1.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation . ......... 3 1.4 The n–BodyProblem ................................. 4 1.5 Equation of Motion in the Two-Body Problem . ....... 5 1.6 PotentialEnergy ................................. ... 6 1.7 ConstantsoftheMotion . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 7 1.8 TrajectoryEquation .............................. .... 8 1.9 ConicSections ................................... 8 1.10 Relating Energy and Semi-major Axis . ........ 9 2 Two-Dimensional Analysis of Motion 11 2.1 ReferenceFrames................................. 11 2.2 Velocity and acceleration components . ......... 12 2.3 First-Order Scalar Equations of Motion . ......... 12 2.4 PerifocalReferenceFrame . ...... 13 2.5 FlightPathAngle ................................. 14 2.6 EllipticalOrbits................................ ..... 15 2.6.1 Geometry of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 15 2.6.2 Period of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 16 2.7 Time–of–Flight on the Elliptical Orbit . .......... 16 2.8 Extensiontohyperbolaandparabola. ........ 18 2.9 Circular and Escape Velocity, Hyperbolic Excess Speed . .............. 18 2.10 CosmicVelocities -
AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference
DRAFT version: 7/15/2011 11:04 AM http://www.alyeskaresort.com AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference July 31 ‐ August 4, 2011 Girdwood, Alaska AAS General Chair AIAA General Chair Ryan P. Russell William Todd Cerven Georgia Institute of Technology The Aerospace Corporation AAS Technical Chair AIAA Technical Chair Hanspeter Schaub Brian C. Gunter University of Colorado Delft University of Technology DRAFT version: 7/15/2011 11:04 AM http://www.alyeskaresort.com Cover images: Top right: Conference Location: Aleyska Resort in Girdwood Alaska. Middle left: Cassini looking back at an eclipsed Saturn, Astronomy picture of the day 2006 Oct 16, credit CICLOPS, JPL, ESA, NASA; Middle right: Shuttle shadow in the sunset (in honor of the end of the Shuttle Era), Astronomy picture of the day 2010 February 16, credit: Expedition 22 Crew, NASA. Bottom right: Comet Hartley 2 Flyby, Astronomy picture of the day 2010 Nov 5, Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, UMD, EPOXI Mission DRAFT version: 7/15/2011 11:04 AM http://www.alyeskaresort.com Table of Contents Registration ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Schedule of Events ................................................................................................................................... 6 Conference Center Layout ........................................................................................................................ 7 Conference Location: The Hotel Alyeska ............................................................................................... -
Chandrayaan-2 Completes a Year Around the Moon
One-year completion of Chandrayaan-2 Lunar orbit insertion (August 20, 2019) Chandrayaan-2 completes a year around the Moon The Moon provides the best linkage to understand Earth’s early history and offers an undisturbed record of the inner Solar system environment. It could also be a base for future human space exploration of the solar system and a unique laboratory, unlike any on Earth, for fundamental physics investigations. In spite of several missions to the Moon, there remains several unanswered questions. Continued high resolution studies of its surface, sub-surface/interior and its low-density exosphere, are essential to address diversities in lunar surface composition and to trace back the origin and evolution of the Moon. The clear evidence from India’s first mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan-1, on the extensive presence of surface water and the indication for sub- surface polar water-ice deposits, argues for more focused studies on the extent of water on the surface, below the surface and in the tenuous lunar exosphere, to address the true origin and availability of water on Moon. With the goal of expanding the lunar scientific knowledge through detailed studies of topography, mineralogy, surface chemical composition, thermo-physical characteristics and the lunar exosphere, Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22nd July 2019 and inserted into the lunar orbit on 20th August 2019, exactly one year ago. Though the soft-landing attempt was not successful, the orbiter, which was equipped with eight scientific instruments, was successfully placed in the lunar orbit. The orbiter completed more than 4400 orbits around the Moon and all the instruments are currently performing well. -
Aas 11-509 Artemis Lunar Orbit Insertion and Science Orbit Design Through 2013
AAS 11-509 ARTEMIS LUNAR ORBIT INSERTION AND SCIENCE ORBIT DESIGN THROUGH 2013 Stephen B. Broschart,∗ Theodore H. Sweetser,y Vassilis Angelopoulos,z David C. Folta,x and Mark A. Woodard{ As of late-July 2011, the ARTEMIS mission is transferring two spacecraft from Lissajous orbits around Earth-Moon Lagrange Point #1 into highly-eccentric lunar science orbits. This paper presents the trajectory design for the transfer from Lissajous orbit to lunar orbit in- sertion, the period reduction maneuvers, and the science orbits through 2013. The design accommodates large perturbations from Earth’s gravity and restrictive spacecraft capabili- ties to enable opportunities for a range of heliophysics and planetary science measurements. The process used to design the highly-eccentric ARTEMIS science orbits is outlined. The approach may inform the design of future eccentric orbiter missions at planetary moons. INTRODUCTION The Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moons Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission is currently operating two spacecraft in lunar orbit under funding from the Heliophysics and Planetary Science Divisions with NASA’s Science Missions Directorate. ARTEMIS is an extension to the successful Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission [1] that has relocated two of the THEMIS spacecraft from Earth orbit to the Moon [2, 3, 4]. ARTEMIS plans to conduct a variety of scientific studies at the Moon using the on-board particle and fields instrument package [5, 6]. The final portion of the ARTEMIS transfers involves moving the two ARTEMIS spacecraft, known as P1 and P2, from Lissajous orbits around the Earth-Moon Lagrange Point #1 (EML1) to long-lived, eccentric lunar science orbits with periods of roughly 28 hr. -
Exploration of the Moon
Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. -
Alactic Observer
alactic Observer G John J. McCarthy Observatory Volume 14, No. 2 February 2021 International Space Station transit of the Moon Composite image: Marc Polansky February Astronomy Calendar and Space Exploration Almanac Bel'kovich (Long 90° E) Hercules (L) and Atlas (R) Posidonius Taurus-Littrow Six-Day-Old Moon mosaic Apollo 17 captured with an antique telescope built by John Benjamin Dancer. Dancer is credited with being the first to photograph the Moon in Tranquility Base England in February 1852 Apollo 11 Apollo 11 and 17 landing sites are visible in the images, as well as Mare Nectaris, one of the older impact basins on Mare Nectaris the Moon Altai Scarp Photos: Bill Cloutier 1 John J. McCarthy Observatory In This Issue Page Out the Window on Your Left ........................................................................3 Valentine Dome ..............................................................................................4 Rocket Trivia ..................................................................................................5 Mars Time (Landing of Perseverance) ...........................................................7 Destination: Jezero Crater ...............................................................................9 Revisiting an Exoplanet Discovery ...............................................................11 Moon Rock in the White House....................................................................13 Solar Beaming Project ..................................................................................14 -
Transmittal of Geotail Prelaunch Mission Operation Report
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 ss Reply to Attn of: TO: DISTRIBUTION FROM: S/Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications SUBJECT: Transmittal of Geotail Prelaunch Mission Operation Report I am pleased to forward with this memorandum the Prelaunch Mission Operation Report for Geotail, a joint project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) of Japan and NASA to investigate the geomagnetic tail region of the magnetosphere. The satellite was designed and developed by ISAS and will carry two ISAS, two NASA, and three joint ISAS/NASA instruments. The launch, on a Delta II expendable launch vehicle (ELV), will take place no earlier than July 14, 1992, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. This launch is the first under NASA’s Medium ELV launch service contract with the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. Geotail is an element in the International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) Program. The overall goal of the ISTP Program is to employ simultaneous and closely coordinated remote observations of the sun and in situ observations both in the undisturbed heliosphere near Earth and in Earth’s magnetosphere to measure, model, and quantitatively assess the processes in the sun/Earth interaction chain. In the early phase of the Program, simultaneous measurements in the key regions of geospace from Geotail and the two U.S. satellites of the Global Geospace Science (GGS) Program, Wind and Polar, along with equatorial measurements, will be used to characterize global energy transfer. The current schedule includes, in addition to the July launch of Geotail, launches of Wind in August 1993 and Polar in May 1994. -
Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds
Jonathan Powell Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds The Patrick Moore The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3192 Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds Jonathan Powell Jonathan Powell Ebbw Vale, United Kingdom ISSN 1431-9756 ISSN 2197-6562 (electronic) The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series ISBN 978-3-319-97700-3 ISBN 978-3-319-97701-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97701-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953700 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
Applications of Multi-Body Dynamical Environments: the ARTEMIS Transfer Trajectory Design
Paper ID: 7461 61st International Astronautical Congress 2010 Applications of Multi-Body Dynamical Environments: The ARTEMIS Transfer Trajectory Design ASTRODYNAMICS SYMPOSIUM (CI) Mission Design, Operations and Optimization (2) (9) Mr. David C. Folta and Mr. Mark Woodard National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, david.c.folta<@nasa.gov Prof. Kathleen Howell, Chris Patterson, Wayne Schlei Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, [email protected] Abstract The application of forces in multi-body dynamical environments to pennit the transfer of spacecraft from Earth orbit to Sun-Earth weak stability regions and then return to the Earth-Moon libration (L1 and L2) orbits has been successfully accomplished for the first time. This demonstrated transfer is a positive step in the realization of a design process that can be used to transfer spacecraft with minimal Delta-V expenditures. Initialized using gravity assists to overcome fuel constraints; the ARTEMIS trajectory design has successfully placed two spacecraft into Earth Moon libration orbits by means of these applications. INTRODUCTION The exploitation of multi-body dynamical environments to pennit the transfer of spacecraft from Earth to Sun-Earth weak stability regions and then return to the Earth-Moon libration (L 1 and L2) orbits has been successfully accomplished. This demonstrated transfer is a positive step in the realization of a design process that can be used to transfer spacecraft with minimal Delta-Velocity (L.\V) expenditure. Initialized using gravity assists to overcome fuel constraints, the Acceleration Reconnection and Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission design has successfully placed two spacecraft into Earth-Moon libration orbits by means of this application of forces from multiple gravity fields. -
Lunar Trajectories
Transportation for Exploration: New Thoughts About Orbital Dynamics Ed Belbruno Innovative Orbital Design, Inc & Courant Insitiute(NYU) January 4, 2012 NASA FISO 1 Evolution of Astrodynamics Conic; Stable (Hohmann, 20s) (Hohmann transfers, Gravity assist(Voyager, Galileo)) Nonlinear; Stable (Apollo, 60s) Nonlinear; Unstable (ISEE-3, 70s) (Transfer to and from halo orbits, no utilization of fuel savings via dynamics – Farquhar …) Nonlinear; Unstable; Low Energy/Fuel (Hiten, 91) (First use of utilization of chaotic dynamics/manifolds to achieve new approach to space travel for ballistic capture(EB, 86, 91) and for the study of halo orbit dynamics (Llibre-Simo, 85 – Genesis, 2001) Weak Stability Boundary Theory (EB 86) 2 Hohmann Transfer Conic, Stable – 2-body 3 Figure Eight(Apollo) Nonlinear, Stable – 3-body 4 ISEEC-3 Nonlinear-Unstable – 4 body 5 Ballistic Capture Transfers Weak Stability Boundary Theory(EB 86) • Way to transfer to the Moon, and other bodies, where no DeltaV is needed for capture • New methodology to trajectory design • Thought in 1985 to be impossible 6 Background • Capture Problem Earth -> Moon (LEO -> LLO) • Hohmann Transfer: Fast (3days), Fuel Hog (Need to slow down! 1 km/s to be captured – large maneuver ) Risky Used in Apollo 7 Idea of Achieving Ballistic Capture • Sneak up on Moon - very carefully (next figure A-B-C-D) • Like a surfer catching a wave • Want to ride the „gravity transition(weak stability) boundary‟ between the Earth-Moon-Sun 8 Top – Lagrange points Bottom – Sneaking up on Moon 9 Ballistic capture is chaotic (chaos – leaf blowing in wind) 10 • WSB – generalization of Lagrange points • Forces(GM, GE, CF) balance while spacecraft moving wrt Earth-Moon (L-points – forces balance for spacecraft fixed wrt Earth-Moon) • Get a multi-dimensional region about Moon. -
Highlights in Space 2010
International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no. -
FACTORS" with Multiple Compact Satellites for the Space-Earth Coupling Mechanisms
PCG21-05 Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2018 Science Objectives and Mission Plan of "FACTORS" with Multiple Compact Satellites for the Space-Earth Coupling Mechanisms *Masafumi Hirahara1, Yoshifumi Saito2, Hirotsugu Kojima3, Naritoshi Kitamura2, Kazushi Asamura 2, Ayako Matsuoka2, Takeshi Sakanoi4, Yoshizumi Miyoshi1, Shin-ichiro Oyama1, Masatoshi Yamauchi5, Yuichi Tsuda2, Nobutaka Bando2 1. Institute of Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, 2. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3. Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, 4. Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 5. Swedish Institute of Space Physics After the successful launch and the recent observational progresses of the ERG(Arase) satellite mission, we have been leading the next community exploration mission in the Japanese space physics research. In the ERG mission, we are focusing on the unique space plasma mechanisms and conditions causing the terrestrial radiation belt through the wave-particle interaction analyses and the triangle-type research system consisting the satellite and ground-based observations and the data analyses/modelings/simulations. Our next exploration target is the space-Earth connection processes/mechanisms responsible for the formation and coupling of the terrestrial magnetosphere/ionoshere/thermosphere and the acceleration and transportation of the space plasma and neutral atmospheric particles, which could be