19 Lower Fort Street Dawes Point

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT RESEARCH DESIGN & TEST EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY ACCOMPANYING APPLICATION UNDER S57 NSW HERITAGE ACT 1977 19 Lower Fort Street, Dawes Point NSW Ivana Vetta, Emma Williams Archaeological Management & Consulting Group for Tropman and Tropman Architects December 2018 Disclaimer The veracity of this report is not guaranteed unless it is a complete and original copy. This report may be inaccurate, incomplete, not original, or modified, if it appears in monochrome form and the signature below is a copy. Martin Carney Director (mobile 0411 727 395) Archaeological Management & Consulting Group AMAC AEGIS HERITAGE Pty Ltd ACN 121 655 020 Ph (02) 9568 6093 Fax (02) 9568 6093 Archaeological Mob 0411 727 395 E-mail [email protected] Cover Image 19 Lower Fort Street – Milton Terrace in 1895: Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd, Volume 1 (July 2014), Figure 2.15 (from State Library of Victoria H34343). Test Excavation Application – 19 Lower Fort Street, Dawes Point 1 CONTENTS PAGE TABLE OF FIGURES 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 GLOSSARY 6 1.0 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 BACKGROUND 11 1.2 STUDY AREA 11 1.3 SCOPE 11 1.4 AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION 11 1.5 STATUTORY CONTROLS AND HERITAGE STUDIES 11 1.5.1 NSW Heritage Act 1977 (as amended) 11 1.5.2 National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) 12 1.5.3 State Heritage Register and Inventory 13 1.5.4 National Heritage List 14 1.5.5 Commonwealth Heritage List 14 1.5.6 The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan (1991) 14 1.5.7 City of Sydney Council Local Environment Plan 2012 15 1.6 PREVIOUS HERITAGE STUDIES AND REPORTS 15 1.6.1 Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd, Conservation Management Plan (November 2015) 15 1.6.2 AMAC Group, Archaeological Assessment: s60 Permit Application (September 2016), archaeological monitoring (2017) and Final Archaeological Report (August 2018) 15 1.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16 2.0 SITE HISTORY 17 2.1 HISTORY 17 2.2 MILLERS POINT AND DAWES POINT 17 2.2 ORIGINAL GRANT 19 2.3 SUBSEQUENT OWNERS AND OCCUPANTS 19 2.4 DEVELOPMENT 20 3.0 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 31 3.1 SITE INSPECTION 31 3.2 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 31 3.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 34 3.4 SUMMARY OF MONITORING RESULTS IN THE REAR YARD OF 19 LOWER FORT STREET 35 3.4 STATEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL 35 4.0 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 39 4.1 METHODOLOGY 39 4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANCE 40 4.3 STATEMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 41 5.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IMPACT 42 6.0 RESEARCH DESIGN 43 6.1 INTRODUCTION 43 6.2 RESEARCH DESIGN QUESTIONS 43 7.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY 45 7.1 INTRODUCTION 45 Archaeological Management & Consulting Group December 2018 Test Excavation Application – 19 Lower Fort Street, Dawes Point 2 7.1.1 Previous Archaeological Work 45 7.1.2 Other Excavations 46 7.2 WORKS POLICY 46 7.2.1 Archaeological Impact Mitigation Policy 46 7.2.2 Site Specific Mitigative Strategy 46 7.3 SITE SPECIFIC METHOD 47 7.3.1 Archaeological Test Excavation 47 7.4 GENERAL EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY 48 7.4.1 Monitoring of Removal of Fill 48 7.4.2 Excavation 48 7.4.3 Recording 48 7.4.4 Analysis and Final Reporting 49 8.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51 8.1 RESULTS 51 8.1.1 Documentary Research 51 8.1.2 Physical Evidence 51 8.1.3 Significance 51 8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 52 8.3 STATEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IMPACT 52 9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 10.0 APPENDICES 56 10.1 STATE HERITAGE REGISTER 00885 56 Archaeological Management & Consulting Group December 2018 Test Excavation Application – 19 Lower Fort Street, Dawes Point 3 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Site location ......................................................................................... 7 Figure 1.2 Current aerial view of study site ........................................................... 8 Figure 1.3 SHR 00884 Map with location of the study site .................................... 9 Figure 1.4 SHR 01682 Map with location of the study site .................................. 10 Figure 2.1 c.1825 Stewart’s map of Sydney. ....................................................... 21 Figure 2.2 c.1833 City Section survey plan. ........................................................ 22 Figure 2.3 Part of an 1865 trigonometrical survey of Sydney. ............................. 23 Figure 2.4 1875 panorama of Sydney. ................................................................ 24 Figure 2.5 1880s Doves plan of Sydney. ............................................................ 24 Figure 2.6 19 Lower Fort Street – Milton Terrace in 1895. .................................. 25 Figure 2.7 Part of a 1900 plan for the resumption of the ‘Rocks and Foreshore Resumption’ areas of Sydney. ........................................................... 26 Figure 2.8 Construction New Pottinger Street, 1/09/1916. .................................. 27 Figure 2.9 1943 aerial photograph. ..................................................................... 28 Figure 2.10 20th century sewer service diagram. ................................................... 29 Figure 2.11 Overlay of 20th century sewer diagram with study site. ....................... 30 Figure 3.1 19 Lower Fort Street, facing northwest. ............................................. 31 Figure 3.2 Passageway between 19 and 21 Lower Fort Street, facing northwest. .......................................................................................................... 32 Figure 3.3 Rear of 19 Lower Fort Street. ............................................................. 32 Figure 3.4 Proposed development plan for the rear yard. ................................... 33 Figure 3.5 Overlay of archaeological results on 1833 plan .................................. 37 Figure 3.6 Overlay of archaeological results on 1865 plan .................................. 37 Figure 3.7 Test excavation results, 13 Lower Fort Street, facing northwest. ....... 38 Figure 7.1 Proposed test trenches with historic buildings outlined. ..................... 50 Archaeological Management & Consulting Group December 2018 Test Excavation Application – 19 Lower Fort Street, Dawes Point 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Documentary Research - The study site forms part of a grant given to John Nicholson in 1823. Nicholson constructed Durham Cottage, north of the study site, in 1826. - During this time, the study site was used for outbuildings, potentially stables, as well as an enclosed yard area. - William Walker purchased the property during the 1840s and his family owned it throughout the 19th century. - The rear yard may have been levelled up during the mid-19th century. Original outbuildings were demolished at this time and, possible a new stables, constructed. - Durham Cottage and its outbuildings were demolished for the Milton Terrace group constructed between 1879 - 1880. - Two privies were constructed in the site’s rear yard along with a weatherboard laundry. Physical Evidence and Proposed Development - The study site is occupied by a late 19th century terrace house three stories in height with a basement and an attached weatherboard laundry. - The terrace is the southernmost in a set known as the Milton Terrace group - The rear of the site has been built up to create a yard level similar to the basement floor and significantly higher than Hickson Road to the west. - The proposed development seeks to construct a swimming pool and landscape the rear yard. Archaeological Potential - There is high archaeological potential for structural remains to survive in the rear yard relating to a c.1830s outbuilding, pre-1865 extension to Durham cottage as well as a c.1880 brick privy. - Moderate to high potential exists for yard deposits, underfloor deposits, wells and cesspits associated with these structures. Significance - Archaeological material of integrity relating to the outbuildings and yard of John Nicholson’s 1826 Durham Cottage is considered potentially State significant. - Archaeological material relating to two late 19th century outhouses associated with Milton Terrace are considered potentially locally significant. Recommendations - The study site may retain relics of potential local and State significance and overlays suggest the potential relics may be impacted by the proposed development. - Archaeological test excavation is recommended within the proposed location of the swimming pool per the methodology (Section 7.0) and Research Design (Section 6.0). - Test excavation will inform the proposed development and provide data for a archaeological heritage impact mitigation strategy. - This report should be submitted to the Heritage Division accompanying the s57 Exemption application. Archaeological Management & Consulting Group December 2018 Test Excavation Application – 19 Lower Fort Street, Dawes Point 5 Statement of Archaeological Heritage Impact - Archaeological test excavation at 13 Lower Fort Street has already indicated the survival of in situ relics associated with c. 1826 Durham cottage. - Monitoring at the study site has already discovered a potentially in situ sandstone block which suggests the site retains potential structural relics. - Archaeological test excavation can collect further physical data to determine the stratigraphy and archaeological resource at the site and condition of potential relics. - Test excavation data will guide the proposed development and inform impact mitigation strategies. Archaeological Management & Consulting Group December 2018 Test Excavation Application – 19 Lower Fort Street, Dawes Point 6 GLOSSARY Term Definition AMAC Archaeological Management and Consulting Group Archaeological

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