Bond of Friendship Mary Jackson - Staffordshire

Mary Jackson

Date of Trial: 1 August 1816 Where Tried: Stafford Assizes Crime: Forgery Sentence: 14 years Est YOB: 1780 Stated Age on Arrival: 37 Native Place: Manchester Occupation: Housekeeper Alias/AKA: Marital Status (UK): Children on Board: Surgeon’s Remarks: Industrious Assigned NSW or VDL NSW

Although she was a married woman, when Mary Jackson was brought before the Stafford Assizes on 1 August 1816 she had not seen her husband Peter for quite some time but, as we shall see, they were to be reunited a few years later. Mary was charged with having forged notes in her possession and sentenced to 14 years transportation.1 But it was not just one or two notes that caused Mary to be sent to the other end of the world. She was actually found with fifty-six forged one-pound notes - a very tidy sum - acquisition of which would have involved a considerable capital outlay by a person of some means. But, as we are not aware of Mary’s financial circumstances at the time, it is not known whether she intended passing on the notes for her own purposes, or was acting as an agent, possibly on a commission basis, for someone else.2 Nearly a year after her trial Mary Jackson was taken aboard the convict transport Friendship, one of only two women from Stafford, the other being Margaret Yates, who was to serve her sentence in Van Diemen’s Land.3 The indent tells us very little more about Mary – confirming the trial details and the sentence meted out, but also stating that Mary was aged 37 and a housekeeper by occupation.4 She had obviously kept herself ‘in order’ on the voyage, Surgeon Cosgreave summing up her conduct as ‘industrious’. It is feasible to ask whether, indeed, Mary Jackson contrived her own fate. Prior to 1801, the crime for which she was found guilty was automatically deemed a capital offence, and remained so on the statute books for some time after. Subsequently, however, and with the introduction of ‘plea bargaining’, forgers were prepared to take the gamble that, if caught, their sentence would be 14 years transportation rather than execution.5 And in Mary’s case, even fourteen years was no real punishment because waiting for her arrival at Port Jackson was her husband, Peter Jackson. I have located three newspaper references to the crime committed by Peter Jackson, all offering slightly different versions. Robt. Wilson and Peter Jackson, horse-dealers, for stealing thirteen one pound Bank of notes, from Richard Axe, of Masbrough – Guilty.6 Robert Wilson and Peter Jackson, convicted of stealing a pocket-book, from the person of Richard Axe, at Doncaster fair; to be for fourteen years.7 Committed to York Castle, Robert Wilson and Peter Jackson, horse-dealers, charged upon oath of Richard Axe of Masbrough, waterman, with having stolen from him, at Sheffield fair, thirteen pound notes of the Bank of England.8 The Crown Calendar for the Yorkshire Lent Assizes confirms that the Leeds Intelligencer was the most accurate account. The partners in crime were -

committed on the 29th day of November, 1814, charged upon oath by Richard Axe, of Mexborough, in the West- riding, waterman, for that the said Robert Wilson and Peter Jackson did, on the 28th of November instant, at - 1 - Bond of Friendship Mary Jackson - Staffordshire

Sheffield, in the said riding, feloniously steal, take and carry from the person of said Richard Axe, thirteen notes of the Governor and Company of the bank of England for one pound each. The General Gaol Delivery records that for their crime the pair was ‘To be severally transported beyond the Seas for the Term of Fourteen Years’.9 The pair was also received on the hulk Captivity, moored at Portsmouth, on 11 March and disposed of together on 21 August 1815 when they were prepared to board the Ocean, which sailed in late October and arrived at Port Jackson on 30 January 1816 after a passage of thirteen weeks.10 According to the indent, Peter Jackson was 39 years old, a calenderer by occupation, and a native of Manchester. He was of average height at 5’ 4”, and had a ruddy complexion, silvery grey hair, and blue eyes.11 Typically for a Manchurian, Peter was employed in the textile industry – calendaring (or calico glazing) was the process of applying a solution to the cloth and then passing it through heavy rollers to give it a sheen. Perhaps he was in between engagements in November 1814, or horse-dealing was a side line! On arrival the Ocean convicts were mustered, an assessment made of their usefulness – that is, the range and level of their skills and competencies, and a decision made as to how and where they would be assigned. A listing of 5 February1816 shows that Peter Jackson was one of 44 of the men designated to be sent up river to – he was number 7 on the list and ‘R. Wilson’ was number 8 – so the two men were still together.12 Over the next few years Peter Jackson was recorded as a government labourer.13 Quite what the domestic arrangements were for the Jacksons once Mary arrived in January 1818 is not clear but they were certainly in tandem in 1821 when they were together brought before the Magistrates Bench on 13 January.14 At a Bench of Magistrates convened on this day at , Francis Ewer and Robert Ward, prisoners of the Crown, were found guilty of purloining a quantity of lead, the property of Government, and were sentenced to 25 lashed each, and be transported to Newcastle for two years. Peter Jackson, and Mary Jackson his wife, each possessing the indulgence of a ticket of leave, were convicted of receiving the said lead, knowing it to be stolen, and sentenced to two years to Newcastle.15 For the benefit of Major Morisset and dated 27 January, a list was drawn up of the twenty-seven prisoners being sent to Newcastle on the brig Lady Nelson, citing also their sentences (current and original) and, where applicable/known, their trade. Peter was described as a Calico Printer; nothing was recorded for Mary’s occupation.16 The 1822 muster finds the couple in Government employ at Newcastle.17

Having served their two years at Newcastle, Mary and Peter Jackson were returned to Sydney – but were kept separated. This unhappy situation led Peter Jackson to forward a petition to the Colonial Secretary.18 The humble Petition of Peter Jackson Per Ship Ocean Most respectfully sheweth That your Petitioner having lately arrived from Newcastle with his wife Mary Jackson who arrived in this Colony per Ship “Friendship” in January 1818 under sentence of transportation for 14 years and received together a second conviction for the term of Two Years to the above Settlement. That your Petitioner’s Wife on arrival at Sydney from Newcastle, was immediately sent to the Gaol for the purpose of being forwarded to the Government Factory, and your Petitioner to the Prisoner’s Barracks. That your Petitioner from his known knowledge of his Wife’s Integrity and good conduct urges him respectfully to solicit that you will allow him the indulgence to obtain her from the Gaol. That your Petitioner is prompted by his own conscience and the deep impression which a 2d conviction has made upon his mind to become a true and just Member to Society and he also feels desirous to serve Government for such period as may be deemed. - 2 - Bond of Friendship Mary Jackson - Staffordshire

Your Petitioner therefore most humbly entreats that your Honor will be pleased to restore to him his Wife, and for such Kind Act your Petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray. Peter Jackson A notation at the top of the page reads ‘Answered by telling him that he and his wife will be allowed to go to Emu Plains’. There is nothing in the records to suggest that Mary and Peter Jackson did go to Emu Plains, and if they did their stay would have been very short because, on 11 July 1823, Peter Jackson was assigned to his wife Mary Jackson of Philip Street, Sydney.19 And this was their situation when the 1825 muster was conducted, which records Peter Jackson as ‘G.S. to his wife Mary Jackson’.20 A November 1825 notice in the Sydney Gazette brought good news. Mary Jackson was listed as one of those who qualified for a conditional pardon and her status was reflected in the 1828 census returns, by which time Peter Jackson was employed as a Government Overseer and the couple was living in Clarence Street, Sydney.21 As a witness at a coronial inquiry held in July 1828 Peter Jackson was described as ‘overseer of the light gang’.22

Fourteen years after their respective trials, and when they were in their early 50s, Peter Jackson and Mary Jackson gained their certificates of freedom. The butt of Mary’s certificate affords us the first description of her - fair freckled complexion, with blue/grey eyes, brown hair tending to grey, and a slightly deformed right hand.23

In his petition Peter praised the integrity and good conduct of his wife, which given her past record was perhaps a questionable assessment. For his part he had vowed to become a born-again ‘true and just member of society’. By what means could his (and presumably his wife’s) reformation be measured? - 3 - Bond of Friendship Mary Jackson - Staffordshire

One indicator would be the ability to keep out of trouble and to hold down a steady job. It did not bode well that in March 1827 Peter Jackson was fined £25 sterling (the statutory amount) for illegally retailing spirts, but this was apparently the only indiscretion in his career in the hospitality business. Since 1826 it had been decreed that certain people could not be issued with a publicans’ license, including ‘any person serving under a sentence for any criminal offence’.24 By March 1829 this condition no longer applied to Peter Jackson, now a free man, but his name is not included in the 1829 list of licensed publicans. However, the records show that in 1830 Peter Jackson was granted a license for “The Newcastle House” in South Clarence Street, which was renewed annually to 1833.25 Given Mary Jackson’s professed occupation as ‘housekeeper’ she would no doubt have proved a most useful partner in the business. During 1834 the Jacksons took a break from inn-keeping, their premises being taken over by one John Solomon.26

Peter again applied for and was granted a licence in 1837 for “The Newcastle House” which, in October of that year, he transferred to William Bergan.27 His final transaction as a publican was the transfer of the license he had acquired in 1839 for the “Ship Inn” of South Clarence Street to Thomas Martin.28 Property has always been regarded as a measure of a man’s worth and during his time in the colony Peter Jackson built up a reasonably respectable portfolio of real estate assets. The Register of Memorials documents at least six transactions involving Peter Jackson, commencing in October 1825 with an ‘Indenture of Bargain and Sale’ for an ‘allotment of land and dwelling house and premises thereon’ in Clarence Street, Sydney, adjacent to his own property, which he purchased for ‘Fifteen pounds in Spanish dollars at five shillings each’. The vendor was Thomas Tynan, and the two witnesses were Elizabeth Johnson (more about her later) and James Hardy Vaux.29 A further ‘Bargain and Sale’ document dated 23 November 1832 between Daniel McMahon and Peter Jackson, and for a consideration of £120, added to Peter’s South Clarence Street holding.30 In October 1831 Peter placed the following notice in The Sydney Herald.31

The transaction had been effected in September 1831, with Peter Jackson, Victualler, paying John Buchanan the sum of £60.32 - 4 - Bond of Friendship Mary Jackson - Staffordshire

Peter Jackson’s Kissing Point Farm33 Peter Jackson would have been pleased when Patrick Neale – who could plough, reap and sow – was assigned to him in 1832.34 Patrick may have become the Overseer referred to in another newspaper notice of October 1833.35

A further contract was drawn up between Peter Jackson and Joseph Jenner Merrett for a fourteen-year rental agreement for the farm, Merrett to pay £50 per annum for the first seven years and £100 thereafter.36 Of all Peter Jackson’s land dealings I have only located one, dated September 1839, to which his wife was a party – a ‘Conveyance to used to bar dower’ - whereby the Jacksons contracted to dispose of half the Kissing Point land for the sum of £200.37 Meanwhile they were seeking to let parts of their holdings in town. For instance, a good cottage was available in December 1838.38

The following year the “Ship Inn” itself was offered for let, signifying the Jacksons intention of finally retiring.39

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An appreciation of the extent of the Jackson’s Clarence Street portfolio can be gleaned from the following extract from 1845 Sydney Assessment Book.40

Apart from offering hospitality public houses also served as convenient, and readily accessible contact points where people could leave and collect messages and which were frequently relied upon by people, often newcomers to the colony, who were looking for work. This was a much appreciated community service and one which found Peter Jackson frequently assuming the role of employment agent. Thus in March 1830 a young man who had just arrived from the Manning offered, on the most reasonable terms, to convey stock to the Manning or the district. Applications, post-paid and addressed to J.W.S., could be sent to Mr. Peter Jackson’s, 45 Clarence Street. Similarly, a gentleman, recently arrived from Scotland, with impeccable references and a thorough knowledge of up-country farming gained through experience in the backwoods of North America, offered his services as a Superintendent to Landed Proprietors and Grazing farmers. Expressions of interest addressed to H.D., Mr. Peter Jackson, would receive immediate attention. Any gentleman in want of a strictly sober, steady and experienced clerk and book-keeper needed to look no further than J.V. care of Mr. Peter Jackson, Clarence- street South. In reverse, in April 1845 a settler in the Hunter region was looking for a shoeing smith, and was prepared to offer a liberal wage for the right person. Applicants were to present themselves at Mr. Peter Jackson’s between the hours of 10 and 4.41

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Section of South Clarence Street showing the Jackson’s holding 42 The Australian was one of the newspapers that announced the death of Peter Jackson on 2 November at the age of 70. He was buried in St Peters Anglican cemetery, Cooks River, on 4 November.43

The handling of Peter Jackson’s estate was put in train within days of his death with the publication of a notice on 7 November advising the public that Edward Davis, merchant, and Edward Flood, Alderman, executors of the will of ‘Peter Jackson, late of Clarence-street, in the City of Sydney, in the Colony of New South Wales, gentleman, deceased’ intended that probate be granted to them at the expiration of fourteen days.44 A follow up notice was placed in The Sydney Morning Herald on 6 December by James Lucas, Agent to the estate.45

Mary Jackson outlived her husband by just over a year. She died on 12 December 1846 but there was no notice in the papers to mark her passing. She was 68 when she died and she was also buried at St Peters.46

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She and Peter share the same grave and the same headstone, the inscription on which reads - 47 SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF PETER JACKSON WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON NOVEMBER 2 1845 AGED 70 YEARS Leaving a Wife and Daughter and Numerous {?} Friends to deplore their loss ALSO MARY JACKSON WIFE OF THE ABOVE DIED DEC 11 [sic] 1846 AGED 68 YEARS

From the time they returned to Sydney after serving their sentence in Newcastle Mary Jackson and her husband Peter apparently led a respectable life, quietly enjoying the comforts that their business and investments afforded them. But there is one aspect of their lives which lifts them above the ‘ordinary’, for which a special mention is deserved, and which demonstrates a particularly caring nature. The clue lies in the barely legible wording of the headstone – the reference to ‘daughter’.

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Mary and Peter were in their late 30s when they arrived at Sydney. It has not been established whether or not they had left behind any children, perhaps farmed out to the care of relatives, when they boarded the convict transports and left England’s shores. We do know, however, that they did not become parents when they were reunited in the colony. So some explanation is called for to identify the ‘daughter’ and the key to this is the Elizabeth Johnson, mentioned above in reference to the 1825 property transaction. On 22 April 1823 a young girl by the name of Elizabeth Hanks submitted a petition to Frederick Goulburn, Colonial Secretary, in which she recounts a very sorry tale.

The Humble Petition of Elizabeth Hanks Most respectfully Sheweth That Petitioner having always been bred to the Habits of Industry, and being desirous to continue in that line of life for support, but being reduced from the nature of her Prayer, to the necessity of exposing her present state and quality, she is compelled to say, that in her last Service she formed an intimacy with a Man from whom she had the prospects of Matrimony and future comfort; but blushes to own that her affection was prematurely discovered and she left her Service: - That she then cohabited with the said Man under the hope of Marriage, but alas! he has since been convicted and sentenced 14 years transportation. That Petitioner is the daughter of Elizabeth Hanks, now in the Government Factory under circumstances her filial duty alone excuse her from stating:- And Petitioner begs to acknowledge the sincere affection she hold for the said Man, and despises also the Character of a Public Prostitute: regrets her Family connexion has become despicable in the Town of Sydney: And looking forward to happiness by joint Industry with the Man she loves although hardships and difficulties may intervene. She most humbly Prays That she may be allowed to be married to said Joseph Johnson Ship Baring 1st, now under Sentence in H.M. Gaol as aforesaid:- That she may thereby fly from the consequences of loss of Character and of inevitable Infamy under the shelter of a Man she knows to be capable of Affections and of being reformed. And your Petitioner will ever Pray &c.48 Her prayers were answered. Attached to a directive dated 23 May from the Colonial Secretary to Major Morisset, Commandant, Newcastle, was a list of prisoners who were to be sent to Newcastle on the Elizabeth Henrietta, one of whom was Joseph Johnson, a clerk, re-convicted in Sydney in April. Also on board was ‘Elizabeth Hanks, for the express purpose of being united in marriage with Johnson a convict forwarded by the present opportunity’.49 The marriage took place on 11 August 1823 at Christ Church of England, Newcastle, the Rev. G.A. Middleton officiating and witnessed by Francis Williams and Mary Beattie.50 Joseph, a Liverpudlian, had arrived in the colony on the Baring in 1815 under a sentence of 14 years transportation. Prior to his conviction he had been a merchant’s clerk and when he married Elizabeth he was about 35 years old – over twice the age of his bride.51 Elizabeth had been born in the colony in April 1808, the fifth of nine children born to convicts James Hanks and Elizabeth Trapnell (aka Hanks), and was just 15 when she married.52 But all did not go well for the newly-weds, prompting Joseph Johnson to write a letter to the Colonial Secretary. It was dated 9 March 1824, only seven months after he and Elizabeth had married. But more troubling, it was sent from Port Macquarie.53 Sir I humbly trust you will excuse the liberty I take in thus troubling you, which I am alone led to do from your well known goodness in the cause of morality. In April last I received sentence of Transportation for fourteen years, and as I was on the point of marriage with a young woman named Elizabeth Hanks, a Native, you was pleased to allow me to be sent to Newcastle the latter end of May in order to be married to her; accordingly we were there married. On the 10th of September my wife went from Newcastle to Sydney on some business and returned on the 19th; but in the meantime I had been removed to this Settlement. She wrote me several Letters from Newcastle stating she would return to Sydney in order to get a conveyance to follow me as soon as possible. I

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have been anxiously expecting her here ever since, and have written several times to her, but have never received any answer; and I have now heard a report that she is living an improper course of Life with a man named John Shaw Strange (Prisoner of the Crown, who went from Newcastle with the late Commandt), at the house of Peter Jackson, in Philip Street, Sydney, another Prisoner of the Crown who went from Newcastle last May. I have applied to the Commandant here, who has given me permission to say he has no objection to my wife being forwarded to this Settlement, and therefore most humbly beg you will cause her to be sent here, in order that she may be placed under my protection, as her Husband. I am Sir Your most obedient very humble servant Joseph Johnson54 Whether by choice or circumstance Elizabeth did not join her husband at Port Macquarie. In fact, it is likely that when she returned to Sydney ‘on business’ in September 1823 she was pregnant, the outcome of which was a daughter, Augusta Matilda, born on 16 May 1824, and whose baptism was registered at St. Philip’s Church, Sydney, three months later on 11 July.55 This little girl is located in the 1825 general muster, mistakenly referred to as ‘August Johnson, 17mos, son [sic] of Joseph Johnson’. Joseph was at this time still at Port Macquarie where he was Principal Clerk in the Superintendent’s office.56 Elizabeth Johnson has not been found in the 1825 muster but we know that she was in Sydney in October 1825 when she, together with Mr. Vaux, was a witness to the previously mentioned land transaction. Turning to the 1828 census – we have noted that Peter and Mary Jackson were living at Clarence Street, Sydney. Listed separately is Augusta Johnson, aged 5 and born in the colony, a lodger at Peter Jackson’s, Clarence Street. Neither Joseph nor Elizabeth Johnson have been located in the 1828 returns. Joseph’s ‘absence’ can be explained by his inclusion in the Convict Death Register – he died, aged 40, on 15 April 1828 and his burial the following day was registered at St. Philip’s.57 Elizabeth was possibly the Elizabeth Johnson (free) who had been admitted to the Sydney Gaol on 30 September 1828 charged with having committed a robbery at Windsor. She was then sent to Windsor and from there, on 2 October, sent to Parramatta.58 And she was probably the Elizabeth Johnson whose death at the age of 24 was registered at Sydney in 1832.59 It is possible that, if not before they were sent to Newcastle, the Johnsons and Jacksons may have become acquainted during the short time their stays at Newcastle overlapped. It is likely that when Elizabeth returned – regardless of whom she may have been co-habiting with – she was taken care of by the Jacksons, and Mary Jackson may have assisted in the birth of her child.60 Certainly, in the absence of her parents, they were looking after Augusta in 1828. And when both parents died, the Jacksons adopted her. It was as the daughter of Peter Jackson that Augusta, having just turned 17, was married on 20 May 1841.61

James Bradford James was born in Launceston, Tasmania, on 11 March 1820 into one of the earliest and most prolific colonial families.62 He could trace his lineage back through his father William (1792-1828) to his grandfather Nathaniel Lucas (1764-1818) who, as a convicted felon, had arrived in the colony in 1788 with the . James acquired his middle name from his maternal great-great grandmother, Mary Bradford.63 James’ father died in July 1828, the result of a boating accident, leaving his wife Sarah with four young children and one on the way.64 James aged 7 and his 6 year old sister Martha were placed in the Orphan School on 17 November 1828. James was returned to his mother on in May 1832, and Martha returned the following year. Sarah had remarried and was then living at Kissing Point.65 Augusta and James had seven children – Anne Emily, 1842; James, 1843; William Bradford, 1844; Mary Augustus, 1846, George, 1847; Sarah Elizabeth, 1849; and Martha Anne, 1851. At least four of whom did not survive past infancy.66

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Mirroring the Jackson couple, Augusta and James, with one exception, were of no interest to the newspaper reporters. But like so many other men, James found himself temporarily financially embarrassed. In September 1852 he was declared insolvent, but within five months had been granted a clearance certificate.67 Augusta Lucas died on 25 May 1904 at the age of 80 at her home, 51 Denison-street, Kingston. Her funeral was held the next day and she was buried at the Necropolis. James outlived his wife by almost seven years. He died on 6 April 1911 aged 91.68

NOTES 1 Worcester Journal 15 Aug 1816, p.4. 2 For a comprehensive study of bank note forgery, see Jack Mockford, “They are Exactly as Banknotes are”: Perceptions and Technologies of Bank Note Forgery During the Bank Restriction Period, 1797-1821, PhD Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, November 2014, with particular reference to Chapter 4. 3 Margaret Yates was also convicted of possessing forged notes and sentenced to 14 years transportation – Bond of Friendship, Profile- Margaret Yates, https://fretwelliana.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/profile-yates-margaret-minimum.pdf. 4 FindmyPast (FMP), Australian Convict Ships 1786-1849, Indents 1788-1842 (NRS 12188) Reel 394. 5 In 1801 the lesser offence of possessing (rather than manufacturing) forged notes was introduced, for which, if offered to the prisoner and accepted by the court, would carry a maximum of 14 years transportation – see Mockford, Chapter 6. 6 Lancaster Gazette, 25 Mar 1815, p.4. 7 Hull Packet, 28 Mar 1815, p.3. 8 Leeds Intelligencer, 12 Dec 1814, p.3. 9 FMP, City of York Calendars of Prisoners 1739-1851, Calendar of Prisoners, York Quarter Sessions, Archive reference Y/ORD/1/1 – 1800-1819. 10 Ancestry, UK, Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849, Captivity, Register, 1801-1836. Free Settler or Felon? Convict Ship Ocean 1816, https://jenwilletts.com/convict_ship_ocean_1816.htm. 11 FMP, Australian Convict Ships 1788-1849, Indents 1786-1849 (NRS 12188) Reel 393. 12 Ancestry, New South Wales, , Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 937; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6004- 6016, p.337. 13 For example, Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834, New South Wales 1820 and 1821. 14 It is likely that initially Mary Jackson would have been housed in the at Parramatta - Beth Matthews and Ann Mathews, Females in Parramatta Female Factory, https://parramattafemalefactories.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/female-factory-womens-list- bmam1901.pdf. Ancestry, New South Wales, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1830, Entrance Book, Sydney, 1819-1833. 15 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 13 Jan 1821, p.3. 16 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 937; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6004- 6016, p.71. By the end of 1822 Newcastle ceased to be a place of secondary punishment. Prisoners who were still under sentence were transferred to Port Macquarie. 17 Ancestry, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia Convict Musters, 1806-1849, New South Wales, General Muster 1822. 18 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 897; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6041- 6064, 6071-6072, p.213. 19 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 898; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6020- 6040, 6070; Fiche 3260-3312, p.62. 20 Ancestry, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia Convict Musters, 1806-1849, New South Wales, General Muster A-L, 1825. The equivalent 1825 entry for Mary Jackson has been incorrectly recorded as her serving a life sentence, and being the wife of Pat. Jackson. 21 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 28 Nov 1825, p.3. Ancestry, 1828 New South Wales, Australia Census (TNA Copy), New South Wales, Census I-M, 1828. 22 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 25 Jul 1828, p.2. 23 FMP, New South Wales, Butts of Convicts Certificates of Freedom, 1827-1867 (NRS 12210, Reels 982-1027, & 604, Prisoner Numbers 29/198 & 30/589. 24 Publicans’ Licensing Acts Consolidation Act 1830 No. 12A, Clause 16, Australian Legal Information Institute (AustLII), http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/placa1830n12395/. It was in early 1826 that the regulations were altered to specifically disqualify ticket-of-leave holders from obtaining a publicans’ license – a controversial decision and one that attracted much press attention – for example a Letter to the Editor, arguing that most ticket-of-leave holders were of good, hard working character for whom the loss of their license would ruin them financially – The Australian, 9 Mar 1826, p.2. 25 The Australian, 6 Mar 1829, p.3. New South Wales State Archives and Records (NSW SA&R), Publicans’ Licenses Index, 1830-1861, https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/collections-and-research/guides-and-indexes/publicans-and-innkeepers/indexes. 26 The Australian, 22 Jul 1834, p.1. 27 NSW SA&R, Publicans’ Licenses Index 1830-1861. The Sydney Herald, 12 Oct 1837, p.3.

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28 The Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser, 16 Mar 1840, p.4. At different times the public house was referred to as “The Newcastle House” and the “Ship Inn”. 29 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia Land Grants, 1788-1863, Register of Memorials, 1822-1829. James Hardy Vaux gained notoriety as a swindler, thief, escape artist, child molester and author of a ‘flash’ dictionary - Averil F. Fink, 'Vaux, James Hardy (1782– 1841)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vaux-james-hardy-2756/text3905, published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 5 November 2019. 30 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia Land Grants, 1788-1863, Register of Memorials, 1821-1833. 31 The Sydney Herald, 10 Oct 1831, p.3. 32 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia Land Grants, 1788-1863, Register of Memorials, 1814-1832. 33 NSW Land Registry Services, https://hlrv.nswlrs.com.au/. Historical Parish Maps, County Name: Cumberland, Parish Name: Hunters Hill. 34 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 27 Sep 1832, p.2. 35 The Sydney Herald, 28 Oct 1833, p.1. 36 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia Land Grants, 1788-1863, Register of Memorials, 1821-1838. 37 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia Land Grants, 1788-1863, Register of Memorials, 1793-1839. 38 Commercial Journal and Advertiser, 8 Dec 1838, p.3. 39 Commercial Journal and Advertiser, 6 Mar 1839, p.3. 40 City of Sydney Archives, Assessment Books 1845-1948, https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/search-our-collections/house-and- building-histories/assessment-books. 41 The Sydney Monitor, 24 Mar 1830, p.4. The Sydney Herald, 31 Jul 1839, p.3. The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 Apr 1845, p.4. The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 Sep 1843, p.3. 42 City of Sydney, Historical Atlas of Sydney, https://atlas.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/maps/city-of-sydney-survey-plans-1833/city-of-sydney- survey-plans-1833-section-24/. 43 The Australian, 4 Nov 1845, p.3. Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, St Peters Cooks River Select Births, Marriages and Burials, Burial, 1839-1896. NSW Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages (NSW BDM), Death registration, 690/1845 V1845690 30B. 44 New South Wales Government Gazette, 7 Nov 1845 [Issue No.91] p.1255. 45 The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 Dec 1845, p.3. 46 NSW BDM, Death registration, 402/1846 V1846402 31B. Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, St Peters Cooks River Select Births, Marriages and Burials, Burial, 1839-1896. 47 Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 06 November 2019), memorial page for Peter Jackson (unknown–2 Nov 1845), Find A Grave Memorial no. 194933919, citing St. Peters Cooks River Cemetery, Saint Peters, Inner West Council, New South Wales, Australia ; Maintained by Erica Knower (contributor 49048895). 48 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 897; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6041- 6064, 6071-6072, p.229g. 49 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 937; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6004- 6016, p.358. 50 NSW BDM, Marriage registration, 3178/1823 V18233178 3B. 51 Biographical Database of Australia (BDA), Biographical report for Joseph Johnson, Person ID: B#10013252001. 52 BDA, Biographical report for Sarah Trapnell, Person ID: B#10011871401. 53 With the closure of Newcastle as a place of secondary punishment those still under sentence were transferred to Port Macquarie. Joseph Johnson was one of the prisoners who were removed from Newcastle to Port Macquarie per cutter Mermaid on 15 September 1823 - Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 939; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6018-6019, 2649 and 898-901, pp.422-3. 54 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856, Series NRS 897; Reel or Fiche Numbers: Reels 6041- 6064, 6071-6072, p.36. 55 BDA, Biographical report for Joseph Johnson, Person ID: X#30001474702. Ancestry, Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1981. 56 Ancestry, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia Convict Musters, 1806-1849, New South Wales, General muster A-L, 1825. 57 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Death Register, 1826-1879. NSW BDM, Death registration, 7810/1828 V18287810 2C. 58 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930, Entrance Book, Sydney, 1825-1930. 59 NSW BDM, Death registration, 1641/1832 V18321641 16. 60 For the record, John Shaw Strange was removed from Newcastle and sent to Sydney in November 1823 and was then sent to Bathurst in January 1824 – Colonial Secretary’s Papers. 61 The Temperance Advocate and Australasian Commercial and Agricultural Intelligencer, 26 May 1841, p.12. 62 Libraries Tasmania, Names Index, https://linctas.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_AU/names/, Launceston births, RGD32/1/1 no 940. 63 Morton Herman, 'Lucas, Nathaniel (1764–1818)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lucas-nathaniel-2380/text3133, published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 8 November 2019. 64 BDA, Biographical report for William Lucas, Person ID: U#20052262301. 65 Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Applications and Admissions to Orphan Schools, 1817-1833, Male Admission Books, 1829. 66 NSW BDM, Birth and Death registrations. - 12 - Bond of Friendship Mary Jackson - Staffordshire

67 New South Wales Government Gazette, 28 Sep 1852 [Issue No 94], p.1434. The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 Feb 1853, p.2. 68 The Sydney Morning Herald, 26 May 1904 pp. 4 & 10. The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 Apr 1911, p.14.

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SELECTED SOURCES Genealogy Websites Ancestry 1828 New South Wales, Australia Census (TNA Copy) Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1981 New South Wales and Tasmania, Australian Convict Musters, 1806-1849 New South Wales, Australia Land Grants, 1788-1863 New South Wales, Australia, Applications and Admissions to Orphan Schools, 1817-1833 New South Wales, Australia, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1856 New South Wales, Australia, Convict Death Register, 1826-1879 New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930 New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834 New South Wales, Australia, St Peters Cooks River Select Births, Marriages and Burials UK, Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849 Findmypast Australian Convict Ships 1786-1849 City of York Calendars of Prisoners 1739-1851 England & Wales Crime, Prisons & Punishment 1770-1935 New South Wales, Butts of Convicts Certificates of Freedom, 1827-1867 Other Websites Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ Australian Legal Information Institute, http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/ Biographical Database of Australia (BDA), http://www.bda-online.org.au/ Bond of Friendship, https://fretwelliana.com/friendship-female-convicts/ City of Sydney Archives, Assessment Books 1845-1948, https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/search-our- collections/house-and-building-histories/assessment-books City of Sydney, Historical Atlas of Sydney, https://atlas.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ Females in Parramatta Female Factory, https://parramattafemalefactories.files.wordpress.com/ Find a Grave, https://www.findagrave.com/ Free Settler or Felon? https://www.jenwilletts.com/ LINC Tasmania, https://linctas.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/ New South Wales Registry of Births, Deaths, Marriages, https://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/ New South Wales State Archives & Records, https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/ NSW Land Registry Services, https://hlrv.nswlrs.com.au/ Online Newspapers British Newspapers (Findmypast) Hull Packet Lancaster Gazette Leeds Intelligencer Worcester Journal TROVE Commercial Journal and Advertiser New South Wales Government Gazette The Australian The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser The Sydney Herald The Sydney Monitor The Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser The Sydney Morning Herald The Temperance Advocate and Australasian Commercial and Agricultural Intelligencer Publications Mockford, Jack, “They are Exactly as Banknotes are”: Perceptions and Technologies of Bank Note Forgery During the Bank Restriction Period, 1797-1821, PhD Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, November 2014

© Leonie Fretwell, 2019

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