Pariser Historische Studien Bd. 13 1976

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Pariser Historische Studien Bd. 13 1976 Pariser Historische Studien Bd. 13 1976 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publi- kationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswis- senschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Her- unterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträ- ger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu priva- ten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hin- ausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weiter- gabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. LUDWIG HAMMËRMAYER Die Forschungszentren der deutschen Benediktiner und ihre Vorhaben I. Zentren, Persönlichkeiten, Werke und Projekte Die historiographische Aktivität und Leistung der Benediktiner im deutschen Sprachraum des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts an dieser Stelle zu untersuchen und zu würdigen, bedarf des „Muts zur Lücke", zu notwendig skizzenhaftem Überblick und exemplarischer Darstellung, auch zu einer gewissen — noch statthaften — Generalisierung gerade da, wo man gerne tiefer loten oder im Detail verweilen sollte und möchte. Das Thema aber bleibt bedeutend, der Vorwurf der Antiquiertheit träfe ins Leere; denn nichts wäre törichter als die Vorstellung von weltfremden gelehrten Mönchen, die, fernab aller Realität, alte Urkunden und Chroniken dem Staub der Archive entrissen, kopierten und edierten, zusammen mit praefationes und disserta- tiones isagogicae in schwerfälligem Späthumanistenlatein, publiziert in dickleibigen barocken Folianten, die heute vergessen sind und in den Bibliotheken dahindäm- mern. Nichts dergleichen; die methodische wie die sachliche Leistung der deutschen eruditi historici benedictini während des saeculum diplomaticum oder aevum diplo- maticum, wie die Zeitgenossen Johann Friedrich Schannat und Bernhard Pez ihr achtzehntes Jahrhundert nannten1, diese Leistung bleibt groß und überzeitlich. Die 1 Nil poterat saeculo nostro diplomatico evenire optabilius, nil obtigisse felicius, quam gener osum illud nee unquam satis laudandum propositum, quod in Vobis unanimiter excitavit non vulgaris erga Inclytam Ecclesiam vestram amor et affectus. (J. F. SCHANNAT, Corpus Traditionum Fuldensium, Leipzig 1724, Vorwort). Das Pez-Zitat entstammt einem — nicht mehr erhaltenen — Brief an den Historiker Christian Gottlieb Buder in Jena; zur Überliefe­ rung vgl. Fritz Sa im.71-:, Leben und Wirken des Jenaer Professors der Rechte und Geschichte Chr. G. Buder (Zeitschrift des Vereins für Thüringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, NF 23) 1918, 341—402, hier 355. — Zu Johann Friedrich Schannat (1683—1739) vgl. ADB 517f. (F. X. Wi a 11 ); Leon HAI KIN in: Biographie Nationale de Belgique XXI (1911) 588—598; Eduard KATS<:HTHAI.I-:R, Über Bernhard Pez und dessen Briefnachlaß (39. Jahresbericht des k. k. Obergymnasiums Melk) Wien 1889, 5—106, bes. 63—72; A. RUPPI i, Schannats Berufung zum Fuldaischen Geschichtsschreiber (Aus Fuldas Geistesleben = Festschrift zum 150. Jubiläum der Landesbibliothek) Fulda 1928, 40—52; Wilhelm EN<;I I , J. F. Schannat: Leben, Die Forschungszentren der deutschen Benediktiner 123 während der zweiten Hälfte des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts von den Bollandisten, vor allem aber von den Maurinern erarbeitete Methode systematischen Quellensam- melns und exakter kritischer Prüfung nach genau fixierten inneren wie äußeren Kriterien, besonders bei Urkunden ", wurde übernommen und in schier unglaubli­ cher Arbeitsleistung eine Fülle von Quellen erschlossen, geprüft, publiziert und zum Teil bereits in Darstellungen verarbeitet. Es handelte sich um Quellen zur deutschen Kirchen- und in wachsendem Maße auch zur Profangeschichte, ferner zur Wissen­ schafts- und Gelehrtengeschichte. Sie wurden veröffentlicht in Werken, die zu ihrer Zeit allenthalben stark beachtet und viel benutzt wurden und zum Teil noch heute unentbehrlich sind. Diese Erfolge wurden in einem zähen Kampf nach zwei Seiten errungen: zum einen gegen den modischen historischen Skeptizismus , den sogenannten Pyrrhonis- Werk, Nachlaß, Teil I (Archivalische Zeitschrift, 3. Folge, Bd. 11) 1936, 24—103; Walter Goi r/i, Aus der Frühzeit der methodischen Erforschung deutscher Geschichtsquellen: J. F. Schannat und seine Vindemiae Litterariae (Berliner Studien zur neueren Geschichte 3, hg. v. Fritz Härtung) 1939; Leon HAI KIN, Lettres inédites du Bollandiste du Sollier à l'historien Schannat (Analecta Bollandiana 62) 1944, 226—256; ebd. 63 (1945) 5—47; Peter FUCHS, Palatinatus Illustratus. Die historische Forschung an der kurpfälzischen Akademie der Wissen­ schaften, Mannheim 1963, 34—37 u. passim. Weitere Quellenangaben in Anm, 149 u. 181.— Zu Bernhard Pez vgl, Anm. 9 und 23. 2 Zu den Bollandisten vgl. LThK II (1958) 571 f.; H. DIIIIIAYI, A travers trois siècles: Poeuvre des Bollandistes, 1615—1915, Brüssel 1920; Leon HAI KIN (S. o. Anm. 1); Angelo Mi RCAÏÏ, Bollandia dall'Archivo Segreto Vaticano (Miscellanea Historiae Pontificiae III/4) Rom 1940,28—60; P. PIT.TÏ.RS, L'oeuvre des Bollandistes (Extrait des Mémoires de l'Académie Royale de Belgique = Subsidia Hagiographica 24) Brüssel 19612; David KNOWI is, Great Historical Enterprises, London 1963, 1—32; — Über die Mauriner ausführliche Quellen- und Literaturangaben in LThK VII (1962) 190ff. (G. Hl i R); laufende Hinweise in der Zeitschrift „Revue Mabillon" (1904ff.); D. KNOWI I S 34—62; R. HI-.SHI-.RT, La Congrégation de St. Maur (Revue Mabillon 51) 1961, 107—156; grundlegend Henri LI-<TI-RQ, Dom Mabillon, 2 Bde., Paris 1953 und 1957, hierzu D. KNOWI i s in: Journal of Ecclesiastical History 10 (1961) 153—173; Jürgen Voss, Das Mittelalter im historischen Denken Frankreichs (Veröffentlichun­ gen des Historischen Instituts der Universität Mannheim 3) München 1972, 158—161, 220—228 (Lit.) u. passim; Bruno Ni vi.u, Mabillon et la science historique en France vers 1700 (in vorliegendem Band S. 27ff.); Pierre GASNAUIT, Les travaux d'érudition des Mauristes au XVIIL siècle (ebd. S. 102 ff.). Vgl. auch die Angaben in Anm. 9; 22; 37; 74; 104; 143; 146; 149; 165;196. 3 Eine umfassende Studie in europäischem Rahmen steht aus; vgl. u. a. Ludwig TRAUM., Vorlesungen und Abhandlungen, Bd. II (Zur Paläographie und Handschriftenkunde), Mün­ chen 1909, 13 ff.; Meta SCHI 111, Wissen und Glauben in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Studien zum historischen Pyrrhonismus in Frankreich und Deutschland, (Beiträge zur Philosophie 1) Heidelberg 1930; Giovanni GKNTH.I:, Contributo alla storia del metodo storico (Studi sul Rinascimento) 19362, 277—302; N. Eni IM AN, Attitudes of 17th Century France towards the 124 Ludwig Hammermayer mus, zum anderen gegen alle diejenigen, die nach wie vor auf ungeprüfte Autoritäten und Traditionen bauen zu können glaubten. Gegen diese beiden Strömungen setzte man auf vernünftige historische Kritik, gewonnen und anwendbar nach verifizierba­ ren Regeln; das Vorbild der auf Berechnung und Experiment gegründeten „barok- ken" Naturwissenschaft und Mathematik ist offenkundig. In einer Zeit, in der ahistorische rationalistische Philosophie, Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik die Szene beherrschten, wurde von den gelehrten historici die Vergangenheit neu gewonnen, auf rational-nachprüfbare Weise erhellt und gesichert, in einer entsa­ gungsvollen Arbeit pro tuenda sacrae antiquitatis causa, wie es einer der hervorra­ genden Benediktinerhistoriker jener Zeit, Abt Gottfried Bessel von Göttweig, formuliert hat . Durch Wissenschaft ermöglichte Erkenntnis der Vergangenheit, Sicherung der Tradition und damit auch sehr konkrete Selbstbehauptung — sei es des Klosters, des Ordens, des Bistums, des Territoriums, der Genealogie des Herrscherhauses —, das war ein Ziel aller Mühen wert. So wesentlich und folgenreich das Thema über die deutsche benediktinische Geschichtsforschung des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts, so unbefriedigend ist im allge­ meinen der Forschungsstand und eine lamentatio sehr wohl angebracht. Gewiß, es gibt ältere und neuere biographische Studien über Schlüsselfiguren wie Bessel, Marquard Herrgott von St. Blasien, Anselm Desing aus Ensdorf, Frobenius Forster und Roman Zirngibl von St. Emmeram in Regensburg \ Über Karl Meichelbeck aus Benediktbeuern, einem der bedeutendsten deutschen Historiker der ersten Jahrhun­ derthälfte, sind den jüngsten Forschungen von Karl Mindera und Albert Siegmund wichtige Fortschritte zu verdanken '; aber noch sind die einschlägigen Quellen nicht vollständig erschlossen, bleibt die große wissenschaftliche Biographie Meichelbecks ein Desiderat. Die historiographische Leistung der bayerischen Benediktiner wäh- Middle Ages, New York 1946; G. MARTINI, Le stravaganze critiche di padre J. Hardouin (Scritti di paleografia e diplomatica in onore di V. Federici) Florenz 1944, 351—364; Sergio Bf Ki11.i.i, La crisi dello scetticismo, e il rapporto erudizione-scienza agli inizi desecoloXVIII (Società 11) 1955, 435—456; Arnoldo D. MOMK.I IANO, Ancient History and the Antiquarian (Studies in Historiography) London 19692, 1—39. .4 . etsi vero viros doctos, qui pro tuenda sacrae antiquitatis causa tarn strenue in aciem prodierunty longa série ac singulatim recensere non sit animus, religioni tarnen nobis ducimus silentio involvere magnum illum Joannem Mabillonium, sydus Bendedictini Ordinis nostri nunquam occasurum . (J. G. Brssri., Chronicon Gottwicense, Tegernsee 1732, praefatio IX, p. X). Zu Bessel vgl. Anm. 16. * Zu G. Bessel vgl. Anm. 16; zu M. Herrgott vgl. Anm. 45; zu A. Desing
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