Martin Gerbert: Priest, Prince, Scholar, and Musician Author(s): Fr. Niecks Source: The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular, Vol. 23, No. 477 (Nov. 1, 1882), pp. 585-588 Published by: Musical Times Publications Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3358187 Accessed: 17-06-2016 21:38 UTC

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This content downloaded from 128.206.9.138 on Fri, 17 Jun 2016 21:38:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE MUSICAL TIMES. NOVEMBER I, I882. S85

Thanks to pious donations in the Erst centuries of its TH E M USICAL TI M ES existence, to advantageous purchases in the later ones, and to clever management at all times, there AND SINGING-CLASS CIRCULAR. grew out of this small beginning the famous and NOVEMBER I, I882. wealthy monastery the superior of which styled him- self, from I746 onward, " We, Prince of the Holy Ronlan Empire and Abbot of St. Blaise, in the Black MARTIN GERBERT: Forest, Lord of the imperial county of Bonndorf and

PRIEST, PRINCE, SCHOLAR, AND MUSICIAN. of the outlying Austrian lordships of Staufen and Kirchhofen, as well as Gurtweil and Oberried, Here- BY FR. NIECKS. ditary Arch-chaplain of his Imperial Majesty in the UP to the middle of the last century the history outlying provinces, and President of the estate of of music remained in a very unsatisfactory condition. Prelates therein." Since then, however, this field of knowledge has been Into the school of the monastery, which had always cultivated with great diligence and thoroughness. enjoyed a good reputation, new life was infused, about To prove the superiority of the more modern his- the time of Gerbert's arrival, by some of the monks torians we have only to place side by side those who who, on returning from the Congregation of St. Maur wrote between I600 and I750 with those who wrote in Paris, whither they had been sent to complete their between I750 and the present day. On the one hand studies, brought with them to St. Blaise a profounder we find Michael Praetorius, Printz, Bontempi, and learning, a more elegant taste, and less pedantic Bonnet; on the other hand, Martini, Gerbert, Haw- methods than had previously been known there. kins, Burney, Forkel, Kiesewetter, Fetis, Winterfeld, Considering the studious and religious disposition of Coussemaker, Ambros, and an endless number of the youth, it is not to be wondered at that what he biographers and monographists. These names may saw and heard in the monastery made so favourable be safely left to speak for themselves. Among the an impression upon him as to induce him, in I736, to later group of historians there is none to whom we enter the Order. His novitiate was not of long dura- are more indebted for the firm foundation on which tion. Already on September 28, I737, at the age of the present generation of historians is building than seventeen, he made his monastic profession, and on to Martin Gerbert. A biographical sketch of this May 30, I744, he was ordained priest. remarkable man rezlarkable, as we shall see, in Martin Gerbert's talents and love of learning more than one respect may, therefore, not be un- which had been the admiration of his fellow-students rvelcome to the reader, although historians, especially and teachers, did not remain unnoticed by Abbot those of the severer type, do not inspire so lively a Meinrad, who appointed the young monk professor, personal interest as composers, singers, and players. first of philosophy and then of theology, to which The following facts (in part as yet but little latter charge was soon after adde(l that of librarian. known) I have derived from various sources, of which During the ten years he held the professorship, the most important are Friedrich Schlichtegroll's his chief attention was naturally given to theology. " Nekrolog auf das Jahr I793," and Professor Indeed, the twenty-two volumes published by him up Sander's " Reise zu St. Blasien, um Michaelis I78I," to I766 contain exclusively theological works, eight in Johann Bernoulli's collection of short accounts of of them forming a complete system of theology, travels. Next in importance are the article " Martin treating respectively of the principles of exegetical Gerbert," in Gerber's " Lexicon der Tonkunstler " symbolical, mystical, canonical, dogmatical, moral, (I790), Ch. F. Nicolai's " Beschreibung einer Reise sacramental, and liturgical theology. But whilst durch Deutschland und die Schweiz " (vol. xii.; devoting himself mainly to this branch of know- Berlin, I796), and Von Bocklin's " Beytrage zur Ge- ledge, Martin Gerbert did not neglect the others. As schichte der Musik, besonders in Deutschland " (Frey- a student he had not only diligently pursued the special burg im Breisgau, I790). Joseph Bader's " Furst- theological studies, but also cultivated lovingly the abt Martin Gerbert von S. Blasien " (Freiburg im Roman and Greek olassics, Hebrew, history, modern Breisgau, I875), though not free from errors, espe- languages, and music; and now as librarian he cially in the bibliographical data, is a very interesting availed himself of the advantages of his position, and useful publication treating, however, at greater and made strenuous researches into the ecclesiastical length of the history of the monastery of St. Blaise and secular history of the middle ages. The rich than of the biography of Martin Gerbert, discussing resources of the library of St. Blaise, however, could lnore fully political and theological than musical not supply all the information needed for the realisa- matters. It would take up too much space to men- tion of his projected works on the old Alemannic tion all the other works I have consulted; the titles liturgy and on sacred music from the earliest age of the of some of them, however, will be given in the course Church to his own time. Hence the desire grew upon of this sketch. him to consult other storehouses of books and monu- Martin Gerbert, a descendant of the patrician ments. " Having made up my mind," he wrote some family the Gerberts of Hornau, which at the time years after, " to publish an account of the ancient of the Reformation left Basle and settled at Horb liturgy which long ago had been in use in the on the Neckar, was born in the latter town, where principal and Erst countries of Germany which em- his parents lived in " humble estate" (in gemeine?n braced Christianity these being the only Catholic Stande), on August IX, I720. After haviE got, at countries of which such an account does not exist- home and in the school of his native place, a thorough it appeared to me necessary that I should visit grounding in reading, writing, arithmetic, religion, Alemannia." The prospect of literary fame to be and also music, he was sent Erst to a school at gained by the monastery would probably have proved Ehingen on the Danube, then to the Latin School at a sufficiently powerful motive to incline the superior Freiburg in the Breisgau, next to Klingenau in the to give a promising member of the community leave Aargau, and lastly to St. Blaise in the Black Forest. to travel; but there was another motive which no The origin of the last-mentioned monastic esta- doubt urged him still more strongly to favour Martin blishment dates, according to tradition, as far back as the time of the Merovingian Kings, when some * It was the Arch-chaplain's duty to betake himself, as often as any anchorites, whom want and danger had driven to- member or members of the Imperial family came into these provinces, to their temporary residence, celebrate mass, say grace at table, and gether, built a cell and chapel on the Steinbach. perforrn any other priestly office that circumstances might call for

This content downloaded from 128.206.9.138 on Fri, 17 Jun 2016 21:38:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE MUSICAL TIMES.- NOVEMBER I, I882. 586 Gerbert's wishes. Old Abbot Meinrad had perceived Ferrara I went to Bologna, where I called at once that this monk was possessed of gifts and graces on Giovanni Battista Martini, of the Order of St. which Etted him for more important and more diffi- Francis. Many matters concerning the history ofa cult offices than those of professor and librarian; music we had already discussed by letter. We and as nature seemed to have designated him his divided the labour amicably between us, so that he successor he began to regard him as such, made him undertook the investigation of the history of music early acquainted with the administration of aSairs, generally, but I particularly that of sacred music and now consented readily to his favourite going from the earliest age of the Church down to the present abroad, which was the best means of acquiring a time. I was astonished at the number of I7,000 knowledge of men and the ways of the world, and an authors on the theory and practice of music which excellent preparation for the duties of prince and this industrious man has collected. Nevertheless, I abbot. In Schlichtegroll's " Nekrolog auf das Jahr gave him-I say it without boasting out of my col- I793," it is stated that " the abbot educated him lection, for the most part made in German libraries made him study and travel, employed him in aSairs several authors which in my opinion are of greater and, in one word, trained him from early youth to be service than many things in his own store. We com- his successor." pared our treasures and communicated them to each Martin Gerbert's frst excursion took him to Paris other." Padre Martini's library assumes a still more whither he went by way of Breisach, Moyen-Moutier imposing aspect if we take into account that in thcse Senonnes, and Flavigni, and whence he returned by I7,000 works the musical compositions were not way of Compiegne, Clairvaux, Faverney, Luxeuil, included, and that among them were 500 manuscrSipts. and Remiremont. This was in I759. In the next In the formation of this rare as well as extensive two years, I760 and I76I, he explored Alemannia and collection he had been assisted by his admirers more Suabia in all directions. After this he travelled in especially by his friend Farinelli (Carlo Broschi), the Bavaria and Austria- and in I762 he visited Italy famous singer, who also is said to have induced him to where his longest soJourn was in Rome. Wherever undertake the "Storia della musica" (3 vols., I757 he went he cultivated the acquaintance of the learned I770, and I78I). Burneyspeaks of thepadre?s librarye and ransacked the libraries, examining whatever more especially of the MSS., with the greatest enthu- books, manuscripts, inscriptions, gems, antiquities siasm: " Besides his immense collection of printed &c., he could get sight of. His amiability and learn- books, which cost him upwards of a thousand zechins ing would have secured him a kind reception in any P. Martini is in possession of what no money can case, but his being a member of a monastic order purchase, MSS. and copies of MSS. in the Vatican cannot but have been of great advantage to him. In and Ambrosian libraries, and in those of Florence, Rome, where he made very successful researches in the Pisa, and other places, for which he has had a Vatican and other libraries, he must have found even faculty granted him by the Pope, and particular per- more valuable information than in any other place he mission from others in power." (See " Present State visited; for Garampi, the keeper of tlle papal secret of Music in France and Italy," pp. I94, &c.) archives, who had been staying for some time at St. Gerbert, according to Gerber, made his musico- Blaise, and had been his companion during part of historical project known to the world in I762, and his travels, was an intimate friend of his, and Braschi asked for contributions complementary of his who, in I775, ascended the papal see as Pius VI., but materials, a request which was not disregarded. in I762 was privy secretary to Clement XIII., sought On July 3I, I762, Marpurg published this prospectus and loved his company. Martin Gerbert's chief the title and contents of the work in the " Kritische object in searching the Italian libraries was to collect Briefe," vol. ii., pp. 3I3, &c. (not, as Gerber and material for a history of music. He himself tells us Fetis say, in vol. i.), introducing it with these words: how he was induced to undertake such a work. " He made latterly known to the public by a printed " The love of music," he says, " I sucked in with my intimation the detailed contents of his work, which mother's milk, and from early youth I applied myself to as it may not be in many hands in these parts, I the acquirement of this art, even when severer studies cannot refrain from here inserting." From a letter occupied me. But it was by the precious St. George's written by Father Heer, a monk of St. Blaise, on codex, which contained the five books de 1nusica by St. September I6, I763, we learn various things con- Severin,* besides other similar treatises, which had cerning Gerbert's doings, achievements, and inten- lately been brought to St. Blaise in order to be printed tions: " Our Father Martin sojourned three months there, that I was incited to realise my early conceived in Rome and still longer in Vienna, and in the in- project of writing a history of music." Martin Gerbert terval visited Naples and Montecassino. His alftores went so far south as Naples, and in Northern Italy de mtlsica inecIiti have now run up to 50, but he edits visited, among other places, Verona, Padua, Venice only one - half of them." Although Gerbert was and Bologna. His visit to the last-mentioned town already, in I763, S0 far advanced with the col- brought him in personal contact with one of the most lecting of materials, his two great works on music, remarkable musical characters of the last century- " Concerning Chant and Sacred Music from the namely, with Padre Martini, who was the oracle of earliest age of the Church to the present time" his age, and whose fame for learning has not been (" De cantu et musica sacra a prima ecclesiae aetate equalled by any other theorist, teacher, or composer. usque ad praesens tempus ") and the " Ecclesiastical But although the two men now saw each other for Writers on Music, chiefly sacred " (" Scriptores eccle- the first time, they had been for years in corre- siastici dd musica sacra potissimum "), were not pub- spondence. Without jealousy they imparted their lished till I774 and I784 respectively. The long post- treasures and knowledge to each other, and thus ponement of the publication was owing to several they were made doubly productive. Who can help causes: the difficulty of the task, the change which admiring the noble and beautiful example, and re- took place in the authors position, and the fire whicll gretting the rareness of its imitation ? Gerbert in I768 destroyed the monastery, and consumed, along says, in the account of his travels (" Iter aleman- with other treasures, the incomparable St. George's nicum, accedit italicum et gallicum "): " From codex and the whole apparatus Gerbert had collected on his travels. In writing of this misfortune he says: * This codex belonged to the St. George's Monastery of Villingen, " My only consolation after this painful loss was the in Wurtemberg. The five books de musica here mentioned are those circumstance that the first part of the ' History of by Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boethius, who may not gene- rally be known as a saint. Music' had already passed through the press, and

This content downloaded from 128.206.9.138 on Fri, 17 Jun 2016 21:38:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE MUSICAL TIMES.-NOVEMBER I, I882. 587 that copies of the treatises contained in the codex was placed that their Order was not merely an order were elsesvhere to be found." of obedience, prayer, and repentance, but also an The change in Gerbert's position above alluded to order of useful activity. The sciences were, in took place on October I5, I764, when, Meinrad having his opinion, the fairest treasure and ornament of died, he was elected abbot by his fellow- monks. monasteries. No sooner had the abbot issued and put What the new abbot, Martin II., thought of this in force his new regulations for the conduct of the change we learn from a letter which he wrote soon monks than he set himself to improve the method of after his consecration to the Abbot of St. George's of teaching in the school of the monastery. The nature Villingen: " My account of my travels is still in the of his innovations might have been foretold from press, for everything is going slowly. I shall not be certain remarks in the ' Iter alemannicum, &c." able to publish anything beyond what I had already He says that this diary was written with the inten- formerly prepared, in the happy days, before they tion of encouraging his fellow-monks to devote them- had torn me out of my literary leisure, wherein I was selves with steady application and wise discrimina- so content with my lot, knowing no other wish than tion to art and science, " to shake off the old that of remaining undisturbed therein. But now I scholastic school dust, and to discontinue the pseudo- see myself transported as it were into a strange part of erudite disputes from which never any good can the world, and this unfortunately at a time when the result either for Church or State." He recommended ¢hurch and her servants are threatened by the most strenuously the banishment of all mechanism greatest dangers." from the teaching manuals, and among other excel- Abbot Martin II. of St. Blaise reminds me in more lent advice he gave the teachers was this: to make than one respect of Abbot Samson of St. Edmunds- the pupils acquainted with the literature of each of bury, whose portrait Carlyle sketches so vividly in the sciences they were learning, so that after leaving " Past and Present." The divergencies of their school they might continue their studies by them- character, it is true, are not inconsiderable; but they selves. arise rather from the different conditions of the times In his endeavours to ameliorate the condition of they lived in, and from the different experiences they his secular subjects, Prince-Abbot Martin was inde- had gone through in the earlier part of their lives, fatigable. New roads were made, the country schools than from fundamental differences in their original were put into a state of efEciency, a bank for the safe dispositions. Of Abbot Martin it could not be said, investment of the capital of orphans was founded, as of Abbot Samson, that he was a man " whom no a hospital was built, wool-spinning and muslin- severity would break to complain, and no kindness embroidery were introduced, the extravagant number soften into smiles or thanks." But then he never of holidays was reduced, &c., &c. Nor did the prince- had to do battle with adversity: neither had he to beg abbot's efforts for the well-being, present and future, his bread on his journeys through foreign lands, nor of his subjects stop here. He prescribed regular was he put in chains by his superior. No wonder the attendance at church on Sundays and holidays, pro- monk of St. Blaise was less stern than his brother of hibited blaspheming and swearing, the tending of St. Edmundsbury. The similarity of their character, cattle, &c., by young people of both sexes promis- however, is greater than the dissimilarity. The love cuously, the superstitious and dangerous ringing of of learning and hatred of shams were equally strong church bells during thunderstorms; prohibited, like- in both. They were untainted by vain ambition, and wise, coffee-drinking and smoking to all persons would have preferred remaining in the humbler posi- under twenty-four years of age, and other things tion of librarian; but, being called to the higher one, endangering the peace, safety, health, morality, and they performed its duties with all their might. What salvation of the people. The way in which he some- Jocelin of Brakelond, and after him Carlyle, says of times exercised his paternal government may, seen Abbot Samson's " right, honest, unconscious feeling, in the light of the nineteenth century, raise a smile; without insolence as without fear or flutter, of what but his intentions, it must be admitted, were good, he and what others are,' of "his courage to quell and so were also, in the majority of instances, the the proudest," his " honest pity to encourage the results. In short, under Martin II.'s administration humblest," of " his noble reticence," and of " his the monastery and its school became model institu- patience to hear unreason, and lay it up without tions of their kind, and the country enjoyed more response," and much more besides might be literally order and greater prosperity than it had ever done applied to Abbot Martin. Nay, did not the latter before. actually speak some such words as are reported of The course of the prince-abbot's reign, although the other: " I wish, too, that every monk of you have on the whole smooth, was not invariably so. The free access to me, to speak uf your needs and griev- destruction by fire of the monastery and church, in ances when you will." And would not the abbot of I768, must have been a terrible blow to the religious the twelfth century have judged as he of the eigh- community of St. Blaise, and more especially to their teenth who decided that the right of succession in a head. But, in the case of a man of Abbot Martin's leasehold was no longer to belong to the youngest, mettle, the painfulness of the occurrence and its but to the worthiest son, and to the youngest only if consequences were compensated by the pleasure all were equally worthy? Although Abbot Martin arising from the display of energy and from the was a pious and truly religious man, passing three realisation of practical and artistic ideas, for which hours every morning in prayer and self-contempla- now ample opportunities oSered. Already, in I77I, tion, and also saying mass before taking up his other the dwellings of the new monastery were finished, occupations, he was more liberal-minded and en- and, ten years later, also the church, one of the finest lightened than any of his predecessors. Indeed, some in Germany, an imitation of Maria della Rotonda of the older monks did not at all approve of the in Rome. According to Professor Sander, about a mil- reIaxation of the former rigour, and no doubt would lion of florins were spent in building the new monas- have made opposition had it not been for the esteem, tery and the church, this estimate including I7,000 admiration, and fear with which their superior florins for the organ, a finely-toned instrument of inspired them. " Monasteries," he held, " should be fifty stops, by the old Silbermann. Abbot Martin workshops of learned industry- and their inmates never considered any expenditure for the library too should disprove the contemptuous reproach of an idle, great. That he now took good care that the architect useless life by scientific works." He tried to incul- (Pigage) should provide a worthy and convenient re- cate into the community at the head of which he ceptacle for his treasures may be easily imagined. The

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588 THE l!vIUSICAL TIMES.-NOVEMBER I, I882. new library consisted of a cheerful, well-lit hall, with a quietness which should dwell therein are not disturbed gallery and sixteen adjoining cabinets. " In the cabi- thereby. I har7e not noticed here at all some things nets," we learn from the above-quoted authority, " a which I was sorry to see in other much smaller great quantity of books can be put up, and, thanks to monasteries, and indeed have spent here five- days the galleries, large ladders may be dispensed with. svith great pleasure and much proEt." Although .. . 'the cabinet of coins is beside the library." living in the monastery, our professor did not feel Nicolai, who, like Sander, visited St. Blaise in I78I, as if he were cut off from the world. " One is here furnishes some more particulars. He relates that surrounded by monks, but their knowledge goes be- the library of the new monastery was put up in a yond the narrow bounds of the cell. One suffers want spacious hall, with adjoining cabinets, which were in no respect; but then the whoie way of thinking of richly stored with coins, engravings, and minerals, as this religious society is attuned to higher things than well as with books. The latter belonged for the most eating and drinking. Earthly high-living and spiritual part to the departments of theology, history, and idleness is by no means the dominant tone at St. diplomacy; German literature, excepting Gellert's Blaise.... The holy exercises which are prescribed works, was hardly represented at all. by the Order are practised without exception ancl at The differences which the prince-abbot, who was a all times, day and night. But also the remaining subject as well as a prince, had with the Austrian time is filled up, and the less the inclemency of the Government on account of increased taxation, curtail- climate, the severity of the weather, and the dis- ments of his sovereign rights, and interSerences with agreeable situation of the monastery allows of other the conventual regulations (for instance, the duration amusements and diversions, the more the industry of of the novitiate) were troubles unmixed with pleasur- the monks contines itself, after the example of their able emotions, and therefore of a more vexatious and worthy and wise superior, to books, documents, col- grievous kind than those caused by the conflagration. lections, manuscripts, medals, monuments of ancient During the life of Maria Theresa things were easily history, objects of natural history, coins, and maps. made smooth by a little diplomacy, for the abbot was The enlightened prince tests tteir capacities and a great favourite of the Empress. But all was distributes the work. Every one has his day's work changed when her son Joseph II., the reformer, the and destinaticn. Some are occupied at least in copy- enemy of priestcraft and monachism, took the reins ing the erudite works of their superior, in printing of government into his hands. The last years of the them, and in correctingthe proofs." In short, the rela- abbot's life were indeed more and more embittered tion of Abbot Martin to the conventuals was, as the by the tendencies of the age. They made him necrologist describes it, that of an experienced and tremble for the safety of Church and State, for he pious father to his sons and friends, who were in- was a believer in papal infallibility, and regarded with trusted to his guidance in order to be led to an abhorrence the freedom of the press and the then activity proStable to religion and civilisation. flourishing " enlightenment." Jansenism found in (To be co1ztis:zfed.) him a ruthless opponent. The state of his mind is re- flected in the works which he produced in those years (I789-I793), in the " Chul ch Militant " (" Ecclesia " ELIJAH " militants, regnum Christi in terris, in suis fatis repre- A COMPARISON OF THE ORIGINAL AND REVISED sentata "), the " Reflections on the Present Dangerous SCORES State of the Church " (" De periclitante hodierno BY JOSEPH BENNETT. ecclesia statu, praesertim in Gallia "), &c., &c. The (Contt^ued fron1s page 5 28 ) sweetness and evenness of temper which distinguished No. 8 "What have I to do with thee? " The Martin Gerbert during the greater part of his life differences between the MS. and printed score in this seem to have given way at last to an inborn but number are very numerous and important. Noticing hitherto well-mastered irritability. Death, ushered that the fornuer is marked " Allegro agitato " instead in by inflammation of the chest and dropsy, laid of "Andante agitato," we observe also that the original his hand upon him on May I3, I793, and removed time was 3-4, and not 6-8 a variation which materi. him, we may say, out of a world with which he a]ly alters the character of the music. Apart from felt no longer in harmony and where his work was this, and the fact that the repeated notes for strings done. are quavers, not semiquavers, the orchestral intro- The following extracts from Sander's " Journey to duction is as we now have it up to the fifth bar. At St. Blaise, about Michaelmas, I781," interspersed that point, instead of a lead-up to the exclamation with supplementary and explanatory notes derived " What have I to do with thee ? " the soprano voice from other sources, will picture to us the ways and enters, echoing the oboe phrase upon the words, appearance of the abbot and his surroundings. Thus " Help me, man of God." The recitative in the we shall be enabled to realise more fully the character printed score is, therefore, an addition. From the of the man, his influence, and his work:- beginning of the passage just indicated to the cadence " St. Blaise is a real palace, wherein one Ends the in B minor both versions are substantially the same, longest passages and the largest halls, and an infinite but thence to the end of the Widow's solo they aret number of rooms. In order to facilitate the search entirely different. The solo is thus continued in the for the monks and the strangers an animal is painted MS.:- above every door. In the middle storey the quad- rupeds, in the upper the birds, are depicted by master hands. There you can live with the lion, with the $ X ; C j f Ff >4 - t cat, with the elephant, with the parrot. . . . In the Help. . . me, monastery visitors have rooms, cabinets, the neces- sary furniture, good beds, and all possible attendance and attention. St. Blaise is a large establishment but everywhere one sees order, regularity, good arrangements, and a certain Exed plan which is /6F°+A F22*t I never swerved from. The motive spirit of the % 5 trings. sf prince governs everywhere, and spreads from the anointed head to all the members. In this house sery much is done every day, and the calmness and

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