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The Iranian Revolution of 1979: the Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty & the Rise of the Islamic Government

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The Iranian Revolution of 1979: the Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty & the Rise of the Islamic Government The Iranian Revolution of 1979: The Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty & The Rise of the Islamic Government By: R Afsharjavan Interviewee: Khosrow Akmal Teacher: David Brandt February 15th, 2010 Table of Contents Interview Release Form……………………………………………………………………. Page 2 Interviewee Release Form………………………………………………………...……….. Page 3 Statement of Purpose………………………………………………………………….…..…Page 4 Interview Biography………………………………………………………….………...……Page 5 Historical Contextualization Paper…………………………………………….……………Page 7 Interview Transcription………………………………………….………………...……….Page 21 Interview Log………………………………………………………………………………Page 42 Interview Analysis……………………………………………………………………..…. Page 43 Appendix………………………………………………………………….. …………….. Page 48 Works Consulted……………………………………………………………………….... Page 50 Statement of Purpose The purpose of the Oral History interview and project is to gain a greater understanding of the Iranian Revolution that took place during the late 1970's. The contributions of Khossrow Akmal, who served as chief of protocol and foreign ambassador to the late Shah, provide a new perspective on the contributing factors to the start of the Revolution. Another important aspect of this project is to understand the large events that occurred during the Pahlavi reign that caused the Revolution to break out and the influence it still has on the nation today. Biography Dr. Khosrow Akmal was born in 1928 in Tehran, Iran. He was born into a middle class non- religious family so he had the opportunity to freely choose whatever occupation he preferred. After graduating high school, Dr. Akmal continued his education by going to a variety of different colleges in the United States, studying law and political science. Before the Iranian Revolution, he served as the Chief of Protocol to the late Shah of Iran, during that time period, he created a close relationship with the Pahlavi family. During the Revolution, he served as a member of the Foreign Service. Throughout his life he has lived in many different places because of his occupation as the Iranian foreign ambassador to Australia and New Zealand. He has also lived in Iran, the United States, where he resides today, Sweden, and many other countries. Due to his personal relationship with the Shah, he was obliged to leave Iran during the Revolution alongside other members of his family. He also found himself on the top of the Islamic Revolution's list for execution because of his friendship with the Pahlavi family. As a result, he has been unable to visit Iran since the Revolution. Since then he has gotten married and also given birth to a daughter. He also plays an active role in participating in political discussions with the Crown Prince of Iran, Reza Pahlavi, and the Empress of Iran, Farah Diba Pahlavi. Dr. Akmal makes it clear that the Iranian Revolution was not a true revolution, but an uprising, and that another uprising is imminent in the near future for Iran. He is truly regretful for what his country has become due to Ayatollah Khomeini and the current president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Dr. Akmal has strong beliefs that Iran will once again become a prosperous country. He believes that it is up to the new generation of Iranians to take control of the country. The Turban for the Crown Women walk the streets, obeying Islamic rules, wearing a long coat that covers everything above their ankles; their hair is covered. The men wear long sleeved shirts and pants, no matter if there is scorching hot weather. In public, men and women are not to be in contact with one another and as a result they are separated as much as possible. Alcohol is forbidden, as well as live music. Welcome to Iran. Underneath these oppressive laws governed by the Islamic Republic lies a beautiful culture. However most cannot see such after the revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979. The Iranian Revolution was a transformation between a monarchy and an Islamic Government. Therefore, in order to understand the Iranian Revolution one must understand the rise and fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty and the rise of Khomeini, and the perspective of Farah Pahlavi, the Empress of Iran at the time. Prior to the Revolution in 1979 the Pahlavi family came to power with the overthrow of Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last ruler of the Qajar Dynasty. He had abdicated his throne to live in France because he had already been weakened by Soviet and British occupation. Reza Shah (later known as Reza Pahlavi), an army colonel, staged a coup d'etat against the constitutional government. The National Assembly of Iran who deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar on December 12th, 1925, declared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia (Keddie 54). Reza Shah had ambitious plans for modernizing Iran. These plans included developing large-scale industries, implementing major infrastructure projects, building a cross- country railroad system, establishing a national public education system, reforming the judiciary, and improving healthcare. He believed in a strong centralized government managed by educated personnel that could carry out his plans. His numerous development projects transformed Iran into an urbanized country. Public education rapidly increased, and a new social class was developed as was a professional middle class and an industrial working class.(Kifner 13) Reza Shah's strong secular rule by the mid-1930's caused an uproar among some groups, especially the clergy, which was opposed to his reforms. In 1935, Reza Pahlavi issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, accordance with the fact that “Persia” was a term used by Westerners for the country called “Iran” in Persian. As a result, some scholars protested. His son and successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably. (Keddie 42) Reza Shah tried to avoid involvement with Britain and the Soviet Union. Though many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet companies. Although Britain, through its ownership of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Reza Shah preferred to obtain technical assistance from Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries, because Russia and Britain always posed as threats to Iran while the other countries were considered allies. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in World War II. Reza Shah proclaimed Iran as a neutral country, but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Reza Shah refused, claiming this would adversely impact his development projects. In 1935, Reza Shah informed foreign embassies to call Persia by its ancient Iranian name, Iran. (Esposito 20) During World War II, an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of Reza Shah, so Mohamad Reza Pahlavi, his son, came to power. Between the years 1953 and 1963 much poverty remained among the people of Iran and the gap between the rich and poor grew. One of the great landowners was the Shah (king), Muhammad Reza Pahlavi. Another great landowner was the Shi'a clerical establishment, which had acquired land through religious endowments. But under the Pahlavi dynasty, secularism had increased and the power and influence of Shi'a scholars had decreased. (Taheri 86) Secularism in Iran was successful only with the educated. Shi'ism was a significant part of Iranian society, and the Shah was in conflict with Muslims who advocated banning tobacco, alcohol, movies, gambling, foreign dress, the veil for women and punishments such as cutting off a hand. (Kifner 86) During the Shah's reign he managed to increase Iran's ties with the United States. His agreement with a western oil consortium annoyed many Iranians, and some were annoyed by the presence of many Americans. Some Iranians saw the United States as having taken the place of the British. Some discontented Iranians formed an underground alliance called the Fedaiyan-e Islam. They tried to assassinate the Shah's prime minister. The Shah responded by repressing the Fedaiyan-e Islam and executing a few of its members. (Sciolino 14) The Shah already had support from Iran's upper and middle classes, but he was worried about the opinions of Iran's conservative Muslims. Some clerics were not comfortable with the monarchy due to how the Shah's father in 1936 had barred clerics from acting as judges in state courts. And some clerics, including the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, were offended in the early 1960s when the Shah gave himself the authority to initiate legislation. The legislation granted diplomatic status to United States military personnel station in Iran. In 1954 the Shah launched an effort to modernize Iran economically and socially. He tried to balance his increase in power with reforms that would win more favor from common Iranians. Ayatollah Khomeini issued a religious edict against his reforms. Khomeini also spoke against the Shah, even though it was against the law, “He accused the Shah of destroying the economy, giving away the county's oil to the industrial powers, reducing agricultural production to provide a market for American goods, subjecting the military to foreign leadership, massacring thousands of dissenters, and destroying freedom of expression.” (Wright 43) The Shah announced that his reforms would take Iran into the jet age while the mullahs wanted to remain "in the age of the donkeys." ( Feldman 74) Numerous clerics went over to the side of Khomeini. Fearing opposition, the Shah cracked down on dissent. On March 22, 1963, in the holy city of Qom, a group of students who were agitating against a scheduled opening of liquor stores were attacked by the Shah's security agents, the Savak. The disturbance spread to students in the city of Tabriz. It is said that the government forces killed hundreds of people there.
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