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Il Regionalismo Culturale Della Valle Del Fergana Isabella Damiani

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Il Regionalismo Culturale Della Valle Del Fergana Isabella Damiani Geopolitica di una regione transfrontaliera: il regionalismo culturale della valle del Fergana Isabella Damiani To cite this version: Isabella Damiani. Geopolitica di una regione transfrontaliera: il regionalismo culturale della valle del Fergana. Geography. Università degli studi di Trieste, italie, 2011. Italian. tel-03220384 HAL Id: tel-03220384 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03220384 Submitted on 10 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse soutenue à Gorizia (Italie), le 29/04/2011 UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE Sede Amministrativa del Dottorato di Ricerca UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE POLITICHE E SOCIALI Sedi Convenzionate (IUIES) Università degli Studi di Udine - Università di Klagenfurt - Università MGIMO di Mosca - Università di Nova Gorica - Università Jagellonica di Cracovia - Università Eotvos Lorand di Budapest - Università Babes-Bolyai di Cluj-Napoca - Università Comenius di Bratislava - Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di Gorizia XXIII CICLO DEL DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN POLITICHE TRANSFRONTALIERE PER LA VITA QUOTIDIANA TRANSBORDER POLICIES FOR DAILY LIFE GEOPOLITICA DI UNA REGIONE TRANSFRONTALIERA: IL REGIONALISMO CULTURALE DELLA VALLE DEL FERGANA Settore scientifico-disciplinare GEOGRAFIA ECONOMICO-POLITICA (M-GGR/02) DOTTORANDO RESPONSABILE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA ISABELLA DAMIANI PROF. LUIGI PELLIZZONI, UNIVERSITÁ DI TRIESTE RELATORE PROF. ALBERTO GASPARINI, UNIVERSITÁ DI TRIESTE CORRELATORE DOTT. EMILIO COCCO, UNIVERSITÁ DI TERAMO CORRELATORE PROF.SA BÉATRICE GIBLIN, UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS 8 VINCENNES – SAINT-DENIS CORRELATORE PROF. GIUSEPPE BETTONI, UNIVERSITÁ DI ROMA “TOR VERGATA” ANNO ACCADEMICO 2009/2010 2 Fergana è una valle dimenticata da Dio e dagli uomini, la periferia delle periferie, ma nello stesso tempo è uno spazio vuoto benedetto, dove naturalmente risuona qualunque testo poetico (Šamšad Abdullaev, "Poezija i Fergana" [Poesia e Fergana], in "Znamja", 1998) 3 4 Ringraziamenti Quello dei ringraziamenti è forse il lavoro più difficile soprattutto al termine di un lavoro che, nel suo complesso, è durato cinque anni. Sono molte le persone che hanno collaborato a questa ricerca e che hanno arricchito con preziosi consigli il mio conoscere l’Asia centrale e la valle del Fergana. Un primo grazie va sicuramente all’Istituto Francese di Studi sull’Asia centrale (IFEAC) a partire dall’ex direttore Bayram BALCI, che mi aprì le porte dell’Istituto per le mie prime ricerche nel 2007, tutto lo staff tecnico e amministrativo Umid ABDULLAEV, Ulugbeg MANSUROV, Kirill KUZMIN, Muhabbat ABDUGAFUROVA ferganiana DOC, la cui ospitalità sua e della sua famiglia sono state di fondamentale importanza per questo lavoro. I professori Khudaikul IBRAGUIMOV, Mukhiddin CHAKHOBUDDINOV e Qodirjon RIZAËEV che hanno condiviso con me la loro esperienza. Muhayyo e Shaxnoza, instancabili guide andijanesi. I ricercatori e non, incontrati in Asia centrale e diventati amici: Elise LUNEAU, Mathieu LEMBREZ, Myriam LAFARGUE, Christilla MARTEAU d’AUTRY, Anita KUDRINA, Nicolas GOSSET, Lucie BARBIER, quest’ultima che mi ha supportato nella prima “spedizione ferganiana”. Tutti i ricercatori e non, incontrati nel mio percorso di lavoro, che hanno impreziosito il mio sapere centrasiatico: Arnaud RUFFIER, Asal KHAMRAEVA AUBERT, Beatrice PENATI, Tommaso TREVISANI, Julien THOREZ, Olivier ROY, Carole FERRET, Marco BUTTINO, Madeleine REEVES, Eelke P. KRAAK, Ali YAMAN, Piera VIALE. Un ringraziamento fondamentale a Sevara ISKHAKOVA e alla sua famiglia, in qualche modo la mia famiglia uzbeca. 5 6 Un grazie speciale va ai professori Giuseppe BETTONI e Beatrice GIBLIN, correlatori di questo lavoro, che hanno saputo insegnarmi la geopolitica e che mi hanno trasmesso la loro passione per questa disciplina. Ringrazio il professor Jean-Robert RAVIOT per i suoi indispensabili consigli. Un ringraziamento all’ISIG-IUIES di Gorizia, in particolar modo al professor Alberto GASPARINI, mio relatore, che ha sempre creduto nella mia ricerca e al dottor Emilio COCCO, altro correlatore, che mi ha permesso di “parlare di Fergana” in numerosi contesti internazionali. Un grazie va inoltre a tutti coloro che ci sono e ci sono stati, a tutti i “compagni di viaggio” che hanno “sopportato” il Fergana nella mia vita abruzzese: Amerina SECCIA, Sara PACACCIO; nella mia vita bolognese: Francesca VALENTE, Chiara PASQUALATO, Francesca PIOMBINI, Luisa CANOVESE, Alice MORTALI, Clizia MAGONI, Chiara SANTINI, Chiara ZAGO, Chiara ZAMBONI, Caterina SANTACHIARA, Arianna MAMINI, Giulio GIARROCCO e un amico che non potrà leggere questi ringraziamenti Flavio BRUNI; nella mia vita romana: Serena SCUCCIMARRA, Giulia GRECHI, Maria Gabriella DI GIACOMO; nella mia vita goriziana: Devan JAGODIC, Jelena MILOVANOVIC, Arben CARA, Rada UNGUREANU, Rossana PUNTIN, Andrea ROMOLI; nella mia vita parigina: Alix ZUINGHEDAU, François BOGLIACCINO, Daniele FRANCO, Fabienne COSTADAU e molti già citati. Ad alcuni di loro devo tutto. Un grazie più che particolare ai miei genitori e a mia nonna, senza i quali non sarei qui oggi a scrivere questi ringraziamenti. Un ultimo ringraziamento ai ferganiani incontrati nei miei viaggi, a tutti i volti e le voci che hanno permesso questa ricerca, che mi hanno raccontato le loro storie, la loro vita, la loro valle. 7 8 SOMMARIO Ringraziamenti 5 Sommario 9 Introduzione Presentazione della ricerca 15 Il contesto centrasiatico: concetti e enclavement 19 1. Concetti 19 2. Enclavement 27 Che cos’è la valle del Fergana 33 1. Presentazione fisica 33 2. Risorse del territorio e produzioni locali 45 Perché fare una geopolitica della valle del Fergana 65 1. Inquinamento e acqua: i principali problemi del Fergana 74 Un problema di definizioni: Fergana zona di confine o di frontiera? 80 9 PRIMA PARTE GLI ATTORI TERRITORIALI DEL FERGANA E LE LORO RAPPRESENTAZIONI Capitolo 1 - La Nazione 83 1. Il Nazionalismo nel Fergana 94 2. Potere statale nel Fergana: alleanza o rivalità? 103 3. I simboli del Nazionalismo 106 - Gli Anni ’10-’20: Narodnost’ e Nacional’nost’ e politiche territoriali per la valle 107 - Gli Anni ’90: i tre Fergana indipendenti, trasformazioni delle frontiere 143 Capitolo 2 - La Religione 151 1. Il Sufismo del Fergana e la geografia dei Mazar 153 La Geografia dei Mazar 159 2. La “colonizzazione” wahabbita 166 3. I simboli della Religione 180 - Il Fergana “religioso” nella storia 180 - Gli Anni ’40-’70: gli Islam del Fergana 183 - Gli Anni ’80: “l’Epoca Abdullaeva” e le nuove correnti 186 - Anni ’90-2000 : una guerra che finisce, una guerra che continua 190 10 Una guerra che finisce 190 Una guerra che continua 194 Capitolo 3 - Il Regionalismo culturale 203 1. Che cos’è il Regionalismo Culturale 203 2. L’identità ferganiana tra Nazionalismo e Religione: terzo attore geopolitico? 207 3. I simboli del Regionalismo culturale 212 - La cultura di Chust 212 - La civiltà Dayuan 217 - Babur: simbolo del Fergana ma non solo 220 - Il cuore del Khanato di Kokand: la società ferganiana 225 - 1898: un’altra prospettiva 239 - La rivoluzione nella valle: il Governo Autonomo di Kokand 247 - Una rivoluzione regionale 252 Il Basmatchestvo 252 I Laači e gli Ishan “chiomati” 257 - Il Regionalismo culturale: dopo la divisione territoriale 261 11 SECONDA PARTE IL FERGANA DELLE FRONTIERE: I TRE ATTORI GEOPOLITICI A CONFRONTO Capitolo 1 - Frontiere interne e esterne: Fergana prima o ultima linea di difesa? 267 Capitolo 2 - Società e relazioni di frontiera: comparazione tra Fergana sovietico e Fergana indipendente 275 1. Burocrazia di frontiera: il transito del Fergana 277 2. I rapporti commerciali di frontiera 290 3. Il Fergana delle frontiere, per i ferganiani 297 Capitolo 3 - Il Fergana delle città 305 1. Andijan 308 2. Fergana 313 3. Kokand 314 4. Namangan 316 5. Osh 319 6. Jalal-Abad 324 7. Batken 326 8. Khujand 326 12 Capitolo 4 - Evoluzione demografica della valle: migrazioni e spostamenti 331 Capitolo 5 - Il Fergana: geografia delle infrastrutture 337 1. Una ferrovia a senso unico 337 2. Le strade, il mezzo di comunicazione del Fergana 342 Capitolo 6 - La frontiera degli ultimi anni: Fergana regione di confine o di frontiera? Limitazione o risorsa? 351 Conclusione Il Regionalismo culturale oggi: persistenza o annullazione totale? 353 Quando il Regionalismo culturale si eclissa 356 Quando il Regionalismo culturale riaffiora 358 Epilogo 360 Appendici 363 Fotografie 365 Questionario 395 Interviste 397 13 Indice della cartografia 399 Indice delle tabelle e grafici 401 Sistema di traslitterazione 403 Bibliografia 405 Riassunto 435 Résumé 441 Summary 447 14 Introduzione Presentazione della ricerca “E ora questo spazio si chiama: Kazakistan, Kirghizistan, Tagikistan, Turkmenistan e Uzbekistan” con queste parole il professore di Geografia politica ed economica dell’Università di Bologna, Gianni Sofri, mi illuminò su una parte di mondo pressoché sconosciuta e da allora, da quasi dieci anni, quella parte di mondo è ancora il centro delle mie ricerche. Conoscendo sempre meglio quelle che oggi definiamo le cinque repubbliche centrasiatiche ex- sovietiche
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