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The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia. -
Armenian Atrocities the Murder of a Nation by Arnold J
Armenian Atrocities The Murder of a Nation By Arnold J. Toynbee Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford as . $315. R* f*4 p i,"'a p 7; mt & H ps4 & ‘ ' -it f, Armenian Atrocities: The Murder of a Nation By Arnold J. Toynbee Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford WITH A SPEECH DELIVERED BY LORD BRYCE IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS TANKIAN PUBLISHING CORPORATION -_NEW YORK MONTREAL LONDON Copyright © 1975 by Tankian Publishing Corp. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-10955 International Standard Book Number: 0-87899-005-4 First published in Great Britain by Hodder & Stoughton, 1917 First Tankian Publishing edition, 1975 Cover illustration: Original oil-painting by the renowned Franco-Armenian painter Zareh Mutafian, depicting the massacre of the Armenians by the Turks in 1915. TANKIAN TRADEMARK REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES REGISTERED TRADEMARK - MARCA REGISTRADA PUBLISHED BY TANKIAN PUBLISHING CORP. G. P. O. BOX 678 -NEW YORK, N.Y. 10001 Printed in the United States of America DEDICATION 1915 - 1975 In commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the Armenian massacres by the Turks which commenced April 24, 1915, we dedicate the republication of this historical document to the memory of the almost 2,000,000 Armenian martyrs who perished during this great tragedy. A MAP displaying THE SCENE OF THE ATROCITIES P Boundaries of Regions thus =-:-- ‘\ s « summer RailtMys ThUS.... ...... .... |/i ; t 0 100 isouuts % «DAMAS CUQ BAGHDAQ - & Taterw A C*] \ C marked on this with the of twelve for such of the s Every place map, exception deported Armeninians as reached as them, as waiting- included in square brackets, has been the scene of either depor- places for death. -
Social Change in Eleventh-Century Armenia: the Evidence from Tarōn Tim Greenwood (University of St Andrews)
Social Change in Eleventh-Century Armenia: the evidence from Tarōn Tim Greenwood (University of St Andrews) The social history of tenth and eleventh-century Armenia has attracted little in the way of sustained research or scholarly analysis. Quite why this should be so is impossible to answer with any degree of confidence, for as shall be demonstrated below, it is not for want of contemporary sources. It may perhaps be linked to the formative phase of modern Armenian historical scholarship, in the second half of the nineteenth century, and its dominant mode of romantic nationalism. The accounts of political capitulation by Armenian kings and princes and consequent annexation of their territories by a resurgent Byzantium sat very uncomfortably with the prevailing political aspirations of the time which were validated through an imagined Armenian past centred on an independent Armenian polity and a united Armenian Church under the leadership of the Catholicos. Finding members of the Armenian elite voluntarily giving up their ancestral domains in exchange for status and territories in Byzantium did not advance the campaign for Armenian self-determination. It is also possible that the descriptions of widespread devastation suffered across many districts and regions of central and western Armenia at the hands of Seljuk forces in the eleventh century became simply too raw, too close to the lived experience and collective trauma of Armenians in these same districts at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, to warrant -
Religion in the South Caucasus
CAUCASUS ANALYTICAL DIGEST No. 20, 11 October 2010 7 The Role of the Armenian Church During Military Conflicts By Harutyun Harutyunyan, Yerevan Abstract Throughout its history, Armenia frequently has been a battlefield for foreign forces. Consequently, Armenians have repeatedly been forced to fight for their freedom. Society highly valued such resistance and Church lead- ers glorified these combatants as heroes. During the Armenian–Persian war in the th5 century, the death of Christian soldiers was defined as self-sacrifice and the Church canonized them as “fighting martyrs.” This attitude towards sacred militarism continued to be evident from that time through the present. The main focus of the following article is to examine how the Armenian Church legitimized the use of violence, espe- cially during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–1994). For the future, it suggests a critical analysis of traditional Church–State relations and a complete separation between politics and religion. A History of Invasions the state religion and, with the blessing of the bishops, Since the beginning of the first millennium, Armenia started a campaign of compulsory conversion. One hun- has struggled to preserve its existence between power- dred years later, Armenian clerical historians started to ful empires. For this reason, every century of Armenian write about “defensive and liberating wars.” Such resis- history is filled with armed conflicts. In the 4th century, tance was glorified as heroism. In contrast, foreign con- Eastern Rome and Sassanid Persia divided the kingdom querors were demonized and classified as fiends and between them. After a long period of resistance, the Arme- brutes. -
ADEPT Political Commentaries
ADEPT Political Commentaries October-December 2002 Bashkan elections in Gagauz Yeri October 2, 2002 Bashkan elections are scheduled in Gagauz-Yeri for October 6. The electoral campaign is characterized by mutual suspicions of falsification. In fact the upcoming elections is a way of settling the conflict arisen in January. Back then, after a control conducted by the Court of Accounts, Gagauz Yeri Parliamentary Assembly initiated the procedure of ousting the incumbent Bashkan. The initiative was supported by the President Vladimir Voronin who accused Bashkan Dumitru Croitor of embezzlement and called him a thief. Gagauz administration denied the accusations and opposed the referenda on ousting the Bashkan, which resulted in scission of the Parliamentary Assembly. Later on Dumitru Croitor and Ivan Burgugji, Chief of the Protocol Section of the PA were investigated for obstruction to referenda. In their turn, the two claimed the referendum was illegal and running counter to the Republic of Moldova laws. Domestic analysts believe those political games impaired the executive branch in the region and thwarted some extremely important investment projects in the southern region of Moldova. The investigation launched against him and his supporters determined Bashkan Croitor to resign in the summer of this year. In its turn the resignation led to early elections scheduled for October 6. One may say that the Bashkan position is disputed by the Communist Party representative Gheorghii Tabunscic, on the one hand and another five candidates on the other (Stepan Topal, Ilia Stamat, Mihail Formuzal, Gheorghii Burgudji and Constantin Tausanji), the latter stand to some extent in opposition to the Communist authorities. -
Central Asia the Caucasus
CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS No. 6(54), 2008 CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies 6(54) 2008 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 1 No. 6(54), 2008FOUNDED AND PUBLISHEDCENTRAL ASIA AND BYTHE CAUCASUS INSTITUTE INSTITUTE O OR CENTRAL ASIAN AND STRATEGIC STUDIES O CAUCASIAN STUDIES THE CAUCASUS Registration number: 620720-0459 Registration number: M-770 State Administration for Ministry of Justice of Patents and Registration of Sweden Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press®. SWEDEN Registration number: 556699-5964 Journal registration number: 23 614 State Administration for Patents and Registration of Sweden E d i t o r i a l C o u n c i l Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council ISMAILOV Tel./fax: (994 - 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Murad ESENOV Editor-in-Chief Tel./fax: (46) 920 62016 E-mail: [email protected] Jannatkhan Executive Secretary (Baku, Azerbaijan) EYVAZOV Tel./fax: (994 - 12) 499 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Timur represents the journal in Kazakhstan (Astana) SHAYMERGENOV Tel./fax: (+7 - 701) 531 61 46 E-mail: [email protected] Leonid represents the journal in Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek) BONDARETS Tel.: (+996 - 312) 65-48-33 E-mail: [email protected] Jamila MAJIDOVA represents the journal in Tajikistan (Dushanbe) Tel.: (992 - 917) 72 81 79 E-mail: [email protected] Farkhad represents the journal in Uzbekistan (Tashkent) TOLIPOV Tel.: (9987-1) 125 43 22 E-mail: [email protected] Aghasi YENOKIAN represents the journal in Armenia (Erevan) Tel.: (374 - 1) 54 10 22 E-mail: [email protected] -
Port Cities and Printers: Reflections on Early Modern Global Armenian
Rqtv"Ekvkgu"cpf"Rtkpvgtu<"Tghngevkqpu"qp"Gctn{"Oqfgtp Inqdcn"Ctogpkcp"Rtkpv"Ewnvwtg Sebouh D. Aslanian Book History, Volume 17, 2014, pp. 51-93 (Article) Rwdnkujgf"d{"Vjg"Lqjpu"Jqrmkpu"Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu DOI: 10.1353/bh.2014.0007 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/bh/summary/v017/17.aslanian.html Access provided by UCLA Library (24 Oct 2014 19:07 GMT) Port Cities and Printers Reflections on Early Modern Global Armenian Print Culture Sebouh D. Aslanian Since the publication of Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin’s L’aparition du livre in 1958 and more recently Elizabeth Eisenstein’s The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (1979), a substantial corpus of scholarship has emerged on print culture, and even a new discipline known as l’histoire du livre, or history of the book, has taken shape.1 As several scholars have al- ready remarked, the bulk of the literature on book history and the history of print has been overwhelmingly Eurocentric in conception. In her magnum opus, for instance, Eisenstein hardly pauses to consider whether some of her bold arguments on the “printing revolution” are at all relevant for the world outside Europe, except perhaps for Euroamerica. As one scholar has noted, “until recently, the available literature on the non-European cases has been very patchy.”2 The recent publication of Jonathan Bloom’s Paper Before Print (2001),3 Mary Elizabeth Berry’s Japan in Print (2007), Nile Green’s essays on Persian print and his Bombay Islam,4 several essays and works in press on printing in South Asia5 and Ming-Qing China,6 and the convening of an important “Workshop on Print in a Global Context: Japan and the World”7 indicate, however, that the scholarship on print and book history is now prepared to embrace the “global turn” in historical studies. -
THE SONS of SENEK‛ERIM YOVHANNĒS, the LAST KING of VASPURAKAN, AS BYZANTINE ARISTOCRATS By
THE SONS OF SENEK‛ERIM YOVHANNĒS, THE LAST KING OF VASPURAKAN, AS BYZANTINE ARISTOCRATS by WERNER SEIBT The last king of Vaspurakan, a region located to the south and southeast of Lake Van, was the well-known Senek‛erim Yovhannēs. Because he had joined secretly the anti-Byzantine alliance of the Georgian king Giorgi, he had to pay a heavy price. Vaspurakan became a Byzantine ducate in 1022, and the royal family had to migrate to Kappadokia, probably in the winter 1022/23. For the details it is enough to refer to my article in Handes Amso- rya many years ago.1 Senek‛erim’s sons used this name (of semitic origin) as a kind of family name. In Greek it normally appears as Senacherim/Senachereim. Senek‛erim Yovhannēs Arcruni, the king of Vaspurakan (1003-1022), was the son of Abusahl Hamazasp. After his forced emigration he lived some years in Kappadokia, where he died around 1025. We don’t know any seal of him. He was married to Xušuš, the daughter of the Armenian king Gagik I. Some years ago I published her seal (of mediocre preservation) which she used after her husband had passed away.2 It was in the Zacos collection and is now in Paris.3 Fig. 1. Seal of Chususa Zoste, the mother of David Senacherem Magistros. 1 SEIBT 1978a. 2 SEIBT 1997, 269-272; 408-409. 3 BnF 567; for the photo we thank Jean-Claude Cheynet. REArm37 (2016-2017) 119-133. doi: 10.2143/REA.37.0.3237120 120 W. SEIBT On the obverse there is a bust of the Theotokos, the hands in a kind of modest Deesis in front of the breast (“Minimalorantentypus” according to Herbert Hunger). -
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Yektan Turkyilmaz 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary -
2017 Newsletter
NEWSLETTER FALL 2017 Liminality & ISSUE 11 Memorial Practices IN 3 Notes from the Director THIS 4 Faculty News and Updates ISSUE: 6 Year in Review: Orphaned Fields: Picturing Armenian Landscapes Photography and Armenian Studies Orphans of the Armenian Genocide Eighth Annual International Graduate Student Workshop 11 Meet the Manoogian Fellows NOTES FROM 14 Literature and Liminality: Exploring the Armenian in-Between THE DIRECTOR Armenian Music, Memorial Practices and the Global in the 21st 14 Kathryn Babayan Century Welcome to the new academic year! 15 International Justice for Atrocity Crimes - Worth the Cost? Over the last decade, the Armenian represents the first time the Armenian ASP Faculty Armenian Childhood(s): Histories and Theories of Childhood and Youth Studies Program at U-M has fostered a Studies Program has presented these 16 Hakem Al-Rustom in American Studies critical dialogue with emerging scholars critical discussions in a monograph. around the globe through various Alex Manoogian Professor of Modern workshops, conferences, lectures, and This year we continue in the spirit of 16 Multidisciplinary Workshop for Armenian Studies Armenian History fellowships. Together with our faculty, engagement with neglected directions graduate students, visiting fellows, and in the field of Armenian Studies. Our Profiles and Reflections Kathryn Babayan 17 postdocs we have combined our efforts two Manoogian Post-doctoral fellows, ASP Fellowship Recipients Director, Armenian to push scholarship in Armenian Studies Maral Aktokmakyan and Christopher Studies Program; 2017-18 ASP Graduate Students in new directions. Our interventions in Sheklian, work in the fields of literature Associate Professor of the study of Armenian history, literature, and anthropology respectively. -
Coat of Arms of Armenia - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Coat of arms of Armenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia Coat of arms of Armenia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The national coat of arms of Armenia consists of an eagle and a lion supporting a shield. The coat of arms combines new and old symbols. The eagle and lion are ancient Armenian symbols dating from the first Armenian kingdoms that existed prior to Christ. The current coat of arms was adopted on April 19, 1992 by the Armenian Supreme Council decision. On June 15, 2006, the law on the state coat of arms of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament. Contents 1 Symbolism 1.1 Shield 1.2 Eagle and Lion 1.3 Five vital elements 2 History 2.1 Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia 2.2 Transcaucasian SFSR 2.3 Soviet coat of arms 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Symbolism Shield The shield itself consists of many components. In the center is a depiction of Mount Ararat with Noah's Ark sitting atop it. According to tradition, the ark is said to have finally rested on the mountain after the great flood. Ararat is considered the national symbol of Armenia and thus is of principle importance to the coat of arms. Surrounding Mount Ararat are symbols of old Armenian dynasties. In the lower left portion of the shield, there are two eagles looking at each other, symbolizing the length of the Armenian territory during the reign of the Artaxiad Dynasty that ruled in the 1st century BC. -
The “Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika” (Pmr)
1 THE “PRIDNESTROVSKAIA MOLDAVSKAIA RESPUBLIKA” (PMR) : BUILDING OF A EUROPEAN STATE AND EXPERIMENT OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY Report from Luc MICHEL Administrator-General and member of the Scientific Council of the "Eurasian Centre for Democracy and Elections" For the Mission of expertise and analysis conducted by European lawyers in PMR on 2-5 May 2007 under the direction of Mr Patrick BRUNOT State Doctor of Law, barrister at the Paris Court, advisor to the International Criminal Tribunal in The Hague www.eode.org __________________________________________________ EODE Report on the PMR – 2d issue 2010 Building of a New European State 2 CONTENTS PREFACE : A FEW WORDS OVER THIS REPORT * INTRODUCTION : TEAM OF EU LAWYERS IN “PRIDNESTROVIE” (PMR) TO EXAMINE STATEHOOD OF THE REPUBLIC * REPORT - PART 1 : THE “PRIDNESTROVSKAIA MOLDAVSKAIA RESPUBLIKA” (PMR) : BUILDING OF A EUROPEAN STATE I - "PRIDNESTROVIE" OR PMR: A HISTORICAL AND GEOPOLITICAL OUTLINE I-1: PMR AND MOLDOVA IN FRONT OF THEIR DIFFERENT HISTORIES AND PATHS I-2 : PMR DEFINITIVE REFUSAL : “NEVERMORE COMMON STATE WITH MOLDOVA” 1-3 : COUNTRY PROFILE OF PRIDNESTROVIE II - THE PRIDNESTROVSKAIA MOLDAVSKAIA RESPUBLIKA: A SOVEREIGN STATE II-1 : THE FACTS : PMR AS A REAL SELF-DERTERMINED STATE II-2 : PMR'S SOVEREIGNTY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW II-3 : THE ELEMENTS OF A STATE UPON THE INTERNATIONAL LAW II-4 : WHICH BASIS FOR THE CLAIMS OF MOLDOVA OVER PMR ? II-5: THE WEIGHT OF ECONOMY : TRADE RELATIONS EXPAND, INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS III - THE INFLUENCE OF THE KOSOVO CASE IV - PMR AND EUROPEAN