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Urban Regeneration and the Transformation of the Urban Waterfront a Case Study of Liverpool Waterfront Regeneration

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Urban Regeneration and the Transformation of the Urban Waterfront a Case Study of Liverpool Waterfront Regeneration Department of Architecture and Built Environment Faculty of Engineering Urban Regeneration and the Transformation of the Urban Waterfront A Case Study of Liverpool Waterfront Regeneration Mohamed M. Fageir Hussein BSc (Honour), MArch Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, April 2015 This thesis is dedicated to ,,, My Family Abstract The transformation of urban waterfronts is one of the key urban design and planning stories of the late twentieth century. The decline of the waterfront in post-industrial cities meant the deterioration of both a physical and social nature of significant portions of urban fabric. Cities have reacted to this state of affairs with substantial regeneration programs, approaching the decline of waterfront as an opportunity rather than a problem. However, since the success of early regeneration programs in North America, changing urban waterfronts on a global scale has led to a manifestation of globalisation, becoming a synonym of uniformity and monotony of cities. The urban waterfront also has become a battleground for a number of intersecting forces and different interests and desires. This research aims to study the phenomenon of urban waterfront regeneration, specifically analysing how it has operated within the UK context since the late 20th century until the present. It focuses on investigating the process of transformation of the urban waterfront in the city of Liverpool. Liverpool has suffered from a serious urban decline following the degeneration of its seven miles of docks due to a number of internal and external factors. However, since the 1980s, the image of an abandoned waterfront has started to change with massive waterfront regeneration schemes that aim to improve the physical, environmental, social and economic conditions of the area. This research argues that by understanding the process and the context of this regeneration, several lessons can be learned and models of good practice can be identified. The research is based on a series of lengthy interviews with key stakeholders closely linked with the development in the city, a review of documents related to the regeneration of Liverpool waterfront, including urban design policies and guidance, a substantial review of relevant news articles that were written throughout the periods of the recent transformation of the city, and numerous site visits to reflect upon the development carried out recently. The research also identifies and discusses a number of key urban issues such as image and identity, cultural built heritage, place marketing and branding, urban governance. The research identifies three distinctive eras of waterfront regeneration and several key regeneration schemes. Each of these eras reflects the many factors that shaped the urban landscape. The research argues that there are no specific models that can create successful waterfront regeneration, yet, what is important is ensuring the complexity and the inclusiveness of the process of the regeneration. An inclusive and a complex process will result in attaining urban competitiveness besides securing distinctive, genuine and imaginative urban identity. The research also highlighted the central role of urban design as a mediator between the numerous processes and different forces that shape the urban landscape. II Published Work Hussein, M., Porter, N., & Borsi, K (2013). ‘Who Speaks for Liverpool?’ Communicating Urban Identity through Place Branding. Published Abstract, Communication and the City Conference, The University of Leeds, Leeds. http://communicationandthecity.leeds.ac.uk/abstracts/#codeword3 Fageir, M. (2015). Harmonious or Monotonous: Urban Regeneration and the Form of Contemporary Urban Landscape. Accepted Paper, ISUF 2015 XXII international Conference: City as organism: New visions for urban life. Rome, September, 22nd-26th 2015, Faculty of Architecture, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy. Fageir, M., Porter, N., & Borsi, K. Regenerating Liverpool Pier Head Waterfront: the Role of Urban Design. Accepted paper, Journal of City, Culture and Architecture. MacroWorld. Fageir, M. (2015). Sustainable Urban Regeneration: Learning from Liverpool Experience. Paper submitted to the Sudanese Institute of Architect Fourth Scientific and Professional Conference: Towards Sustainable Urban Development. Khartoum, November, 9th-11th 2015,. Khartoum, Sudan. Fageir, M., Porter, N., & Borsi, K (In Progress). The Regeneration of Liverpool Waterfront: A Chronological Perspective. Paper Submitted to the Journal of Town Planning Review. III Acknowledgement I firstly would like to start by praising and thanking Allah ‘God’ Almighty for giving the endurance and the strength to complete this study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Katharina Borsi, Dr. Nicole Porter, and Dr. Swinal Samant for their guidance, insights and continuous support. I remain indebted to you as you have made my experience of undertaking this PhD a very enjoyable one. I would like also to express my appreciation to my internal assessor Prof. Tim Heath for his valuable comments and insights. Many Thanks also to the participants of this study who generously gave their time and share with me their knowledge, this study would not have been possible without their participation. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Asam Latif for his generous advices and valuable feedback. I would like also to take this opportunity to thank the Physical Environmental Centre of Khartoum ‘PECK’ for their sponsorship, in particular, my deepest appreciation goes to Dr. Sharf Eldin Bannaga for his tremendous efforts in sustaining the financial support throughout the period of my study. Also, a special thanks to my colleagues and the staffs at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Khartoum, in particular, Dr. Gamal Hamid ‘the Dean Faculty’ for his tremendous help and logistical support. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my wife Malathe and my little daughter Judi who were exceptionally supportive and shared my joys and my difficult times. Also a heartfelt thanks to my father, my mother, my brother and my sisters whom their compassionate and encouragement helped me to sustain my efforts throughout my studies. I would like also to extend my gratitude to my father and mother in law for their fabulous support. IV The Motivation Why the Urban Waterfront? My interest in the urban waterfront started when I was a student at the Department of Architecture, University of Khartoum. My home town Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, has a very unique natural setting that had shaped its identity and subsequent growth. The city is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile which flows west from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and the White Nile which flows north from Lake Victoria. From these points the two Niles merge to form the one Nile which continues its journey north to Egypt and then to the Mediterranean Sea. The city is known as the triangular metropolitan or the three-town capital as the three Niles divide the capital into three distinct cities – Khartoum to the south, Omdurman to the north-west, and Khartoum North to north-east. Despite this very unique setting, what is noticeable is that the Nile is seen as a threat rather than an opportunity and also as a source of segregation instead of integration. Furthermore, with the significant increase of the population of the city in the recent decades, Khartoum has grown significantly from harsh desert areas leaving aside the virgin waterfront redundant and obsolete. This, however, has aspired my interest about how a city’s waterfronts can be developed, what are the right forms for development and how we can use the waterfront as a tool for improving a city’s urban qualities. My first practical step to study the urban waterfront was when I was a Master’s student at the University of Nottingham in 2009/2010. I tried in my Master’s dissertation to focus on developing a set of principles for achieving sustainable waterfront development for Khartoum. However, in setting about this I realised that the phenomenon of waterfront regeneration is complex and intricate. There is also a substantial literature base about phenomenon of waterfront regeneration globally. Since then, I have become more determined and interested to understand the process and reveal some of the complexity of the phenomenon of waterfront regeneration. Indeed, I believe this research is an outcome of that dedication. V Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. II Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ III The Motivation ................................................................................................................................................ V Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................. I List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................. VI List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................... XI Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................
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