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Disastrous Impact of Colonization and Slavery Upon the Characters in Yaa Gyasi’S Homegoing : an Evolutionary Perspective

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Disastrous Impact of Colonization and Slavery Upon the Characters in Yaa Gyasi’S Homegoing : an Evolutionary Perspective Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Disastrous Impact of Colonization and Slavery upon the characters in Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing : An Evolutionary Perspective Priyadharshini N1., Shobia R2. M.A., M.Phil., M.Phil English, [email protected] Assistant Professor, [email protected] PG and Research Department of English Theivanai Ammal College for Women (Autonomous) Villupuram- 605 401, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract This paper explores the evolution and extension of Colonization and Slavery both in Ghana and in America and to trace how it alters things very subtly over a long span of time. Homegoing (2016), is a multi-generational debut novel by Ghanaian-American author Yaa Gyasi, which follows the stories of the descendents of two half-sisters Effia and Esi for seven generations nearly four centuries. Though decolonization and abolition of slavery took place many years ago, still its dark legacy continues to have a nefarious impact upon the native Ghanaians as well as African-Americans residing in America today. This paper mainly focuses on how the past influences the present and how the impact of colonization and slavery creates vast changes and affects the lives of those who involved and get affected by it over generations and how they cope up with it in everyday life. Key Words: Evolution, Extension, Colonization, Slavery, Multi – generational, Descendants, Decolonization , Dark legacy. Volume IX Issue II FEBRUARY 2020 Page No : 337 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Disastrous Impact of Colonization and Slavery upon the characters in Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing: An Evolutionary Perspective Homegoing follows the descendants of an Asante woman named Maame, who was once captured in Fanteland in an endemic war and was taken as a house slave by Cobbe Otcher. He rapes her and eventually Maame gives birth to Effia, and on the very night Maame abandons the baby near Cobbe’s compound and escapes to her native Asanteland. In Asanteland she marries Kwame Asare with whom she gives birth to Esi. Effia is married to James Collins, Who was the British governor of Cape Coast Castle, in the Chapel and she is asked to recite words which she didn’t even understand. Here Gyasi puts forth the idea of Christianity as an extension of Colonization. When James took Effia a tour of a castle she notices breeze coming up from the holes in the floor and she hears a faint crying sound. When she enquires about this to James, he says there are people down there in the dungeon. Though Effia knows that things’ going on in the dungeon is morally wrong she remains silent as she is completely powerless to stop something that is beyond her control. These British men always mentions their local wives as ‘wenches’ and ‘wife’ is a word which they reserved only for their British wives, which shows the deep rooted racist attitude of Britishers as they always considered their British wives superior to that of their Fante wives. When Effia has trouble in getting pregnant, Adwoa Aidoo, her Fante friend at Castle gives her some strange roots and asks Effia to hide it under their bed before consummating. When James discovers it out, he utters, “Now Effia, I don’t want any Voodoo or black magic in this place. My men can’t hear that I let my wench place strange roots under the bed. It’s not Christian.” (23). Collins by using the phrase ‘not Christian’ to mean ‘not good’ which exhibits his deep rooted racist thought that his religion is superior to that of the native religion. Eccoah, Fante wife of British soldier complains that her husband cannot pronounce her name, so he calls her as Emily. Britishers use of English names instead of their native names indicates how they rob these women’s sense of identity and cultural heritage. Esi was the daughter of Big Man Asare and Maame in Asanteland, later she was captured as a slave in an endemic war. Maame who was once a house slave is now free and owns her own house slave whereas Esi who was a Big Man’s daughter has now turned into slave it shows how slavery is widespread and universal and how it shifts positions of people who comes in contact with it and thereby makes it difficult to eradicate. Esi had been sent to the women’s dungeon of Cape Coast Castle where they endure immeasurable agonies. Volume IX Issue II FEBRUARY 2020 Page No : 338 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Harriet Jacobs in her autobiography describes the condition of enslaved women as, “Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women. Superadded to the burden common to all, they have wrongs, and sufferings, and mortifications peculiarly their own” (100). Esi is taken by one of the soldier to his quarters and she was raped by him. After he finishes, “He looked at her like her body was his shame” (48). This shows how white soldiers take advantage of the enslaved black women simply because of their gender and race. Quey, son of Effia and James Collins, was a lonely child. Quey expresses his discomfort as being biracial which is a result of Colonization as, “He knew that he was one of the half-caste children of the Castle, and, like the other half-caste children, he could not fully claim either half of himself, neither his father’s whiteness nor his mother’s blackness. Neither England nor the Gold Coast” (56). As biracial children are product of colonization, this implies how it creates insecure feeling and trouble in socializing with others normally. Ness, daughter of Esi, now works at Thomas Allan Stockham’s Alabama plantation. Ness thinks that it is odd to hear black people talking English. Esi has spoken to Ness only in Twi until her master caught her and whipped her for speaking in Twi. Esi receives five lashes for Ness’s each Twi word, and when Ness was afraid to speak, for Ness’s each minute silence her master gave her five lashes until she cried “My goodness!”(71). Before she called Ness as Maame named after her mother, after this terrible incident she begin to call her as Ness, a shortened form of goodness. Gyasi here portrays the extension of racism which acts as a spine of slavery, the white master not only claim that English is superior to Twi, he also robs their family heritage and African identity through violence and power. Ness, before working in Tom Allan’s plantation, worked in a plantation which she merely calls as Hell and its master Devil. Devil, married Ness to her newly bought Slave named Sam, who she doesn’t even know. Sam is large, well-built, aggressive who fought with fellow slaves, spitted on the overseer and refused to speak English so to tame the untamable Sam, Devil married Ness to Sam without her concern to make him calm. According to Paul Lovejoy, “A peculiar feature of slavery was this absolute lack of choice on the part of slaves. Their total subordination to the whims of their master meant that slaves could be assigned any task in society or economy” (5). Ness and Sam decided to escape Hell as they planned to provide a better life for their son Kojo. In their attempt they were caught, but Ness saves Kojo by sending him with Ma Aku, one who helped for them to escape, before being caught. Devil took both of them to Hell and before all the slaves, he stripes them Volume IX Issue II FEBRUARY 2020 Page No : 339 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 naked and whips Esi brutally which earns her everlasting scars and Sam was hanged to death in front of her. Lydia Maria Child, comments on the pathetic condition of slaves during slavery era as follows, “They are allowed to have no conscientious scruples, no sense of shame, no regard for the feeling of husband, or parent: they must be entirely subservient to the will of their owner on pain of being whipped as near unto death as will comfort with his interest or quite to death if it suits his pleasure” (278). Quey with his parents James and Nana Yaa went to attend the funeral of his grandfather, the Asante King, they stay at David’s home, who studied with Quey in England. David questions whether British plans to abolish slavery for which Quey replies, “There’s more at stake here than just slavery, my brother. It’s a question of who will own the land, the people, the power. You cannot stick a knife in a goat and then say, Now I will remove my knife slowly, so let things be easy and clean, let there be no mess. There will always be blood”(93). Quey’s explanation state that nothing in history just disappears; it always leaves its foot prints on its upcoming generations. James separates himself from his family and settles in a village with his wife Akosua as he doesn’t want to involve in slave trade. Kojo, son of Sam and Ness, works in a ship, whenever a boat gets robbed, Kojo and black men were the first to be enquired by the police. Though Jo has escaped slavery, racism still prevails there and torments him in his everyday life. Kojo marries Anna, with her he has seven children, and now she is pregnant with baby H. As Fugitive slave act passes it led to the Great Migration and Anna was kidnapped and sold as a slave which represents that how law was used in a cunning way to enslave a person who was legally free.
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