Nosferatu. Revista De Cine (Donostia Kultura)

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Nosferatu. Revista De Cine (Donostia Kultura) Nosferatu. Revista de cine (Donostia Kultura) Título: El cine chino desde 1989 Autor/es: Reynaud, Bérénice Citar como: Reynaud, B. (2001). El cine chino desde 1989. Nosferatu. Revista de cine. (36):5-33. Documento descargado de: http://hdl.handle.net/10251/41226 Copyright: Reserva de todos los derechos (NO CC) La digitalización de este artículo se enmarca dentro del proyecto "Estudio y análisis para el desarrollo de una red de conocimiento sobre estudios fílmicos a través de plataformas web 2.0", financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+D+i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (código HAR2010-18648), con el apoyo de Biblioteca y Documentación Científica y del Área de Sistemas de Información y Comunicaciones (ASIC) del Vicerrectorado de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Entidades colaboradoras: • • Ciudad de tristeza CIDI C IDO llti·u 't:rill<'ll (T. rú/(/ 1/erritarm. llollp; Armg l'la 'flliÚ'Wl) hi::. it:a so::Jal, politiko elo kllllllmluf.: aldoketa p:wntlll:.ils/l rt i:.un ::.111'11 19\9ko ekain<'WI. lullkeof.: TÚIIII/111111'11/!/' Plu ::. m1 indurko sur/u elrt /l('rriarm :.aú lwndi lmtc/.: eskut :.en ;:,ituen ti·ekitastman•n a/c/¡•ko mup,úne11duekill túdarre::. bukatu t/({l!i i:w1 ::.11/enl'an. Gerl<wm luHU'k elaprtlu•tn· ba!Pil hasiem mrtrkatu ::.ue11 't:rinako !Ji::.it ::. rllt, eto !Jorrek IJI're ::.illi'III0/1 1'1'<' i::.on :::. llf /1 emginik, rt ::.ken !Jmnorkodmi IP/wn /mino modujarrmkiagoan a::,u/du bmút JlendelmkM1n pa11!ailetun p/o :Ún l'llla ~¡'máldielml. Bérénice Re¡naud NOSFE RATU 36 - 37 ······ Introducción: el impacto del .t hacia la democracia. Desde e l estaba en Vietnam rodando Un de junio mes de abril, la ciudad entera, pe­ futuro mejo1· Ill: Vivir y morir gada a los televisores, seguía los en Saigón (Ying riong BeiiSe 111: esfu erzos de l "movimiento" ; X1j1ang Zhige 1 A Better Tomo­ cuando se proclamó la Ley Mar­ rroll' 111: To Live a11d Die in Sai­ os tanques que, al ama­ cial, más de 50.000 personas se gon, 1989), el tercer capítulo de necer del 4 de junio de manifestaron delante de la agencia la serie A Better Tomorrow ini­ 1989, irrumpieron en la Nueva China, a pesar de un vio­ ciada por Jol111 Woo (cuya casa Plaza de Tiananmen pu­ lento tifón. La industria del cine de producción, The Film Work­ sieron fin al movimiento democrá­ se unió a las protestas: actores y shop, había producido las dos pri­ tico de la nueva "Primavera de Pe­ directores se movilizaron. Duran­ meras partes). Fue la película más kín", así como a todo un aspecto te años, Anita Mui, la diva del pop sombría de Tsui, que unió el culto de la vid a cultural china. En el -que debutó en el cine con Car­ al héroe (interpretado por Cbow mundo entero, la diáspora china mín (Yanzhi Kou 1 Rouge; Stan­ Yun-fat) y una protesta humanista se unió en el luto y el terror. Des­ ley Kwan, 1987)-, se negó a vol­ (y anticomunista) desesperada. de la firma de los acuerdos entre ver a China Popular. Esto le costó Debido a divergencias artísti cas China y Gran Bretaña en 1984, los el papel de Ruan Lingyu en Ruan Woo y Terence Chang, el antiguo habitantes de Hong Kong se pre­ Lingyu 1 La actriz 1 En escena director administrativo de la Film paraban para convertirse en habi ­ (Ruan Lingyu 1 Actress 1 Center Workshop, acababan de separarse tantes de la China Popular, con la Stage; S tan ley K wan, 1991 ), en de Tsui y de fundar su propia esperanza de que el gobierno de parte rodada en Sbanghai, que fue compafíía, Milestone Films, cuya Deng Xiaoping, con su "política para Maggie Cheung. En el mo­ primera producción fue Una bala de puertas abiertas", se orientara mento de la masacre, Tsui Hark en la cabeza (Diexue Jietou 1 A Bullet i11 the Head, 1990). En ella, profundizando aún más en el horror, Woo describía con una violencia y una negrura casi inso­ portables la pérdida de la inocen­ cia de tres jóvenes de Hong Kong durante la Guerra de Vietnam. El fi 1m, uno de los más personales de Woo, no tuvo un gran éxito co­ merci al, sin duda porque reflejaba con gran crudeza el mi edo de los habitantes de Hong Kong frente a la represión del régimen comunis­ ta. Después de Un lad•·ón es siempre un ladrón (Zhongheng Sihai 1 Once a Thief, J 99 1) , una comedia ligera para salir a flote, Woo abandonó el país con Hard Boiled (Lashou Shentan 1 Harrl Boiled, 1992) y su famosa (y bri­ llante) secuencia del fusilamiento en el hospital, testimonio de una sociedad que ha perdido todo res­ peto a la vida humana. La pelícu­ la fue su canto del cisne y el pro­ pio Woo que, en el primer episo­ dio de La esencia de los héroes 1 A Better Tomonow (Yingxiong Bei1Se 1 A Better Tomorrow, 1986), había mostrado a Chow Yun-fat dar media vuelta en su fuerabor­ da en el Victoria Harbour y regresar para morir en el muelle en una apo­ teosis de disparos, antes que aban­ donar Hong Kong, partía rumbo a •••••NO SFERATU 36 - 3 7 Tierra amarillo Hollywood. Se puede pensar que la tado la ley marcial instaurada en periencia de Taiwán; y se podía "fractura" producida en la concien­ 1949 y, por primera vez, se po­ esperar que, del otro lado del Es­ cia china había influido en su de­ dían revelar pasajes enteros de la trecho de Taiwán, al menos entre seo de abandonar la ciudad en historia de Taiwán, especialmente los jóvenes, afloraran actitudes donde había crecido. los años sombríos entre el final de semejantes. La masacre del 4 de la ocupación japonesa ( 1945) y la junio (aprovechada por la propa­ A finales de 1989, financiado por toma de poder oficial de Chang ganda del Kuomintang) supu so una televisión japonesa, el cineas­ Kai Chek ( 1949), o bien el "Te­ un terrible retroceso. Estaba cla­ ta/crítico/pub! icista S hu Kei diri­ rror Blanco" anticomunista de los ro que el gobierno de Pekín no gió un "documental personal" so­ años 50. También se podía hablar había cambiado su posición auto­ bre las reacciones chinas ante la de otros temas que hasta enton­ ritaria, lo cual era una mala señal masacre. Días sin sol (Wu Tai­ ces habían sido tabúes (como la para Taiwán, a la que el PC chi­ yang De Rizi 1 Sunless Days) se independencia de Taiwán). Desde no seguía cons iderando una desarroll a entre Australia y Hong 1949, el gobierno había impuesto "provincia secesionista" que ha­ Kong, Londres y Toronto. En el a la isla una especie de "política bía que reintegrar en la República fi lm, Shu Kei entrevista a sus pa­ fi cti cia": Taiwán sólo representa­ Popular. rientes y am igos sobre las reper­ ba una base de repliegue provi­ cusiones que tuvieron los hechos sional antes de ir a retomar el Ahora bi en, desde hacía varios del 4 de junio en sus vidas, en su continente chino de las manos de años se venían rea li zando un gran identidad chin a. Uno de los mo­ los "bandidos comunistas" y de número de intercambios artísticos mentos más elegíacos se produjo reunir a China bajo la batuta del y culturales entre Taiwán y la en el Festival de Venecia, donde Ciu­ Kuom intang, el único partido le­ China Popular, casi siempre pa­ dad de tristeza (Beiqing Chengsi 1 A gítimo. Ahora bien, en literatura sando por Hong Kong. Uno de los City of Sadness, 1989), de Hou con el Shantu IVenshi (l iteratura eventos más significativos había Hsiao-hsien, ganó el León de Oro. de las raíces) y en el cine con la s id o la proyección de Tierra "Nueva Ola" de principios de los amarilla (Huang Tudi, 1984), de La masacre de la Plaza de Tianan­ 80, la historia cultural de Taiwán Chen Ka ige, en el Festi va l de men se produjo en un momento evolu cionaba en el sentido opues­ Hong Kong en abril de 1985. Esta delicado de la hi storia de Taiwá n. to, hacia un reconocimiento rea­ pe lícula marca el nacimiento de la En 1987, el gobierno había levan- li sta de la especificidad de la ex- "Quinta Generación" de cineastas NOSFERATU 36 - 37 ••••••• El destino de media vida 1Dieciocho 11rimnvems "' -- t l. Hong Kong ~·~~ !Et~ t: t x En cierto modo, los 90 en Hong 1 :t:~ ;¡' ~!il Ko ng, que arrancan con 1a ruptu- JO..,. u·\-·" ra financiera y artística entre John ~~t. \Voo y Tsui Hark (dos personali- ~Ht dades, dos concepc iones de l cine), pertenecen a Tsui (puesto que Woo se había marchad o a Holl ywood), cuya trayectoria, en­ tre el arte y el comercio, es ejem­ plar. Tsui , que había cursado sus estu­ dios en Estados Unidos, al llegar a Hong Kong a finales de los 70 se encontró, como la mayoría de los jóvenes cineastas de su generación (A nn Hui , Allen Fong, Patrick Tam, Yim Ho, Alfi·ed Cheung y Kirk Wong), con las puertas de los estudios cerradas, pero con las cadenas de televisión públi cas (RTHK) y pri vadas (TVB) dis­ puestas a acogerl e. Trabajando en 16 mm. y con sonido en directo (en contraposición a los usos de la industria china, donde el son id o se graba en postproducción) es­ tos jóvenes cineastas se fij aron el obj eti vo de redescubrir el real is­ mo.
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