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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië November 2012 Datum 30 november 2012 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië | november 2012 Colofon Opgesteld door Directie Consulaire Zaken en Migratiebeleid Afdeling Migratie en Asiel Den Haag T- (070) 348 5612 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië | november 2012 Inhoudsopgave 1 Inleiding............................................................................................. 1 2 Landeninformatie................................................................................ 2 2.1 Basisgegevens........................................................................................2 2.1.1 Land en Volk ..........................................................................................2 2.1.2 Geschiedenis..........................................................................................3 2.1.3 Staatsinrichting ......................................................................................8 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen......................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Inleiding.............................................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Uitvoering roadmap............................................................................... 11 2.3 Militaire situatie.................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 De TFG................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2 AMISOM.............................................................................................. 20 2.3.3 Kenia.................................................................................................. 22 2.3.4 Ethiopië............................................................................................... 22 2.3.5 Ahlu-Sunna-W’al-Jama’a ........................................................................ 23 2.4 Militaire operaties ................................................................................. 24 2.5 Al-Shabaab.......................................................................................... 26 2.5.1 Controlegebied ..................................................................................... 26 2.5.2 Organisatie .......................................................................................... 27 2.5.3 Strijdmacht en rekrutering ..................................................................... 28 2.5.4 Communicatie ...................................................................................... 29 2.5.5 Financiële situatie ................................................................................. 30 2.5.6 Leefregels............................................................................................ 30 2.5.7 Mensenrechtensituatie ........................................................................... 31 2.5.8 Steun bevolking.................................................................................... 32 2.6 Noord-Somalië ..................................................................................... 32 2.6.1 Somaliland........................................................................................... 32 2.6.2 Puntland.............................................................................................. 35 2.6.3 Piraterij............................................................................................... 36 3 Veiligheidssituatie..............................................................................41 3.1 Inleiding.............................................................................................. 41 3.2 Mogadishu ........................................................................................... 41 3.3 Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië buiten Mogadishu ............................................. 48 3.4 Noord-Somalië ..................................................................................... 52 4 Mensenrechten ..................................................................................54 4.1 Juridische context ................................................................................. 54 4.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen ....................................................................... 54 4.1.2 Nationale wetgeving .............................................................................. 55 4.2 Toezicht .............................................................................................. 56 4.2.1 Nationaal............................................................................................. 56 4.2.2 Internationaal ...................................................................................... 56 4.3 Naleving en schendingen........................................................................ 56 4.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting (inclusief persvrijheid) ...................................... 57 4.3.1.1 Radio, televisie, internet en geschreven pers ............................................. 57 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië | november 2012 4.3.1.2 Vervolging van journalisten .................................................................... 58 4.3.1.3 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering..................................................... 59 4.3.2 Vrijheid van godsdienst.......................................................................... 59 4.3.3 Bewegingsvrijheid ................................................................................. 60 4.3.3.1 Reisdocumenten ................................................................................... 63 4.3.4 Rechtsgang.......................................................................................... 65 4.3.5 Arrestaties en detenties ......................................................................... 69 4.3.6 Mishandeling en foltering........................................................................ 69 4.3.7 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen ............................................................... 70 4.3.8 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden................................................. 70 4.3.9 Doodstraf ............................................................................................ 70 4.4 Positie van specifieke groepen................................................................. 71 4.4.1 Minderheden ........................................................................................ 71 4.4.2 Niet-Somali minderheden ....................................................................... 71 4.4.2.1 Bantu’s ............................................................................................... 72 4.4.2.2 Benadiri .............................................................................................. 72 4.4.2.3 Beroepsgroepen.................................................................................... 73 4.4.3 Specifieke clans.................................................................................... 73 4.4.4 Vrouwen.............................................................................................. 73 4.4.4.1 Vrouwen in gebieden onder controle van Al-Shabaab .................................. 74 4.4.4.2 Huwelijken........................................................................................... 74 4.4.4.3 Alleenstaande vrouwen .......................................................................... 75 4.4.4.4 Seksueel en huiselijk geweld................................................................... 75 4.4.4.5 Genitale verminking bij vrouwen (vrouwenbesnijdenis)................................ 76 4.4.5 Homoseksuelen .................................................................................... 77 4.4.6 Minderjarigen....................................................................................... 77 4.4.6.1 Kindsoldaten ........................................................................................ 78 4.4.6.2 Alleenstaande minderjarigen................................................................... 79 5 Migratie .............................................................................................81 5.1 Migratiestromen en opvang .................................................................... 81 5.1.1 Vluchtelingen ....................................................................................... 81 5.1.2 Ontheemden ........................................................................................ 82 5.1.2.1 Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië...................................................................... 82 5.1.2.2 Noord-Somalië ..................................................................................... 82 5.2 Terugkeer............................................................................................ 83 5.2.1 Vluchtelingen ....................................................................................... 83 5.2.2 Ontheemden ........................................................................................ 83 5.3 Humanitaire omstandigheden.................................................................. 83 5.4 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties................................................ 84 Bijlage I LANDKAART (ADMINISTRATIEF) .......................................................89 Bijlage II Invloedsgebied van Al-Shabaab, per 9 oktober 2012 ..........................90 Bijlage III LITERATUURLIJST.............................................................................91 Bijlage IV RELEVANTE
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