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Oilseed Meals As Dietary Protein Sources for Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.)

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Oilseed Meals As Dietary Protein Sources for Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository Oilseed Meals as Dietary Protein Sources for Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Nelson Winston Agbo M.Sc. Water Bioresources and Aquaculture Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling Scotland UK September 2008 Dedication Dedicated to My wife and son ii Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has been achieved by myself and is the result of my own investigations. It has neither been accepted nor submitted for any other degree. All sources of information have been duly acknowledged. Nelson Winston Agbo iii Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr Kim Jauncey for his advice, guidance and supervision of the research and for seeing this thesis through to its conclusion. My gratitude goes to Prof R. H. Richards and Dr. S. Amisah for their encouragement and support throughout my studies. I wish to thank Ghana Education Trust Fund for providing funding which made this study possible and also Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for granting me study leave. I am very grateful to my brother A. H. Agbo and D. Adjei-Boateng for acquiring and sending the feed ingredients used for this research from Ghana. I would also like to thank Mrs. Betty Stenhouse, Mr. Alan Porter, Mr. K. Ranson, Mr. W. Hamilton, Mrs D. Faichney, Mr. I. Elliot, Mr. C. Harrower and all other technical staff of the Institute of Aquaculture for their help throughout the experimental and laboratory work. My appreciation also goes to all my friends in Stirling and other parts of the world for their surpport, especially N. Madalla, R. Asmah, S. K. Sankoh, Cuit, C. Anin-Dei, F. Tadzey, H. Anane, A. Awitty, G. Mckintosh and A. Brown. My special thanks and appreciation go to my wife, son, my brother Adolph and family as well as my parents for their love, patience, support and understanding throughout my studies and most of all to the Almighty God who made everything possible. iv Abstract One of the major problems facing aquaculture in Ghana is the non-availability of quality and affordable fish feeds. The present study investigated the nutritional suitability and cost-effectiveness of some Ghanaian oilseed by-products, soybean meal (Glycine spp), cottonseed meal (Gossypium spp), groundnut cake (Arachis hypogaea L.) and groundnut husk, as alternative protein sources to fishmeal (FM) in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The oilseed meals were used individually, as mixtures, as mixtures enriched with methionine and mixtures detoxified by heat processing (autoclaving) and/or addition of supplements (viz. phytase and ferrous sulphate) intended to reduce levels of the most important antinutritional factors (ANFs). Diets, containing the oilseed meals at inclusion levels from 25% to 75% dietary protein, were formulated to be isonitrogenous (320 g.kg-1), isolipidic (100 g.kg-1) and isoenergetic (18 KJ.g- 1) and fed to juvenile Nile tilapia at 4-10% of their body weight for a period of eight weeks. Proximate analysis showed that soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GNH) had 500.3, 441.4, 430.5 and 205.6 g.kg-1 crude protein, 38.2, 89.5, 12.8 and 89.2 g.kg-1 crude fibre and 20.19, 19.61, 23.17 and 22.18 kJ.g-1 gross energy respectively. Generally the oilseed meals had good essential amino acid (EAA) profiles with the exception of GNH. The EAA profile of SBM compared very well with FM but methionine and threonine were low (0.73 and 1.50 % of protein respectively) and the same was true for CSM and GNC with even lower levels. Analyzed ANFs in SBM, CSM, GNC and GNH were 17.54, 31.64, 14.86 and 3.99 g.kg-1 phytic acid, 14.09, 1.24 and 2.34 g.kg-1 trypsin inhibitors and 5.80, 6.50, 8.01 and 10.08 g.kg-1 saponin respectively and in CSM 5.6 g.kg-1 gossypol. Nutrient digestibility of these oilseed proteins suggested that Nile tilapia may be able to utilize SBM, CSM and GNC efficiently as dietary protein sources due to high apparent protein digestibility of 94.50%, 84.93% and 90.01% respectively. However, GNH may not be suitable because of very low apparent protein digestibility (27.67%). v These protein sources when used individually were shown to cause depressed growth and feed efficiency when substituting more than 50% of the FM protein in diets. This may be attributed to high levels of ANFs, high fibre content and poor EAA profile. However, the use of mixtures of these meals was found to be marginally more effective than that of single sources. This may have been as a result of lower levels of ANFs and improvement in essential amino acid profile due to mixing. Supplementing the mixtures with methionine led to improvement in feed utilization but without significantly improving the nutritive value compared with FM. Heat processing was effective in reducing heat labile trypsin inhibitors in SBM, CSM and GNC by almost 80%, but not phytic acid and saponins, which remained virtually unaffected. Use of meals detoxified by heat processing with/without supplements at 50% inclusion improved growth and feed utilization compared to the unprocessed meals and performance was generally not significantly different from FM. Cost effectiveness analysis revealed that diets containing single feedstuffs or mixtures, particularly those containing equal proportions of oilseed meals and higher proportion of CSM replacing between 50% - 75% FM protein, were more profitable than FM diet. Similarly, the use of heat processed meals at 50% replacement of FM protein yielded greater profit than all other diets including the FM diet. However, essential amino acid supplementation of the meals was less profitable compared to the control. Generally, fish fed diets with oilseed meals would take longer to attain harvest size compared with FM and this could lead to an increase in production costs or a decrease in the number of production cycles which could be achieved within a year. It can be concluded that there is nutritional and economic justification for using SBM, CSM and GNC as partial replacement for FM in diets of Nile tilapia. Based on growth performance, nutrient utilization and economic benefits the diet with heat processed oilseed meal mixtures (containing equal proportions of 16.67% each) at 50% inclusion has the best prospects for replacing FM protein in diets of O. niloticus. vi Table of Contents Declaration......................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................iv Abstract...............................................................................................................v Table of Contents.............................................................................................. vii List of Tables.......................................................................................................x List of Figures................................................................................................... xiv List of Figures................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 - General Introduction.................................................................. 1 1.1 Global Overview of Aquaculture .......................................................... 1 1.1.1 Aquaculture Production ................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Aquaculture in Africa..................................................................... 4 1.2 Aquaculture in Ghana .......................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Historical Background................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Need for Aquaculture Development in Ghana .............................. 8 1.2.3 Aquaculture Production .............................................................. 10 1.3 Tilapia Culture.................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Tilapia Production ....................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Nutritional Requirements of Tilapia............................................. 18 1.4 Fish Meal as the Main Protein Source in Aquaculture ....................... 21 1.4.1 Fish Meal Production and Consumption ..................................... 22 1.5 Utilisation of Plant Ingredients in Aquafeeds...................................... 25 1.5.1 Alternative Protein Source to Fish Meal...................................... 30 1.6 Limitations to the Utilization of Fish meal substitutes......................... 36 1.6.1 Palatability/Acceptebility of Plant Ingredients ............................. 37 1.6.2 Fibre Content.............................................................................. 38 1.6.3 Amino Acid profile....................................................................... 39 1.7 Important Antinutritional Factors in the Selected Oilseed Meals........ 40 1.7.1 Trypsin Inhibitors ........................................................................ 41 1.7.2 Phytic Acid.................................................................................. 42 1.7.3 Gossypol..................................................................................... 43 1.7.4 Saponins....................................................................................
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