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Twelfth-Century Latin Epic and the Virgilian Tradition

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Twelfth-Century Latin Epic and the Virgilian Tradition Recovering the Classic: Twelfth-Century Latin Epic and the Virgilian Tradition by Justin Allen Haynes A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Justin Allen Haynes 2014 Recovering the Classic: Twelfth-Century Latin Epic and the Virgilian Tradition Justin Allen Haynes Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This dissertation considers how ancient and medieval commentaries on the Aeneid can give us new insights into four twelfth-century Latin epics—the Ylias by Joseph of Exeter, the Alexandreis by Walter of Châtillon, the Anticlaudianus by Alan of Lille, and the Architrenius by John of Hauville. Virgil’s influence on twelfth-century Latin epic is generally thought to be limited to verbal echoes and occasional narrative episodes, but evidence is presented that more global influences have been overlooked because ancient and medieval interpretations of the Aeneid , as preserved by the commentaries, were often radically different from modern readings of the Aeneid . By explaining how to interpret the Aeneid , these commentaries directly influenced the way in which twelfth-century Latin epic imitated the Aeneid . At the same time, these Aeneid commentaries allow us a greater awareness of the generic expectations held by the original readers of twelfth- century Latin epic. Thus, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of ancient and medieval perceptions of the Aeneid while exploring the importance of commentaries in shaping poetic composition, imitation, and reading. The first chapter presents evidence that the allegorical interpretation of the Aeneid , as presented by Servius, Fulgentius, and ii Bernard Silvestris, served as an important structural model for the plots of the Anticlaudianus and the Architrenius . The second chapter examines how the twelfth- century understanding of history and myth in the Aeneid influenced the Alexandreis and the Ylias . The final chapter explores how these medieval epics respond to the twelfth- century ethical reading of the Aeneid and suggests possible links to modern ‘pessimistic’ interpretations of the Aeneid , building on the work done by Craig Kallendorf in The Other Virgil and Richard Thomas in Virgil and the Augustan Reception . iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank, first and foremost, my dissertation committee of David Townsend, John Magee, Alison Keith, and Jarrett Welsh. They have been tireless in their support throughout many drafts, and I consider myself enormously lucky to have had a committee both so kind and so deeply learned. Many thanks also go to Joseph Farrell and Michael Herren, my external and internal examiners respectively. They not only provided me with helpful notes which have saved me from some embarrassing blunders, but they also asked many insightful questions, which have given me some wonderful ideas for the future direction of my work. I wish also to thank my father for being a constant source of support and for proofreading each and every one of my translations from Latin into English that appear throughout this dissertation. I hasten to add, however, that any remaining errors and stylistic roughnesses are my own. I would also like to thank all of my friends and family; I could not have written this without so much love and support! Finally, I would like to offer special thanks to A.G. Rigg. While reading Tiberius Donatus’ paraphrase of the Aeneid and discussing the nature of the Aeneid ’s commentary tradition with George, I began to formulate many of the ideas that have come to fruition in this thesis. Many, many thanks! iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Precedents and goals ....................................................................................................... 1 The authors...................................................................................................................... 7 Dates of composition .................................................................................................... 10 Dueling/dualing poets ................................................................................................... 22 Chapter summaries........................................................................................................ 28 Texts and translations ................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 1: Allegorical Mimesis ........................................................................................ 32 The Allegorized Aeneid in the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius ................................. 32 Virgilian allegory in the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius ? ......................................... 35 Reading the allegorized Aeneid as a structural model for allegorical poems ............... 40 Relating the allegoresis of the Aeneid to the plots of the Architrenius and Anticlaudianus .............................................................................................................. 44 Alan’s allegoresis of the whole Aeneid (Anticlaudianus 7-9) ...................................... 47 Aeneid 6 and Anticlaudianus 1-6: Descensus as ascent to God .................................... 56 Interpreting the structure of the Anticlaudianus ........................................................... 76 Aeneid Book 6 and the Architrenius : The philosophic descent .................................... 80 Interpreting the structure of the Architrenius .............................................................. 100 Chapter 2: Truth Behind Lies ......................................................................................... 104 Historia and Fabula in the Alexandreis and Ylias ...................................................... 104 Historia ....................................................................................................................... 113 Servius on creative anachronism ................................................................................ 115 The Aeneid and Joseph’s “true” history of Troy ......................................................... 119 Historia in the Alexandreis ......................................................................................... 127 Historia in the ecphrases of the Alexandreis .............................................................. 131 Fabula : The divine apparatus in Virgilian commentary ............................................. 136 Contextualizing the divine apparatus in later Latin epic ............................................ 142 Walter’s invocation in the Alexandreis ....................................................................... 145 The gods in the Alexandreis ........................................................................................ 148 Walter’s Servian katabasis .......................................................................................... 150 The gods in Joseph of Exeter’s Ylias .......................................................................... 154 Lucanian or Virgilian? ................................................................................................ 171 Chapter 3: Didactic Heroics ............................................................................................ 173 Ethical imitation of the Aeneid in twelfth-century epic .............................................. 173 The importance of ethics to the twelfth-century interpretation of epic ...................... 174 The legacy of antiquity on the moral character of Virgil’s Aeneas ............................ 177 Aeneas’ character in allegorizations of the Aeneid ..................................................... 184 The moral character of Virgil’s Aeneas in the twelfth century .................................. 187 Joseph of Exeter’s Aeneas .......................................................................................... 198 Virgil’s Aeneas in Walter’s Alexander? ..................................................................... 205 Alan’s allegory: Redeeming the classic ...................................................................... 215 An Epic of Everyman: the Architrenius and the Aeneid ............................................. 231 v The ‘Harvard’ school in the twelfth century? ............................................................. 242 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 244 Virgilian commentary and ‘Chartrian’ humanism ...................................................... 245 Continuity of the Virgilian tradition ........................................................................... 250 Reintegration of Medieval Latin epic into the canon .................................................. 254 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 260 Primary Sources .........................................................................................................
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