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Høyreekstremisme I Norge Utviklingstrekk, Konspirasjonsteorier Og TORE BJØRGO (RED.) TORE (RED.) BJØRGO TORE BJØRGO (RED.) TORE BJØRGO (RED.) Høyreekstremisme Høyreekstremisme Utviklingstrekk, konspirasjonsteorier og Utviklingstrekk, konspirasjonsteorier og i Norge forebyggingsstrategier i Norge forebyggingsstrategier Kapittelbidrag: • Tore Bjørgo • Cora Alexa Døving • Terje Emberland Kapittelbidrag: • Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik • Birgitte P. Haanshuus •Tore Bjørgo • Cora Alexa Døving • Terje Emberland Høyreekstremisme i Norge • Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik • Birgitte P. Haanshuus En av erkjennelsene etter terror- Rapporten består av fire del- Tore Bjørgo er professor og leder handlingene 22. juli 2011 var at det prosjekter: for Senter for ekstremismefors- manglet oppdatert kunnskap om • Utvikling og utbredelse av kning (C-REX) ved Universitetet i høyreekstremisme i Norge, og at høyreekstremisme i Norge Oslo. Han har også bistilling som fenomenet hadde endret seg bety- (Tore Bjørgo og professor ved Politihøgskolen, delig de siste 10-15 årene. Det Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik) og har ledet dette prosjektet. dreier seg ikke lenger om rasistiske • Fra gata til data? Ytre høyres Cora Alexa Døving er forsker 1 ved ungdomsgjenger og nazistiske aktivisme på internett og Senter for studier av Holocaust skinheads, men i hovedsak om sosiale medier og livssynsminoriteter voksne personer og miljøer. De (Birgitte P. Haanshuus) (HL-senteret). opererer på internett og sosiale Terje Emberland er seniorforsker medier, men også i noen tilfeller i • Konspirasjonsteorier i det ytter- ved Senter for studier av langt mer organiserte strukturer liggående høyreland-skapet i Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter enn tidligere. De forebygg ings- Norge (HL-senteret). metodene som viste seg effektive (Cora Alexa Døving og er forsker overfor de rasistiske ungdomsmil- Terje Emberland) Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik og ph.d.-stipendiat ved jøene på 1990- tallet og fram til • Politiets virkemidler og rolle i Politihøgskolen og Norsk midten av 2000-tallet, har mindre forebygging av høyre- Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI). relevans overfor dagens høyre- ekstremisme Hun er også tilknyttet C-REX. ekstremister. Dette er noe av bak- (Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik og grunnen for denne forsknings- Tore Bjørgo) Birgitte P. Haanshuus er rapporten. ph.d.-stipendiat ved Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminori teter. Hun har tidligere vært vitenskapelig Politihøgskolen assistent ved C-REX og Slemdalsveien 5 Politihøgskolen. Postboks 5027, Majorstuen 0301 Oslo Tlf: 23 19 99 00 www.phs.no C-REX - Senter for ekstremismeforskning PHS Forskning 2018: 4 PHS Forskning 2018: 4 TORE BJØRGO (RED.)) Høyreekstremisme Utviklingstrekk, konspirasjonsteorier og i Norge forebyggingsstrategier Kapittelbidrag: • Tore Bjørgo • Cora Alexa Døving • Terje Emberland • Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik • Birgitte P. Haanshuus C-REX - Senter for ekstremismeforskning © Politihøgskolen, Oslo 2018 Forord PHS Forskning 2018: 4 ISBN 978-82-7808- 138-9 (trykt utgave) I 2015 utlyste Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet et forskningsoppdrag ISBN 978-82-7808-139-6 (elektronisk utgave) ISSN 0807-1721 som omhandlet utviklingstrekk og forebyggingsstrategier knyttet til høyre- ekstremisme og konspirasjonsteorier i Norge. Målet var å øke kunnskapen Det må ikke kopieres fra denne boka i strid med åndsverkloven og fotografiloven eller i strid med avtaler om om omfang og utvikling av høyreekstremisme og konspirasjonsteorier, kopiering inngått med Kopinor, interesseorgan for rettighetshavere til åndsverk. samt hvordan disse fenomenene kan forebygges. Politihøgskolen (PHS) sammen med Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminori teter Alle henvendelser kan rettes til: Politihøgskolen (HL-senteret) vant anbudet, og denne rapporten er sluttproduktet for pro- Forskningsavdelingen sjektet. Senter for ekstremismeforskning (C-REX) ble senere opprettet og Slemdalsvn. 5 Postboks 5027, Majorstuen prosjektet ble gjennomført i tett samarbeid med senteret. Rapporten består 0301 Oslo www.phs.no av følgende fire delprosjekter: • Utvikling og utbredelse av høyreekstremisme i Norge - Tore Bjørgo & Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik, PHS og C-REX • Fra gata til data? Ytre høyres aktivisme på internett og sosiale medier- Birgitte P. Haanshuus, PHS og C-REX • Konspirasjonsteorier i det ytterliggående høyrelandskapet i Norge - Cora Alexa Døving & Terje Emberland, HL-senteret og tilknyttet C-REX • Politiets virkemidler og rolle i forebygging av høyreekstremisme - Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik & Tore Bjørgo, PHS og C-REX Forskerne i prosjektgruppen vil gjerne takke Justis- og beredskapsdeparte- mentet for samarbeidet under prosjektperioden og da spesielt Marit Bjørsnes, Stian Vatnedal og Knut Fosli, som har vært våre kontaktpersoner. I tillegg vil vi gjerne takke referansegruppen som Justis- og beredskapsdepartemen- tet etablerte for prosjektet, for at de tok seg tid til å møtes og diskutere og kommentere prosjektet og rapportutkast. En stor takk går til våre kollegaer Omslag: Tor Berglie Omslagsfoto: Berit Roald / ntb Scanpix på C-REX for deres innspill og kommentarer under rapportskrivingen. Vi Sats og layout: Eileen Schreiner Berglie Trykk: Staples ønsker også å takke Haavard Reksten, leder for forskningsavdelingen på PHS for hans støtte under hele prosjektperioden. Eileen Berglie på PHS Innhold fortjener også en stor takk for hennes innsats på design og layout av rappor- ten. Sist, men ikke minst vil vi gjerne gi en ekstra stor takk til representant- ene fra politidistriktene, PST og KRIPOS som tok seg tid til å stille opp til Kapittel 1 intervjuer i en hektisk hverdag og bidra med materialet til de to delprosjekt- Introduksjon til rapporten ene «Utvikling og utbredelse av høyreekstremisme i Norge» og «Politiets Tore Bjørgo 11 virkemidler og rolle i forebygging av høyreekstremisme». Vi ble tatt godt Oppdrag, problemstilling og avgrensing av prosjektet 11 imot i alle politidistriktene og fikk muligheten til å lære mer om deres viktige Sentrale begreper 14 arbeid mot radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme. Datagrunnlag og metodeopplegg 18 Dilemmaer i forskningsetikk og personvern 19 Kapittel 2 Oslo, mai 2018 Utvikling og utbredelse av høyreekstremisme i Norge Tore Bjørgo og Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik 27 Tore Bjørgo, Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik, Birgitte P. Haanshuus, De viktigste utviklingstrekk og endringer 29 Cora Alexa Døving og Terje Emberland Ikke lenger ungdomsmiljøer 30 Fra gata til data – og tilbake til gata? 31 Globalisering og transnasjonal spredning 34 Islam som ny hovedfiende 35 Høyreekstremisme og nynazisme 37 Nynazisme i Norge på 1970- og 80-tallet 37 Nasjonalistmiljøet på Østlandet 41 Nynazistmiljøet i Kristiansand 49 Vigrid 61 Den nordiske motstandsbevegelsen (DNM) 68 Oppstarten til Den nordiske motstandsbevegelsen i Norge 68 DNMs ideologi og politikk 70 Organisasjonsstruktur 73 Intern kontroll 76 Medlemmene 77 Aktiviteter 81 Kjønn og kvinnesyn 85 Trusselbildet og voldspotensialet 86 DNM framover 89 Organisasjoner mot innvandring og islamisering 91 Konspirasjonssnakk 185 Folkebevegelsen Mot Innvandring (FMI) og Norge Mot Innvandring (NMI) 91 Stereotypier 187 Stopp Islamiseringen av Norge (SIAN) 97 Humor 187 Norwegian Defence League (Norsk Forsvarsallianse) 101 Hva gjør konspirasjonsteorier? 188 PEGIDA i Norge 103 Kilder, metode og analyse 190 Høyreradikale politiske partier 105 Forskningsetikk og metode 191 Soldiers of Odin og andre borgerverngrupper 108 Presentasjon av kildene 193 Identitærbevegelsen, alt-right og andre etnonasjonalister 122 Tematikk og påstander 199 Høyreekstrem vold og hatkriminalitet 132 Muslimene 199 Utviklingen framover? 143 Eliten 209 Arbeiderpartiet 211 Kapittel 3 Mediene 215 Flyktninger 217 Fra gata til data? Ytre høyres aktivisme på internett og sosiale medier Jødene 218 Birgitte P. Haanshuus 147 Homofile 221 Innledning 147 Konspirasjonsteorier og høyreekstremisme 223 Ytre høyres nettaktivisme fra 1990-tallet til i dag 149 Konspirasjonssnakkets betydning 223 Enheter, data og forskningsmetode 154 Radikalisering? 226 Ytre høyre på internett og sosiale medier: Et oversiktsbilde 155 Fellestrekk og gjensidig bekreftelse 227 Den nordiske motstandsbevegelsen (DNM) 162 Fra meningsfellesskap til handlingsfellesskap? 228 Stopp islamiseringen av Norge (SIAN) 165 Voldsfremmende? 230 Folkebevegelsen mot innvandring (FMI) 167 Norwegian Defence League (NDL) 169 Pegida Norge 170 Kapittel 5 Oppsummering av sentrale funn og betydningen av Politiets virkemidler og rolle i forebygging av høyreekstremisme ytre høyres nettaktivisme 171 Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik og Tore Bjørgo 235 Nyere norsk forskning om forebygging av Kapittel 4 radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme 236 Handlingsplaner og opprettelse av radikaliseringskontaktene i politiet 237 Konspirasjonsteorier i det ytterliggående høyrelandskapet i Norge Etterretning, fenomen- og lokalkunnskap 239 Cora Alexa Døving og Terje Emberland 179 Endret målgruppe 242 Innledning 179 Forebyggende samtaler 244 Hva er konspirasjonsteorier? 180 Forebyggende samtaler som politirespons på hatefulle Definisjoner 180 ytringer og trusler 252 Form og struktur 182 Dialog i forbindelse med motstand mot asylmottak 253 Mistillit, anomi og ressentiment 184 Forvaltningsmessige og strafferettslige virkemidler 255 Håndtering og forebygging av hatkriminalitet og hatefulle ytringer 260 Psykiatri, rus, kriminalitet og lone actors 263 Forebygging på internett 268 Tverretatlig og tverrfaglig samarbeid 271 LITTERATURLISTE 279 Kapittel 1 Introduksjon til rapporten TORE BJØRGO En av erkjennelsene etter terrorhandlingene 22. juli 2011 var at vi manglet oppdatert kunnskap om høyreekstremisme i Norge, og
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