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Français Et Canadiens Français En Californie Par Annick Foucrier

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Français Et Canadiens Français En Californie Par Annick Foucrier Français et Canadiens français en Californie Par Annick Foucrier POUR CITER CET ARTICLE, UTILISER L’INFORMATION SUIVANTE : Foucrier, Annick (2013). «Français et Canadiens français en Californie» dans Yves Frenette, Étienne Rivard et Marc St-Hilaire (dir.), La francophonie nord-américaine. Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval (coll. «Atlas historique du Québec»). [En ligne]: https://atlas.cieq.ca/la- francophonie-nord-americaine/francais-et-canadiens-francais-en-californie.pdf Tous droits réservés. Centre interuniversitaire d’études québécoises (CIEQ) Dépôt légal (Québec et Canada), 2013. ISBN 978-2-7637-8958-3 C HAPITRE 3 L ES GRANDES MIGRATIONS , 1860-1920 FRANÇAIS ET CANADIENS FRANÇAIS EN CALIFORNIE Par Annick Foucrier L A PRÉSEN C E FRANÇAISE ET C ANADIENNE - FRANÇAISE EN C ALIFORNIE EST ATTESTÉE DEPUIS LA FIN DU XVIII e SIÈ C LE . M AR C HANDS , M ARINS , ARTISANS ET TRAPPEURS APPORTENT M AR C HAN DISES ET SAVOIR - FAIRE DANS UN M ONDE EN C ORE PEU EUROPÉANISÉ . L E FRANÇAIS JOUE ALORS UN RÔLE STRATÉGIQUE ENTRE L’ E M PIRE ESPAGNOL ET LES C O M PTOIRS QUI M ARQUENT L’AVAN C ÉE DE L’ E M PIRE RUSSE JUSQU ’AU NORD DE S AN F RAN C IS C O . L A C ONQUÊTE A M ÉRI C AINE ET LA DÉ C OUVERTE DE RI C HES M INES D ’ OR EN 1 8 4 8 DONNENT AU PAYS UNE FORTE I M PULSION DÉ M OGRAPHIQUE EN ATTIRANT DES POPULATIONS DU M ONDE ENTIER , DONT DE NO M BREUX FRAN C OPHONES VENUS NOTA mm ENT DE F RAN C E ET DU C ANADA FRANÇAIS 1. Au moment de la ruée vers l’or, les assimilatrices de l’environnement FRANCOPHONES VIVANT EN CALIFORNIE, Français arrivent nombreux, la plupart social, en dépit de leur réputation de 1850-2000 directement de France. Peu désireux résistance culturelle. DATE Nombre de Nombre de d’apprendre la langue anglaise, ils Français Canadiens français recherchent ceux qui parlent français. Les images fournies Les Canadiens français, souvent bilin- par les recensements fédéraux 1850 1 546 gues, sont particulièrement appréciés. Les recensements fédéraux offrent 1860 8 462 Des institutions et des associations un portrait utile mais incomplet des sont alors fondées : elles rassemblent populations francophones de Cali- 1870 8 068 les francophones d’origine française, fornie (VOIR LE TABLEAU). Ce n’était wallonne, suisse et canadienne, d’ailleurs pas leur fonction, même 1880 9 550 chaque nationalité conservant ses si les mouvements d’immigration 1890 11 855 1 352 particularités. La Californie étant récente sont minutieusement ana- très éloignée, il faut pour s’y rendre lysés. Dans ces recensements, les 1900 12 256 2 410 disposer d’un capital appréciable habitants sont classés en fonction de ou faire le trajet en plusieurs étapes. leur lieu de naissance : les Français 1910 17 407 3 109 Aussi les premiers arrivants sont-ils présents proviennent ainsi de l’immi- 1920 20 387 2 306 en moyenne plus âgés et plus instruits gration récente. Au contraire, un que ceux qui les suivent. certain nombre de francophones nés 1930 21 341 7 657 Pendant la période 1860-1920, la aux États-Unis dans des communautés Californie connaît une transformation franco-américaines et qui participent 1940 17 696 7 576 démographique profonde : profitant de de deux cultures ne sont pas visibles. 1950 18 448 7 990 leur dynamisme économique et de leur De plus, les intervalles entre deux attrait pour les immigrants, San Fran- recensements sont longs, et les consé- 1960 20 585 cisco, d’abord, et Los Angeles, ensuite, quences d’événements importants, accèdent au rang de grandes métropo- comme la Première Guerre mondiale 1970 20 919 les. Les immigrants s’intègrent dans qui provoque de nombreux retours 1980 23 764 les institutions fondées par leurs pré- au pays, n’apparaissent pas directe- décesseurs et en constituent d’autres, ment. On constate tout de même que 1990 25 507 appuyées sur des regroupements la population née en France et vivant régionaux. Français et Canadiens en Californie augmente lentement 2000 32 279 français, éloignés de leurs bases cultu- mais régulièrement. Dès 1890, elle Source : Recensements des États-Unis, relles, sont soumis aux pressions est au deuxième rang aux États-Unis, 1850-2000 CUEILLEURS D’ORANGES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIE, VERS 1895 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-78372 ARCHE AU COIN DES RUES KEARNY ET SUTTER, MME BL ANCHE OULIF « FRENCH MIllINERY », 1881 SAN FRANCISCO, 4 JUIllET 1876 The California State Library, 917.9461 A3 The California State Library, 3579 Célébrations ou enseignes sont autant de traces laissées par la présence francophone en Californie. derrière New York : ces migrants fran- Canadiens français à 79 % (5 % dans sont aussi employés dans les services : çais sont 12 256 en 1900, 20 387 en 1920 l’agriculture). Les principales villes marchands à San Francisco et, dans les (dont 1 864 Alsaciens et Lorrains comp- où habitent les Français sont par ordre petites villes, domestiques ou exploi- tés depuis 1880 dans la population d’importance San Francisco, Los tants agricoles (de vignobles ou de née en Allemagne) et 21 319 en 1930. Angeles, Oakland, San Diego et San vergers par exemple). L’hôtellerie, la Cette population est numériquement Jose, tandis que les Canadiens français restauration ainsi que la blanchisserie peu importante et son poids relatif à la ont une répartition légèrement dif- sont en plein développement, tandis baisse (2,2 % de la population califor- férente : Los Angeles, San Francisco, que les vendeurs, les employés de nienne en 1860, et 0,8 % en 1900). Oakland, Long Beach et San Diego. magasin et les charpentiers étaient déjà Les Canadiens français ne sont Los Angeles est leur principale desti- nombreux dans les années antérieures. comptabilisés séparément qu’à partir nation dans les années 1920. San Francisco connaît, comme les de 1890, année pendant laquelle ils comtés qui entourent la baie, une évo- sont 1 352. En 1900, ils passent à 2 410, L’héritage de la ruée vers l’or lution démographique et commerciale en 1920, à 2 306, et en 1930, à 7 657. Selon le recensement de 1870, les Fran- qui en fait l’entrepôt du Pacifique, un Dans les années 1870 et 1880, la forte çais sont surtout employés dans les lieu d’échange et de consommation émigration partie du Québec se dirige secteurs des mines et de l’artisanat ; on actif. Le quartier français de la ville se vers les usines du Massachusetts ou les retrouve ensuite dans les activités développe. Là se trouvent diverses ins- des Grands Lacs : en 1900, le Nord-Est libérales et les services aux particuliers titutions de la communauté française, compte 305 160 Canadiens français, le et, enfin, dans le commerce. L’activité en particulier un consulat, un hôpital, Midwest 77 019, et l’Ouest seulement la plus importante reste l’exploitation une église catholique, une compagnie 10 791, dont 3 516 dans le Montana. minière. De nombreux francopho- de pompiers volontaires, des écoles, En 1900, Français et Canadiens fran- nes vivent encore dans la région des des théâtres et divers commerces qui çais habitent surtout dans les comtés mines, mais les gisements les plus servent le public francophone. de San Francisco, d’Alameda et de accessibles sont épuisés et les investis- Les Français ont très tôt fondé Los Angeles, soit davantage en milieu sements nécessaires ne sont possibles une société de secours mutuel. La urbain. Les Canadiens français sont que pour ceux qui disposent d’un Société française de bienfaisance plus urbains encore que les Français : important capital. Des compagnies se mutuelle est une société charitable en en 1930, les Français âgés de plus de constituent pour exploiter les filons 1851, transformée en 1853 en société 21 ans vivent en zone urbaine à 77 % profonds, transformant les chercheurs mutuelle. Pour une cotisation men- (10 % sont dans l’agriculture) et les indépendants en salariés. Les Français suelle modérée, elle offre gratuitement L A FRANCOPHONIE NORD - AMÉRICAINE 174 de gaUche À droite Le cœur du « French-town » de Los Angeles ; quelques commercants francophones : sur la rue Los Angeles, Germain Fruit Co. Wholesale House Green and Dried california Fruits and produce ; au 136 et 138 rue N. Spring, H. Jeune «The Grocer» Teas, Coffees & Groceries; au coin des rues Aliso et Los Angeles, Ernest Fleur, Wholesale Wine & Liquor Merchant et les Sentous bros., New Orleans Meat Market . LOS ANGELES ET SES ENVIRONS, 1891 [DÉTAILS] Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, G4364.L8A3 1891.E6 soins médicaux et médicaments. Elle La population française est plus hôtellerie, transport, spéculation gère un hôpital, une pharmacie et nombreuse à San Francisco (2 203 en immobilière. Partout, les Français un service de pompes funèbres pour 1860 contre 178 à Los Angeles), mais acquièrent des terrains pour les les plus démunis. En 1869, la société son poids relatif et son importance besoins de leurs activités économiques compte 3 887 membres de différen- économique et politique sont plus et par amour de la terre. Ce projet, tes nationalités, dont 2 601 Français, élevés à Los Angeles. En 1935, un his- quasiment irréalisable en France, 60 Canadiens, 47 Belges, 25 Suisses, torien américain, J. Gregg Layne, ne est souvent ce qui les a conduits 291 Allemands, 145 Californiens et craint pas d’affirmer qu’en 1859 « Los en Californie. 146 Américains. Los Angeles a aussi Angeles est aussi française que La Entre 1854 et 1882 (sauf pendant sa société de bienfaisance mutuelle Nouvelle-Orléans ». Dans les années deux années), au moins un franco- et, à partir de 1870, son hôpital. Une 1870, la connaissance du français phone d’origine française, canadienne compagnie de pompiers volontaires, reste un atout important dans les ou suisse est membre du conseil la Compagnie Lafayette des Échelles affaires.
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