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Prof. WM Wheeler MAY 15, 1937 NATURE 827 sphere of such small diameter as that of a virus, importance of inter-related factors. The experi­ is therefore inapplicable to viruses of the size of mental study of the spread of epidemics in a the vaccinia group--about 150 millimicrons. The population of mice, as carried out for many years existence of these free-living organisms raises the at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical hope that means may yet be found for growing Medicine, has provided answers to certain of these some of the pathogenic viruses in artificial culture. problems. Thus it appears that in large herds Analysis of some recent studies of nutrition in living under conditions favourable to the spread Great Britain has shown the relative constancy in of epidemic disease, and receiving regular additions the distribution of calories between protein, fat of healthy animals, the disease will persist in­ and carbohydrate eaten by people in different definitely. The form of the mortality curve and towns : in particular, the percentage of protein the size of the herd are determined mainly hy the eaten is constant, at lO-ll per cent in St. Andrews, rate of immigration. In epidemics initiated by Cardiff and Reading. In spite of this, the types virulent organisms, the rate of mortality during the of foodstuffs eaten are widely different : in fact, early days of herd life is high, reaching a low level the constant percentage intake of protein and the between the fortieth and sixtieth days of cage similar calorie intake of people living far apart, life. The expectation of life from the twentieth are obtained independently of the type of food­ to the thirtieth day rises continuously but never stuff eaten and seem to represent the result of reaches that of normal healthy mice. It is con­ some kind of instinct. As regards the daily calorie sidered that both selection and natural immuniza­ intake, a recent investigation of the diet of more tion play a part in the increased average resistance than a hundred women students showed the daily displayed by surviving animals, the latter being intake to be 2,035 calories per person. This intake the more important. is considerably less than the usual standard of Another important subject which is discussed 3,000 calories, which has itself been considered by in the report is the problem of the prevention some workers to be too low. The analysis of these and treatment of puerperal (or childbed) fever. diets led to the conclusion that few be con­ Summing up the present position, the report states sidered really poor : on the other hand, many of that modern investigation suggests two lines of them, particularly with reference to their content prevention, with a reserve line of treatment if the of 'protective' foodstuffs such as milk, green first two lines of defence are broken down. First, vegetables and fruit, leave much to be desired. childbirth should be so conducted that access The remedy is the education of the average house­ of pathogenic organisms to the birth-canal is wife in the relative nut.ritive value of different rigorously excluded, especially streptococci from foodstuffs . the throats of medical attendants, friends or the Epidemic diseases still rema.in one of the greatest patient herself. Secondly, the diet should be of enemies of mankind, although some have been such a nature as to raise the resistance to infection partially or even completely conquered. Problems to the highest possible level; this means an ample relating to the spread of epidemics have been consumption of milk, green vegetables and other studied by field investigations of epidemics natur­ protective foods. Finally, if infection does occur, ally occurring among human beings ; but there there is evidence that the new chemotherapeutic are still many problems which have resisted field compounds, 4-sulphonamido-2-4 diaminoazobenzol investigation because the difficulties of collecting and p-aminobenzene sulphonamide, will reduce both statistical evidence prevent the assessment of the the mortality and the incidence of complications. Obituary Notices Prof. W. M. Wheeler Born at Milwaukee (Wisconsin) on March 19, 1865, N the death of Prof. William Morton Wheeler, the Wheeler graduated from the German-American I United States loses an outstanding personality in Normal College in that city in 1884. In June 1885, the biological world and a man whose reputation he became a teacher of German and philosophy in spread far beyond the confines of his native country. the High School, Milwaukee, under George W. Peck­ The first intimation of his death received in England ham, a well-known student of spiders and social was a. telegram from Dr. T. Barbour of Harvard insects. In 1887 Wheeler became custodian of the University to Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner, on April 2l. public museum in his native city, and gave up this He died suddenly in Han·ard Square, Cambridge, post in 1890 on being made a fellow of Clark Uni­ Mass., on the evening of April 19, after having only versity, under G. 0. Whitman. He graduated Ph.D. very recently returned from a journey in Mexico. there in 1892 and, in the same year, became instructor © 1937 Nature Publishing Group 828 NATURE MAY 15, 1937 in embryology at the rniversity of Chicago : in 1897 telling a good story. During his teaching career, at he was assistant professor. 'Vhile at Chicago, Wheeler the Bussey Institution, each year brought its quota went on study leave to Europe (1893-94), working of students who came to work under him. Many under Boveri at 'Viirzburg, and at Liege; h8 also who have now made distinguished careers owe their occupied tho Smithsonian table at the Naples Zoo­ start to Wheeler's counsel and guidance. His interest logical Station. In 1899 he became professor of was mainly in the research man rather than zoology at the University of Texas; in 1903 he was the undergraduate. Having discussed a programme made curator of invertebrate zoology in the American of work with a student, the latter was usually left to :Yiusenm of Natural History, New York, and from his own devices, for Wheeler rarely visited his 1908 until 1935 he was professor of entomology at st.udents in the laboratory. All who brought their Harvard University. In addition to the last-named difficulties to him, however, found him both helpful post, he was dean of the Bussey Institution of that and sympathetic. Wheeler possessed the faculty of rniversity from 1915 until 1929. inspiring confidence in his men and succeeded in :Much of early researches were in the stimulating their best efforts. domain of general zoology-especially morphology Wheeler was a man of simple tastes and with the and embryology. Mention may be made of his work mind of a scholar. Besides a knowledge of the on the development of the urino-genital system of classics, he was thoroughly familiar with several the lamprey (Zool. Jahrb., 13, Anat. ; 1899) : his European languages. His favourite reading for a contribution on the peculiar Annelid Myzostoma number of years past covered many aspects of (Xaples Mitt., 12; 1896) and his large treatises on philosophy, psychology and sociology, written in insect embryology (J. Morph., 3 ; 1889: 8; 1893) several tongues. With this background, ripened by besides several articles written in German and con­ extensive travel and first-hand observation in the tributed to the Zoologischer Anzeiger. Wheeler's tropics and other lands, he brought to bear a pene­ work on insect embryology, it may be added, is still trating insight into his interpretation of the evolution important to-day. This kind of occupation, however, and behaviour of social insects. As expositions of failed to stisfy him : "My association with Peckham, such phenomena his writings are unsurpassed. 'Vhitman and Patten," he wrote, "had converted me Wheeler belonged to most of the chief scientific into a hard-boiled morphologist." Henceforth he societies of America. He held the degrees of Sc.D. of devoted himself to the insect world and developed Harvard and Chicago Universities and of LL.D. of his predominant interest in ant life. On this subject the University of California. He was an honorary alone he must have published more than a hundred member of the Entomological Societies of France a.nd fifty papers, covering most aspects of their and Belgium and was one of the twelve honorary economy. On the systematic side he has left a great fellows of the Royal Entomological Society of output of high-class work, but it was the living London. His first visit to Europe was in 1893 and he creatures which attracted him most and especially last visited England in 1935, when he attended the the peculiar relations of ants to other insects and to British Association meeting of that year. He married the plant world. In addition to his great text-book Miss Dora Bay Emerson of Rockford, Illinois, in 1898, on ants (1910), in the Columbia Biological Series, the who survives him together with a son and a daughter. treatise of more than 1,000 pages on the ants of the A. D. IMMS. Belgian Congo (1921-1922) is a monument to his industry and to the other workers who collaborated with him. lectures given at the Lowell Prof. L. Mangin Institute, Boston, in 1922 formed the basis of his LoUIS MANGIN, former director of the Museum book "Social Life among the Insects" (1923). This national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris, died at Orly work was greatly amplified in the elaborately docu­ on January 27 last. Born at Paris on September mented "Social Insects, their Origin and Evolution" 8, 1852, Mangin was of Lorraine origin.
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