DOCSLIB.ORG

THE GOTHIC VERSION of the NEW TESTAMENT* Carla Falluomini I. I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE GOTHIC VERSION of the NEW TESTAMENT* Carla Falluomini I. I chapter twelve THE GOTHIC VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT* Carla Falluomini I. Introduction The Bible was translated into Gothic by Wul la (or Ul la), bishop of the Goths, or more likely by a team under his supervision.1 The translation was probably begun orally in Dacia,2 as Wul la was lector,3 and completed in Moesia Inferior, after his settlement (347–348) near Nicopolis ad Istrum.4 Seven now incomplete manuscripts—most likely copied in Italy in the rst third of the sixth century—transmit part of this version: around three- fths * I am grateful to J. Albert Harrill, Michael W. Holmes, Antonio Piras, Ulrich B. Schmid, and Klaus Wachtel for many helpful comments; thanks are also owed to Andreas Juckel and Siegfried Richter for their information on the Syriac and Coptic versions, respectively. Of course, responsibility for faults is entirely my own. 1 On various renditions of the Gothic bishop’s name, see Ernst A. Ebbinghaus, “Ul la(s) or Wul la?” Historische Sprachforschung 104 (1991): 236–238; on the translation of the Gothic Bible, see Philostorgius, Hist. Eccl. II.5; Socrates, Hist. Eccl. IV.33; and Sozomen, Hist. Eccl. VI.37. About Wul la’s work see Piergiuseppe Scardigli, Die Goten: Sprache und Kultur (Munich: Beck, 1973), 95–132; and the literature cited in Bibliographia gotica amplicata (ed. C.T. Petersen; Hanau: Syllabus, 2005). 2 Where Wul la settled, north of the Danube, is unknown. The Visigoths occupied Bessarabia, Muntenia, Moldavia, and eastern and central Transylvania; see the old but still useful Edward A. Thompson, The Visigoths in the Time of Ulla (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966), 4. 3 Maximinus, diss. 35, in Scripta Arriana Latina I (ed. R. Gryson; Turnhout: Brepols, 1982), 149–171. Regarding the difusion of the Christianity among the Goths, see Knut Schäferdiek, “Gotien: Eine Kirche im Vorfeld des frühbyzantinischen Reichs,” Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 33 (1990 [1991]): 36–52, and idem, “Das gotische Christentum im vierten Jahrhun- dert,” in Triuwe: Studien zur Sprachgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft: Gedächtnisbuch für Elfriede Stutz (ed. K.-F. Kraft et al.; Heidelberg: Heidelberger Verlagsanstalt, 1992), 19–50. 4 Near to the modern Nikyup (Northern Bulgaria). On Wul la in Moesia, see, e.g., Velizar Velkov, “Wul la und die Gothi minores in Moesien,” Klio 71 (1989): 525–527; Herwig Wol- fram, Die Goten: Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts: Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie, vol. 3 (neubearb. Au.; Munich: Beck, 1990), 73, 89; Peter Heather, The Goths (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), especially 60–61, 90–91. 330 carla falluomini of the Gospels, around two-thirds of the Pauline Epistles, and a small portion of the Old Testament (Nehemiah 5–7).5 The Gothic version is a word-by-word translation. It cannot help in iden- tifying the Vorlage when the Greek traditions diverge in the use of tenses and moods, and in the presence or absence of articles or demonstrative pro- nouns;6 it is reliable regarding textual additions or omissions, and, in many cases, word order.7 Because of its adherence to the Byzantine text,8 the Gothic version has been omitted in the critical apparatus both of Novum Testamentum Graece9 5 Codex Argenteus (Uppsala, Universitetsbiblioteket, DG 1, 187f. [http://www.ub.uu.se/ arv/codex/faksimiledition/contents.html] + Speyer, Historisches Museum der Pfalz, 1f.; Gos- pels), Codex Carolinus (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Guelf. 64 Weiss., f. 255, 256, 277, 280; now palimpsest; Pauline Epistles [http://diglib.hab.de/mss/64-weiss/start.htm]), Codex Gissensis (Giessen, Universitätsbibliothek, 651/20, part of a bifolio, now lost; Gospels [http://bibd.uni-giessen.de/papyri/images/pbug-inv018--1.jpg and http://bibd.uni-giessen .de/papyri/images/pbug-inv018--2.jpg]), Ambrosianus A (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, S 36 sup., 102f. + Turin, Biblioteca Universitaria Nazionale, f. IV.1 Fasc. 10, 4f.; now palimpsest; Pauline Epistles), Ambrosianus B (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, S 45 sup., 78f.; now palim- psest; Pauline Epistles), Ambrosianus C (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, I 61 sup., f. 90, 91; now palimpsest; Gospels), and Ambrosianus D (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, G 82 sup., f. 209, 210, 451, 452, 461, 462; now palimpsest; Old Testament). The Gothic manuscripts were writ- ten with a proper alphabet, devised by Wul la, but after the Greek-Gothic war (535–553), there were no longer many Goths who could understand the Gothic alphabet and language. As was the case with Greek and Hebrew codices that circulated in Italy, so also the Gothic manuscripts were palimpsested during the seventh and eighth centuries (most of them in the monastery of Bobbio, in northern Italy). Also the fact that the Goths were Arians may have played a role in the loss of Gothic texts. On Wul la as creator of the Gothic alphabet, see Patrizia Lendinara, “Wul la as the Inventor of the Gothic Alphabet: The Tradition in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages,” General Linguistics 32 (1992): 217–225; on the Gothic codices, see Carla Falluomini, “Kodikologische Bemerkungen über die Handschriften der Goten,” Scriptorium 60 (2006): 3–37. 6 See George W.S. Friedrichsen, “Limitations of Gothic in representing Greek,” in The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origins, Transmission, and Limitations (by Bruce M. Metzger; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 388–393. 7 In the cases where there are not any textual variants in the Greek tradition, the word order of the Gothic translation follows closely the order of the Greek text. Therefore, it can be supposed that the deviations of the Gothic text—when they are not traceable to Gothic syntactical particularities—depend upon the Greek Vorlage. Doubts can arise concerning the position of the demonstrative, personal, and possessive pronouns. 8 For his translation, Wul la used a manuscript (or manuscripts) of the early Byzantine text type; see below. A summary of earlier studies on this topic in Metzger, Early Versions, 384–385. 9 Novum Testamentum Graece, post Eberhard et Erwin Nestle […] communiter (ed. Bar- bara Aland et al.; 27th rev. ed., 9th rev. pr.; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006). Although mentioned in the introduction (here 29* and 70*); the Gothic version never appears in the apparatus..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On the Medieval Urban Economy in Wallachia
    iANALELE ŞTIIN łIFICE ALE UNIVERSIT Ăł II „ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” DIN IA ŞI Tomul LVI Ştiin Ńe Economice 2009 ON THE MEDIEVAL URBAN ECONOMY IN WALLACHIA Lauren Ńiu R ĂDVAN * Abstract The present study focuses on the background of the medieval urban economy in Wallachia. Townspeople earned most of their income through trade. Acting as middlemen in the trade between the Levant and Central Europe, the merchants in Br ăila, Târgovi şte, Câmpulung, Bucure şti or Târg şor became involved in trading goods that were local or had been brought from beyond the Carpathians or the Black Sea. Raw materials were the goods of choice, and Wallachia had vast amounts of them: salt, cereals, livestock or animal products, skins, wax, honey; mostly imported were expensive cloth or finer goods, much sought after by the local rulers and boyars. An analysis of the documents indicates that crafts were only secondary, witness the many raw goods imported: fine cloth (brought specifically from Flanders), weapons, tools. Products gained by practicing various crafts were sold, covering the food and clothing demand for townspeople and the rural population. As was the case with Moldavia, Wallachia stood out by its vintage wine, most of it coming from vineyards neighbouring towns. The study also deals with the ethnicity of the merchants present on the Wallachia market. Tradesmen from local towns were joined by numerous Transylvanians (Bra şov, Sibiu), but also Balkans (Ragussa) or Poles (Lviv). The Transylvanian ones enjoyed some privileges, such as tax exemptions or reduced customs duties. Key words: regional history; medieval trade; charters of privilege; merchants; craftsmen; Wallachia JEL classification: N93 1.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download Roman Imperial Coinage Volume II
    ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE VOLUME II, PART 3 : FROM AD 117 TO AD 138 - HADRIAN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Richard Abdy | 608 pages | 13 May 2020 | Spink & Son Ltd | 9781912667185 | English | London, United Kingdom Roman Imperial Coinage Volume II, Part 3 : From AD 117 to AD 138 - Hadrian PDF Book Rahden : Marie Leidorf. From Vespasian to Domitian AD 69— The diameter is 20 mm and is 2. Leicester Archaeology Monographs From: T. Sydenham and C. A bright and clear example with a spectacular portrait. Seller Image. Ancient Coins. Grandson of Germanicus , step-, and adopted son of Claudius. Volume VII. Q in left field , AK in right field. Coinage and money under the Roman Republic: Italy and the Mediterranean economy. Jones , D. Weber , 53 — Lattara Denomination: Denarius. AR Antoninianus mm, 4. Reigned 9 August 16 March Any copyright remains with the original holders. Chameroy , J. In this publication Fleur Kemmers gives an overview of 21st century scholarship on Roman coinage for students and scholars in the fields of ancient history and Roman archaeology. Munich : Beck. Reigned June - August , Governor of Moesia Superior , proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Decius 's death and in opposition to Hostilian ; made his son Volusianus co-emperor in late AD. Interest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months. Watch this item. Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Any international postage is paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Email to friends Share on Facebook - opens in a new window or tab Share on Twitter - opens in a new window or tab Share on Pinterest - opens in a new window or tab Watch this item.
    [Show full text]
  • Coins, Forts and Commercial Exchanges in the Sixth- And
    Journal Code Article ID Dispatch: 16.08.17 CE: O J O A 1 2 1 2 3 No. of Pages: 16 ME: 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 FLORIN CURTA Q153 5 54 6 55 7 COINS, FORTS AND COMMERCIAL EXCHANGES IN THE SIXTH- 56 8 AND EARLY SEVENTH-CENTURY BALKANS 57 9 58 10 59 11 60 12 61 13 Summary. The nature of settlements in the sixth-century Balkans is a matter of 62 14 current debate. Amphorae and hoards of iron implements and weapons have been 63 15 discussed in relation to this controversy. A key problem is that of the use of coins in 64 16 an economic environment without any large-scale agricultural production. While 65 17 hoards of coins have been analyzed in relation to the presence of the military in 66 18 the Balkans, single finds of coins remain a category of archaeological evidence 67 19 commonly neglected in discussions of the sixth-century economy. The article 68 20 offers an explanation connected with the quaestura exercitus implemented in 69 21 536, and its conclusion is that the small copper denominations discovered on 70 22 hilltop sites in the Balkans were not obtained on the market (none existed in 71 23 any of the many hilltop sites known so far), but piggybacked on transports of 72 24 annona. 73 25 74 26 75 27 76 28 77 INTRODUCTION 29 78 30 The nature or character of the settlement pattern in the sixth-century Balkans has been a 79 31 subject of debate among historians and archaeologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Administrator S.A.I
    ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ADMINISTRATOR S.A.I. MUNTENIA INVEST S.A. ON SIF MUNTENIA S.A.’S ACTIVITY IN 2020 Prepared in accordance with Law no. 24/2017 on issuers of financial instruments and market operations, Law 74/2015 on managers of alternative investment funds, FSA Regulations no. 5/2018 regarding the issuers of financial instruments and market operations, the Bucharest Stock Exchange Code - Regulated Market Operator - and Rule no. 39/2015 for the approval of the Accounting Regulations compliant with the International Financial Reporting Standards, applicable to entities authorized, regulated and supervised by the Financial Supervisory Authority in the Financial Instruments and Investments Sector Reporting date: 31.12.2020 GENERAL INFORMATION Societatea de Investiții Financiare Muntenia S.A. (hereinafter reffered to as “SIF COMPANY NAME Muntenia” or “The Company”) • Tax Identification Code 3168735 • Trade Register Number J40/27499/1992 REGISTRATIONS • LEI Code 2549007DHG4WLBMAAO98 • FSA Register number PJR09SIIR/400005 78,464,520.10 lei – subscribed and paid-up share capital SHARE CAPITAL 784,645,201 – issued shares, under circulation 0.1 lei – nominal value CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHARES Common, nominative, indivisible, dematerialized REGULATED MARKET ON WHICH Bucharest Stock Exchange, main segment, premium tier, SIF4 symbol THE SECURITIES ISSUED ARE TRADED The main field of activity is, according to the classification of activities in the national economy (CANE): financial intermediation except insurance and pension fund activities (CANE code 64), and the main object of activity is: Mutual funds and other similar financial entities (CANE code 6430): • making financial investments in order to maximize the value of its own MAIN ACTIVITY shares, in accordance with the regulations in force; • managing the investment portfolio and exercising all the rights associated with the instruments in which it is invested; • risk management • other ancillary and adjacent activities, in accordance with the regulations in force.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gothic Manuscripts
    I have become interested in the Gothic manuscripts while studying the etymology of the Finnish word juhla 'celebration.' Since Finnish is known to be a linguistic icebox where old Germanic words which disappeared from Germanic languages are preserved, I soon found myself poring over the Gothic manuscripts. Gothic is the oldest Germanic language of which written material has survived. However, examining the photographic rendering of the Gothic parchments is not a straightforward task. The manuscripts have been studied for more than 400 years, however, the reading of some parts of them is unreliable. This paper is the sum of knowledge and material I collected and the software I have either assembled or created to facilitate a digital deciphering and presentation of those photos. The study of the manuscripts with the aid of digital technology is only in its beginning. My study is an inter-disciplinary endeavor and, as such, does not belong entirely to any academic domain. I am grateful to Professor Reino Kurki-Suonio for his open-minded approach, his support, and valuable advice. I thank Professor Karen Egiazarian for his support and guidance in the area of digital image processing. In the area of acquiring and digitizing the photos of the manuscripts I wish to thank Lars Munkhammar and Ilkka Alavalkama for their technical support. I also thank Christian Petersen for his comments on the reference list. David Landau [email protected] Tampere, October 9, 2001 Table of Comtents 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 2. DIGITIZING CULTURAL HERITAGE .................................................................... 3 3. DIGITIZING OLD TEXTS .......................................................................................... 6 3.1. Old Text in Image Mode ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Remaking of the Dacian Identity in Romania and the Romanian Diaspora
    THE REMAKING OF THE DACIAN IDENTITY IN ROMANIA AND THE ROMANIAN DIASPORA By Lucian Rosca A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Sociology Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA The Remaking of the Dacian Identity in Romania and the Romanian Diaspora A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University By Lucian I. Rosca Bachelor of Arts George Mason University, 2015 Director: Patricia Masters, Professor Department of Sociology Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis coordinators: Professor Patricia Masters, Professor Dae Young Kim, Professor Lester Kurtz, and my wife Paula, who were of invaluable help. Fi- nally, thanks go out to the Fenwick Library for providing a clean, quiet, and well- equipped repository in which to work. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Full Document About Romania
    About Romania Romania (Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨni.a]) is a country in Southeastern Europe sited in a historic region that dates back to antiquity. It shares border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Romania has a stretch of sea coast along the Black Sea. It is located roughly in the lower basin of the Danube and almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory. Romania is a parliamentary unitary state. As a nation-state, the country was formed by the merging of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and it gained recognition of its independence in 1878. Later, in 1918, they were joined by Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia. At the end of World War II, parts of its territories (roughly the present day Moldova) were occupied by USSR and Romania became a member of Warsaw Pact. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Romania started a series of political and economic reforms that peaked with Romania joining the European Union. Romania has been a member of the European Union since January 1, 2007, and has the ninth largest territory in the EU and with 22 million people [1] it has the 7th largest population among the EU member states. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti /bu.kureʃtʲ/ (help·info)), the sixth largest city in the EU with almost 2 million people. In 2007, Sibiu, a large city in Transylvania, was chosen as European Capital of Culture.[2] Romania joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and is also a member of the Latin Union, of the Francophonie and of OSCE.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Provincial Coins
    ROMAN PROVINCIAL COINS 86 Æ 87 Æ 88 Æ 86 MACEDON. Amphipolis. Severus Alexander, 222-235 AD. AE 21. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. / Cybele seated l., holding a patera, fish in ex. BMC 133. Rich medium brown. Choice Almost EF 175. 87 MOESIA INFERIOR. Nicopolis ad Istrum. Septimius Severus, 193-211 AD. AE 27. Laureate head r. / Two bound captives seated on shields at base of trophy of arms. Moushmov 932var. Scarce. Apple-green with minor burgundy- red deposits Good VF 125. 88 THRACE. Hadrianopolis. Geta, 209-211 AD. AE 28. Laureate, draped bust r. / The Third Labor of Hercules: Hercules and the Erymanthian Boar, King Eurystheus cowering in a jar. Moushmov 2675var. Olive- and forest-green F to About VF 1,000. CHOICE PERINTHOS MEDALLION OF SEVERUS ALEXANDER 89 Æ 89 Perinthos. Severus Alexander, 222-235 AD. AE Medallion. 41mm, 33.29 gm. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. / Sarapis standing l. holding a scepter, saluting at altar. Moushmov 4655. RARE. Deep olive-green, near black Choice VF 1,500. VERY RARE MEDALLION OF PERINTHOS IN ALLIANCE WITH KYZIKOS 90 Æ 90 Perinthos in Homonoia with Kyzikos. Gordian III, 238-244 AD. AE Medallion of 12 Assaria. 37.6mm, 30.79 gm. Laureate and cuirassed bust r., the front of his cuirass adorned with a gorgoneion; AVT K M ANT ΓO-P∆IANOC AYΓ / Kore of Kyzikos standing l., holding staff, presenting grain-ears as an offering over a burning altar; Tyche of Perinthos standing r., holding a cornucopiae, pouring an offering from her phiale; ΠEPINΘIΩN ∆IC NEOK-OPΩN, OMO/NOI/A, KYZIKHN/ΩN in ex.
    [Show full text]
  • ZILELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” Ediţia a III-A, Cluj-Napoca, 14–15 Septembrie 2017
    CAIETELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU III Actele Conferinţei Internaţionale „ZILELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” Ediţia a III-a, Cluj-Napoca, 14–15 septembrie 2017 CAIETELE SEXTIL PUȘCARIU CONSILIUL ȘTIINȚIFIC IOAN BOLOVAN (Cluj-Napoca), MIRCEA BORCILĂ (Cluj-Napoca), ALEXANDRINA CERNOV (Cernăuţi), GHEORGHE CHIVU (București), ION MĂRII (Cluj-Napoca), ROBERTO MERLO (Torino), MARIUS SALA (București), EUGEN SIMION (Bucureşti), ION SIMUŢ (Oradea), ION TALOŞ (Köln), DORIN URIŢESCU (Toronto), GISÈLE VANHESE (Cosenza) COMITETUL DE REDACŢIE EUGEN PAVEL – director NICOLAE MOCANU – redactor-şef DUMITRU LOȘONȚI, ADRIAN TUDURACHI – redactori-şef adjuncți COSMINA BERINDEI, COSMIN BORZA, ELENA FAUR, ANDREEA-NORA POP, VERONICA VLASIN, BOGDAN HARHĂTĂ (secretar ştiinţific de redacţie) © Institutul de Lingvistică şi Istorie Literară „Sextil Puşcariu” ISSN 2393 ‒ 526X ISSN‒L 2393 ‒ 526X COMITETUL DE REDACŢIE ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ 400165 Cluj-Napoca, Str. Emil Racoviţă, nr. 21 Filiala Cluj-Napoca Tel./ fax: +40 264 432440 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Str. Republicii, nr. 9 e-mail: [email protected] Tel./ fax: +40 264 592363 web: http://inst-puscariu.ro/CaieteleSPI.html e-mail: [email protected] ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ Filiala Cluj-Napoca INSTITUTUL DE LINGVISTICĂ ŞI ISTORIE LITERARĂ „SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” CAIETELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU III Actele Conferinţei Internaţionale „ZILELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” Ediţia a III-a, Cluj-Napoca, 14–15 septembrie 2017 Cluj-Napoca SCRIPTOR • ARGONAUT 2017 Coperta: CĂLIN STEGEREAN Layout: Editura Scriptor Tiparul a fost finanţat de Societatea Română de Dialectologie Proiect realizat cu sprijinul Primăriei şi al Consiliului Local Cluj-Napoca Editura Argonaut este acreditată CNCSIS/CNC, pe domeniul Philologie, nivel B, din anul 2002. —————————————————————————————— Editura Scriptor Editura Argonaut 400457 Cluj-Napoca, str. Septimiu Albini, nr. 11 400545 Cluj-Napoca, str. Ciucaş, nr.5/15 Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gothic Invasions of the Mid-3Rd C. A.D. and the Battle of Abritus: Coins
    The Gothic invasions of the mid-3rd c. A.D. and the Battle of Abritus: coins and archaeology in east-central Barbaricum* Aleksander Bursche and Kirill Myzgin (Kирилл Мызгин) In the Numismatic Chronicle for 2013, A. Bursche put forward the proposition that the imperial treasury was seized by the Goths when in A.D. 251 they crushed the Roman army at Abritus.1 Most of the plundered Roman gold was presumably in the form of coin (ingots are neither excluded nor confirmed). This gold has now been traced with some confidence to archaeological sites of the Wielbark and the Chernyakhiv cultures, in particular to grave assemblages dated to the second half of the 3rd c. (phase C1b-C2 of the Late Roman period).2 This had even broader consequences, since the capture of an enormous amount of gold by the barbarians could have been the immediate cause of the deterioration of the aureus under Decius’ successors.3 The conclusion that the Roman imperial treasury was captured by the Goths at Abritus is based chiefly upon analysis of the evidence of coin finds, above all the aurei of Decius and his immediate predecessors recovered from barbarian contexts and then those iden- tified in museum collections. These finds evidently cluster in Pomerania, E Poland and W Ukraine, territories settled in the second quarter of the 3rd c. by people of the Wielbark culture, and in the territory of the Chernyakhiv culture. Outside this area, and includ- ing the territory of the empire itself, the same finds category is hardly recorded. Nearly all of the coins are pierced, the hole having been made from the obverse, usually above the emperor’s head, but some of them were cut up.
    [Show full text]
  • A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Vol. II
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Vol. II. by Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Vol. II. Author: Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener Release Date: June 28, 2011 [Ebook 36549] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PLAIN INTRODUCTION TO THE CRITICISM OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, VOL. II.*** A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament For the Use of Biblical Students By The Late Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener M.A., D.C.L., LL.D. Prebendary of Exeter, Vicar of Hendon Fourth Edition, Edited by The Rev. Edward Miller, M.A. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford Vol. II. George Bell & Sons, York Street, Covent Garden London, New York, and Cambridge 1894 Contents Chapter I. Ancient Versions. .3 Chapter II. Syriac Versions. .8 Chapter III. The Latin Versions. 53 Chapter IV. Egyptian Or Coptic Versions. 124 Chapter V. The Other Versions Of The New Testament. 192 Chapter VI. On The Citations From The Greek New Tes- tament Or Its Versions Made By Early Ecclesiastical Writers, Especially By The Christian Fathers. 218 Chapter VII. Printed Editions and Critical Editions. 231 Chapter VIII. Internal Evidence. 314 Chapter IX. History Of The Text.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Historical Migration and Investments in Modern-Day Romania
    CA' FOSCARI UNIVERSITY OF VENICE UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM Double Degree Laurea Magistrale in Economia e gestione delle aziende Master of Science in International Business and Economics Department of Management Associate Professor Dr. Giovanni Favero Master-Thesis Italian Historical Migration and Investments in Modern-day Romania Liviu Constantin Jakob 848196 / 425517 [email protected] [email protected] Venice, October 9th 2014 1 Executive Summary The present master thesis analyses the common historical and economic relationship between Italy and Romania, two countries of Latin origin that have been both founded by the middle of the 19th century, through the unification of different former states of same roots, language, culture and history. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter covers the middle ages and then the period from the 19th century until 1945, when Italian craftsmen, especially from the provinces of North-Eastern Italy, came to the newly established Romanian Kingdom, laying the foundation for the nowadays officially recognized Italian minority in Romania. The second chapter presents the economic and social relationships between Italy and Romania during the time of the communist regime, which was imposed to Romania by the Soviet Union after World War 2 and lasted until the end of 1989. Chapter three presents the status of the Italian minority after the revolution of 1989 and until today. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, the markets of the former communist states in Eastern Europe were opened to western products and investments. Also Romania opened its economy step by step during the transitional period from communism to capitalism and free market.
    [Show full text]