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An Ecological Study of the Effect of the Long-Horned Beetle Species

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An Ecological Study of the Effect of the Long-Horned Beetle Species An Ecological Study of the Effect of the Long-horned Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the Acacia Species in the Gum Arabic Belt of the Kordo- fan Region, Sudan Dissertation for awarding the academic degree Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer.nat.) Submitted by Maymoona Ahmed Eisa Eldow Supervisor: Mrs. Prof. Dr. Mechthild Roth Technische Universität Dresden, Germany Mr. Prof. Yasir Gasm Elsseed A. Bashir Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani, Sudan Dresden, 01.09.2011 I Explanation of the doctoral candidate This is to certify that this copy is fully congruent with the original copy of the dissertation with the topic: „An Ecological Study of the Effect of the Long-horned Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Cerambyci- dae) on the Acacia Species in the Gum Arabic Belt of the Kordofan Region, Sudan “ Dresden, 01.09.2011 Maymoona Ahmed Eisa Eldow II Declaration I hereby certify that this thesis entitled “An Ecological Study of the Effect of the Long-horned Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the Acacia Species in the Gum Arabic Belt of the Kordofan Region, Sudan” is my own work and that it has not been submitted anywhere for the award of any other academic degree. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been duly acknowledged in the text. Tharandt, 01.09.2011 Maymoona Ahmed Eisa Eldow III ABSTRACT Acacia species producing gum Arabic are of great (socio)-economic, and ecological im- portance in Sudan. Insect attacks are one of the main causal agents in the decline in the gum Arabic yielding trees. Infested trees are almost totally damaged if the infestation is left un- treated. The beetle family Cerambycidae is one of the largest groups of insects. Commonly referred to as long-horned beetles, these pests destroy host trees, having a great affect during times of drought. Many studies have been completed about the effect of long-horned beetles in various global settings. However, in Sudan, there is limited information about the insects’ ecological, biolog- ical, and even basic, profile. Thus, in this dissertation I study the spectrum, relative abundance, and phenology of the long- horned beetle species that are infesting Acacia species in Kordofan region (Sudan). Seven species were recorded using interception traps. These included Anthracocentrus arabicus (Thomson, 1877), Crossotus strigifrons (Fairmaire, 1886), Crossotus subocellatus subocella- tus (Fairmaire, 1886), Doesus telephoroides Pascoe, 1862, Gasponia gaurani Fairmaire, 1892, Titoceres jaspideus (Serville, 1835) and Tithoes sp.. Two species were recorded using ground - photoeclectors: Crossotus albicollis (Guérin, 1844) and Coelodon servum White, 1853. Most of the species are known from other Arabian and African countries. However Coelodon servum White, 1853, Doesus telephoroides Pascoe, 1862, and Gasponia gaurani Fairmaire, 1892 were recorded in this study for the first time in Sudan. Results from flight interception traps indicated peak activity density of long-horned beetles during the rainy season (June – September), with maximum occurrence in June and peak oc- currence in August. All study sites showed infestations of long-horned beetles, but the level of infestation varied between sites and Acacia species. The El Demokeya reserve forest indicated the highest per- centage of infestation out of all the sites surveyed in this study. The infestation ranged be- IV tween 57.1% and 100.0% for Acacia senegal, between 5.9% and 26.7% for Acacia mellifera, and 0% to 23.1% for Acacia seyal study sites. Acacia species differed also with respect to the spatial infestation pattern. Results indicated the maximum (95.5%) presence of holes of infestation in the branches of A. senegal when compared to the trunk. Holes of infestation were recorded in all directions, with a minimal occurrence on the south side (18.2%). Opposite results were obtained for A. mellifera with the maximum number of holes in the trunks (46.2%), while branches were less affected. In addi- tion results obtained showed no presence of holes in the branches of A. seyal. Moreover, this study focuses on the assessment of tree characteristics that may trigger the infestation. Logistic regression indicated that tree age was the only predictor for the infesta- tion with long-horned beetles – at least for Acacia senegal. A significance difference was ob- tained for the stand height curve between non-infested and infested trees of Acacia species, except A. senegal stands at El Demokeya. The study was supplemented by qualitative data, produced from a survey of gum landowners. This questionnaire indicated the level of awareness that gum landowners had with regard to long-horned beetles and their infestations. The results of this survey denoted that 95.0% of gum farmers were aware of the long-horned beetles, while 49.2% indicated an awareness about infestations, mentioning the emergence holes as damage characteristics. V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Als Lieferanten von Gummi Arabicum erlangen Akazienarten im Sudan eine große sozio- ökonomische und auch ökologische Relevanz. Der Befall mit Insekten zählt zu den Hauptursachen für ihren Rückgang. Falls der Befall nicht bekämpft wird, sterben die Bäume meist ab. Die Familie der Bockkäfer zählt weltweit zu den artenreichsten Insektengruppen. Als Schädlinge zerstören sie ihre Wirtsbäume insbesondere während der Trockenzeit. Über die Auswirkungen von Bockkäfern auf ihre Wirtsbäume existieren weltweit bereits zahlreiche Studien. Allerdings ist im Sudan der Kenntnissstand über die ökologischen und biologischen Ansprüche der einheimischen Arten gering. Ziel dieser Dissertation war es deshalb Artenspektrum, relative Individuendichten und phänologische Aspekte von Bockkäferarten, die Akazien befallen zu analysieren am Beispiel der Region Kordofan (Sudan). Sieben Arten wurden mit Hilfe von Fensterfallen erfasst. Dazu gehören: Anthracocentrus arabicus (Thomson, 1877), Crossotus strigifrons (Fairmaire, 1886), Crossotus subocellatus subocellatus (Fairmaire, 1886), Doesus telephoroides Pascoe, 1862, Gasponia gaurani Fairmaire, 1892, Titoceres jaspideus (Serville, 1835) und Tithoes sp.. Zwei Arten wurden mit Boden-Photoeklektoren gefangen: Crossotus albicollis (Guérin, 1844) und Coelodon servum White, 1853. Die meisten der erfassten Arten sind aus arabischen und afrikanischen Ländern bekannt. Allerdings gelang im Rahmen dieser Studie der erste Nachweis Coelodon servum White, 1853, Doesus telephoroides Pascoe, 1862, and Gasponia gaurani Fairmaire, 1892 für den Sudan. Wie die Ergebnisse der Fensterfallen belegen, erreichten die Bockkäferimagines ihre größte Aktivität während der Regenzeit (Juni - September) mit einem Maximum im Juni und einem zweiten Gipfel im August. Auf allen Versuchsflächen war der Befall mit Bockkäfern offensichtlich, allerdings variierte der Befallsgrad zwischen den Versuchsflächen und den Akazienarten. Die höchsten Befallsraten traten auf der Versuchsfläche “El Demokeya reserve forest” auf mit Raten VI zwischen 57.1% and 100.0% für Acacia senegal. Bei Acacia mellifera schwankten die Befallsraten zwischen 5.9% und 26.7%, bei Acacia seyal zwischen 0% und 23.1%. Auch hinsichtlich des räumlichen Befallsmusters unterschieden sich die Akazienarten. Bei A. senegal traten – verglichen mit dem Stamm – 95.5% der Bohrlöcher an den Ästen auf. Ein Befall trat in allen Himmelsrichtungen auf, mit einem Minimum auf der Südseite (18.2%). Gegensätzliche Ergebnisse wurden für Acacia mellifera erzielt. Hier fanden sich die meisten Einbohrlöcher am Stamm (46.2%), während die Äste weniger befallen waren. Darüber hinaus war bei A. seyal kein Befall an den Ästen nachzuweisen. Desweiteren fokussierte die Dissertation auf die Erfassung von Merkmalen der Akazien, die in Zusammenhang stehen mit der Befallsdisposition. Eine logistische Regressionsanalyse belegte, dass von allen untersuchten Variablen nur das Alter der Bäume mit dem Bockkäferbefall korrelierte – zumindest bei Acacia senegal. Signifikante Unterschiede existierten zwischen den “ StandeshöhenKurve” befallener und nicht befallener Bäume der Akaziaarten, ausser bei A. senegal auf der Versuchsfläche at El Demokeya. Ergänzt wurde die Studie durch eine Befragung der Landbesitzer hinsichtlich ihres Kenntnisstandes zum Befall mit Bockkäfern. 95% der Gummiproduzenten waren Bockkäfer bekannt, 49,2% wussten Bescheid über die Befallsmerkmale so zum Beispiel die typischen Bohrlöcher. VII VIII DEDICATION To my kind husband, Al sir Rabie Osman Hussein To my father Ahmed Eisa, from whom I learned the realities of life To my mother Fatima Ahmed, from whom I learned the realities of love To Helga Goldhammer and Dr. Herbert Goldhammer, from whom I got kindness and self- lessness I dedicate this work with great love and respect Maymoona Ahmed Eisa Eldow IX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The positive contribution provided by many individuals and several institutions during the completion of this study is highly appreciated. I am enormously indebted to the Chair of For- est Zoology at the Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Dresden University of Technology, I am thankful to have such a pleasant opportunity for completing my PhD re- search. First of all, let me express my endless gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Roth, the Head of Forest Zoology Chair, for her acquaintances and fruitful and wonderful supervision. I am particularly thankful for the staff of the Chair of Forest Zoology, especially Dr. Ratschker, for their unlimited cooperation and support during my study. I am extremely grateful to Professor Yasir GasmElseed A. Bashir,
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