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Stellenzicht Wine Estate Historical Background

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Stellenzicht Wine Estate Historical Background Stellenzicht Wine Estate Historical Background Prepared for Stellenzicht Wines (Pty) Ltd and Rumour Has It By Melanie Attwell and Associates 2 Caxton Close Oakridge Constantia 0827716286 0217150330 1 © Melanie Attwell & Associates - Stellenzicht Historical Background, October 2018 Stellenzicht Wine Estate: Historical background Introduction Melanie Attwell and Associates was appointed by Stellenzicht Wines (Pty) Ltd to undertake background historical research into the Stellenzicht Estate in August 2018. The brief, as amended was to: • Undertake a site visit • Interview any relevant parties • Undertake documentary research including secondary (published sources) • Undertake documentary research including map research, Deeds office and Surveyor General’s office research • Undertake relevant genealogical research • Research relevant historical photographs. The above tasks were intended for exploring potential narratives for branding purposes using the historic qualities of Stellenzicht and the surrounding environment. Stellenzicht Stellenzicht is a large wine farm set within the scenic foothills of the Helderberg Mountains. It consists of vineyards, a large and prestigious winery, dams and, against its mountain slopes, remnants of indigenous vegetation. It has long views towards Stellenbosch and the False Bay coast and is a major scenic amenity. View from Stellenzicht towards Stellenbosch. 2 © Melanie Attwell & Associates - Stellenzicht Historical Background, October 2018 Stellenzicht has its origins in the historic farm of Rustenburg, first granted in 1692. The Stellenzicht portion was acquired as additional vineyards for Rustenburg as early as 1818. There are no historic buildings on the site. The cadastral outline of the basic landholdings has remained remarkably intact over the years, despite a long history of subdivision, acquisitions and consolidation. The farm Stellenzicht in relation to the parent farm of Stellenrust, which included the remainder of Rustenburg. https://gis.elsenburg.com/apps/cfm/) Stellenzicht forms part of a cultural landscape of major importance in Stellenbosch as a series of historic farmlands strung along Blaauwklippen Road, creating a patchwork of vineyards, tree- lined routes and farmsteads, many of historical and architectural significance. The cultural value of the landscape of Stellenzicht is enhanced by its position at the foothills of the Helderberg range of mountains and increasing its scenic value by virtue of its position within the landscape. While Stellenzicht has no historic werf, its cultural landscape qualities, particularly in relation to its context and the scenic qualities of the Helderberg range, are high. 3 © Melanie Attwell & Associates - Stellenzicht Historical Background, October 2018 Summary of the history of Stellenzicht Stellenzicht forms part of an early, complex system of land grants and transfers dating back to 1692. Stellenzicht Wine Estate is closely associated with that of Rustenburg, an early farm dating back to 1684 when Governor Simon van der Stel allowed a free burgher, Barend Hendriksz, to farm the land. Van der Stel subsequently granted Hendriksz freehold title to the farm in 1692. This report looks at the history of the farm, and its broader context. This includes the pre- colonial period, relevant aspects of the area’s early colonial history, the area’s cultural landscape, the development of this particular farm, and the people involved. The Stuttaford family consolidated various landholdings in 1931, including what remained of Rustenburg, to establish the farm Stellenrust. Stellenzicht now occupies a large portion of what was Stellenrust, with roots in the earlier history of the Rustenburg estate. The historical research into the origins of Stellenzicht and its parent farm Rustenburg has been complicated by the fact that there are three farms historically called Rustenburg in the area. They are Rustenburg bordering the Helderberg of which Stellenzicht forms a part; Rustenberg in the Idas Valley; and Rustenburg near Somerset West. Historical background Early human settlement Evidence of early human presence dating from the Early Stone Age has been found in the area. The entomologist Louis Péringuey made the first significant scientific discovery of early stone age implements at Bosman’s Crossing near the Adam Tas Bridge, in 1899. He subsequently found many more early stone age implements in the Stellenbosch area. The site is now an Archaeological Reserve and a Grade II Provincial Heritage Site. Early stone age implements found by Louis Péringuey near the Adam Tas bridge in 1899 (Malan, op cit). Archaeologists have divided the precolonial period into three broad categories, in line with international practice. These are: • The Early and Earlier Stone Ages (ESA), roughly dating from 250 000 and 1.5 million years ago 4 © Melanie Attwell & Associates - Stellenzicht Historical Background, October 2018 • The Middle Stone Age (MSA), from about 30 000 to 250 000 years ago in Southern Africa, and • The Late and Later Stone Ages, from about 30 000 years ago to the start of the colonial period. Archaeologists have since confirmed Péringuey’s observation that many ESA artefacts found in vicinity of Stellenbosch belong to an era called the Acheulian period, known for more developed stone implements. These artefacts date to between 500 000 and 1.5 million years ago (Malan, page 6). David Seddon listed 22 known Early Stone Age sites in the Stellenbosch area in 1967, namely: 1. Gleneagles Hotel, Site 1; 2. Gleneagles Hotel, Site 2; 3. Olives Farm, Lynedoch; 4. Spier Farm; 5. Vlottenburg Winery; 6. Loushoogte; 7. Blaauwklip; 8. Golf course, near Blaauwklip; 9. Vredenburg Farm; 10. Bosman’s Crossing; 11. General Box factory; 12. Suikerbosrand Farm; 13. Altavona Farm; 14. Blake’s Quarry; 15. Smit’s Quarry; 16. Schoongezicht Farm; 17. Rustenberg Farm, near Schoongezicht; 18. Lorraine Farm; 19. Rozendal Farm; 20. Coetzenberg; 21. Glen Connor; 22. Old Nectar. (Seddon, D., “Some Early Stone Age Surface Sites around Stellenbosch, S.W. Cape”, The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 86, 1967). Typical ESA implements include handaxes and cleavers made by chipping away stone to form the shape from a larger stone. They are found in many vineyards in the valleys of the Eerste, Berg, Breede and Olifants rivers in the south-western Cape, and in similar situations in other parts of the world. Hand axes were multi-purpose tools used for skinning and cutting up meat, breaking bones to remove the marrow, digging up roots, woodworking and other tasks (Deacon J., quoted by Malan, page 6). David Seddon listed 22 known ESA sites in and around Stellenbosch in 1967 (Seddon, page 57). He pointed out that that it is difficult to date these findings accurately because the sites provided 5 © Melanie Attwell & Associates - Stellenzicht Historical Background, October 2018 little opportunity for stratified studies, where archaeologists excavate sites in layers to determine the contexts and associated timelines. A stratified study of similar objects in Cape Hangklip made it possible to date ESA artefacts found there to roughly 90 000 to 150 000 BC, which could apply to many sites in the Stellenbosch area. However, he saw the distribution of the sites as significant, and worth further study. Stratified studies in the Stellenbosch are difficult because of disturbed surfaces following many years of cultivation and development. Seddon identified the Provincial Heritage site at Bosman’s Crossing as an exception (Seddon, page 57). Rivers also wash artefacts downstream, in some cases, removing the objects from their original context. Whatever their precise age, these ESA tools provide evidence of human occupation for many millennia. The diagram above indicates the known distribution of ESA in Stellenbosch in 1967. The sites closest to Stellenzicht include three to the north of the Blaauwklip River, identified as Loushoogte, Blaauwklippen, and the golf course near the farm. Louis Strydom, Managing Director of Stellenzicht, has found a fine example of an ESA handaxe on the farm, which suggests the need to add Stellenzicht to the list of known ESA sites in the Stellenbosch area. A further visit by an archaeologist may be needed to assess the extent of the archaeological significance of the farm. Archaeologists have found Middle Stone Age (MSA) implements in various sites in the Stellenbosch area, mainly flake-based tools dating between 250 000 and 21 000 years ago. The main difference between early and middle stone age tools is the use of flakes struck from larger stones during the MSA and used, for example, as knives or scrapers, rather than shaping a core stone into an implement such as a hand axe. Examples of MSA tools include triangular flakes and long stone blades (Malan, page 9). MSA sites in the Stellenbosch area sites include a cave at Wemmershoek Dam and Solms Delta near the confluence of the Dwars and Eerste rivers. Occupants of the Stellenbosch area before 2000 years ago were all hunter gatherers (Malan, page 9). They typically followed the seasonal round, collecting plants, and catching wild birds and animals. Pastoralists gradually replaced hunter gatherers during the past two millenia, with the introduction of domesticated sheep and cattle, and changes in social organisation. Pastoralists moved their stock according to the seasons, for example, to find winter grazing in the Saldanha Bay area, and the Cape Peninsula in summer. The Khoekhoen kept large herds of fat-tailed sheep, long-horned
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