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Interior Eugenio Vulgaris Y La Ilustracion Griega .Indd MIGUEL CASTILLO DIDIER EUGENIO VÚLGARIS Y LA ILUSTRACIÓN GRIEGA CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS GRIEGOS, BIZANTINOS Y NEOHELÉNICOS “FOTIOS MALLEROS” FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y HUMANIDADES UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE 2019 ISBN: 978-956-19-1114-7 Universidad de Chile Rector Ennio Vivaldi Véjar Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades Decano Carlos Ruiz Schneider Vicedecana Luz Ángela Martínez Centro de Estudios Griegos, Bizantinos y Neohelénicos Director Miguel Castillo Didier Eugenio Vúlgaris y la Ilustración Griega Miguel Castillo Didier Inscripción en el Registro de Propiedad Intelectual: A-297436 Impresión: Gráfica LOM ̈΍ΖȱΐΑφΐ΋ΑȱΘΓΙȱΐΉ·ΣΏΓΙȱΗΓΠΓϾǰȱΓΙΐ΅Α΍ΗΘφȱΎ΅΍ȱ ̇΅ΗΎΣΏΓΙȱ ̈Ι·ΉΑϟΓΙȱ ̅ΓϾΏ·΅Ε΋ȱ Ύ΅΍ȱ ΘΝΑȱ ΣΏΏΝΑȱ ̇΅ΗΎΣΏΝΑǰȱΔΓΙȱΎ΅ΘΣȱΘΓΑȱȱŗŞΓ ΅΍ЏΑ΅ȱ΅·ΝΑϟΗΘ΋Ύ΅ΑȱΐΉȱ Θ΋Α ΔνΑΑ΅ȱΎ΅΍ȱΘ΋ȱΈ΍Έ΅ΗΎ΅Ώϟ΅ ΘΓΙΖ ·΍΅ȱΑ΅ȱΠΝΘϟΊΓΙΑȱΘΓΑȱ ΉΏΏ΋Α΍Ύϱȱ Ώ΅ϱǰȱ ΔΕΓΉΘΓ΍ΐΣΊΓΑΘΣΖȱ ΘΓΑȱ νΘΗ΍ȱ ·΍΅ȱ Α΅ȱ ΅ΔΓΎΘφΗΉ΍ Θ΋ΑȱΉΏΉΙΌΉΕϟ΅ǯ En memoria del gran sabio, humanista y Maestro Eugenio Vúlgaris y de los otros Maestros, que durante el siglo XVIII, combatieron con la pluma y la enseñanza para llevar las luces al pueblo griego, preparándolo así para la conquista de la libertad. Presentación Por lo que conocemos, es primera vez que se presenta en castellano un estudio amplio sobre Eugenio Vúlgaris y sobre la Ilustración griega. Es también primera vez que se traduce una obra de aquel gran sabio y maestro. El único representante de la Ilustración griega que ha sido presentado en nuestra lengua es Rigas Velestinlís, el Protomártir de la independencia helénica. Ǽn 1975, en el tomo 3-4 de Byzantion Nea Hellás, el profesor Christos Cleris se refirió brevemente la figura del Precursor y dio a conocer la traducción de la Nueva administración política de los habitantes de Rúmeli… Nuestro libro Dos Precursores Miranda y Rigas, 1998, comprendió un amplio estudio de la vida y la obra de Rigas. En España, el año 2003, M. López Villalba publicó el libro Traducir la Revolución La Nueva Constitución Política de Rigas de Velestino. Incluye el estudio del profesor Pedro Bádenas de la Peña “El programa revolucionario del Turios”. En 1986, en el libro Miranda y Grecia, incluímos un muy breve capítulo sobre la figura de Vúlgaris y sobre su encuentro con Francisco de Miranda, en Jersón, en 1786. Este texto se incorporó también en el libro Grecia y Francisco de Miranda, en 1995 (2ª. 2002, 3ª. Caracas 2007). Ahora, después de estudiar las características y peculiaridades de la Ilustración griega, presentamos ampliamente no sólo la figura de Vúlgaris, sino también la de no pocos de los representantes de la Ilustración griega: Misiódax, Katartzís, Theotokis, Zerzulis, Psalidas, Benjamín de Lesbos, Demetrio Fotinós, Gregorio Konstandás, Pamblekis, Filipidis, Jristódulos de Akarnanía, Adamandios Koraís; y algunos de los precursores del movimiento ilustrado, como Katíforos y Damodós. Y, naturalmente, presentamos otra vez a Rigas. Finalmente entregamos la traducción anotada de la obra de Vúlgaris Reflexiones sobre el estado crítico actual de la Potencia Otomana. ȆĮȡȣıȓĮıȘ ǹʌȩ ȩıȠ ȟȑȡȠȣȝİ, İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȫIJȘ ijȠȡȐ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȚıʌĮȞȚțȒ ȖȜȫııĮ ȝȚĮ İțIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ǼȣȖȑȞȚȠ ǺȠȪȜȖĮȡȘ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǻȚĮijȦIJȚıȝȩ ǼȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ʌȡȫIJȘ ijȠȡȐ ʌȠȣ ȝİIJĮijȡȐȗİIJĮȚ ȑȞĮȑȡȖȠİțİȓȞȠȣIJȠȣȝİȖȐȜȠȣǻĮıțȐȜȠȣ ȅ ȝȩȞȠȢ İțʌȡȩıȦʌȠȢ IJȠȣ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȠȪ ǻȚĮijȦIJȚıȝȠȪ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚĮıIJİȓʌȡȠȘȖȠȣȝȑȞȦȢıIJȘȖȜȫııĮ ȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȠȇȒȖĮȢǺİȜİıIJȚȞȜȒȢ ȠȆȡȦIJȠȝȐȡIJȣȡĮȢIJȘȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢǹȞİȟĮȡIJȘıȓĮȢ ȉȠıIJȠIJİȪȤȠȢ3-4 IJȘȢ ǼʌİIJȘȡȓįĮȢ Byzantion Nea Hellás,, Ƞ țĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȋȡȒıIJȠȢ ȀȜĮȓȡȘȢ ȝİIJȑijȡĮıİ IJȠ țȣȡȚȩIJİȡȠ ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȩ ȑȡȖȠ IJȠȣ ȇȒȖĮ. ȉȠ ȕȚȕȜȓȠ ȝĮȢ ǻȪȠ ȆȡȩįȡȠȝȠȚȂȚȡȐȞIJĮțĮȚȇȒȖĮȢʌİȡȚȑȤİȚȝȚĮİțIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘȝİȜȑIJȘIJȠȣ ȕȓȠȣțĮȚIJȠȣȑȡȖȠȣIJȠȣȇȒȖĮȈIJȘȞǿıʌĮȞȓĮIJȠȂ/ypez Villalba įȘȝȠıȓİȥİ IJȠ ȕȚȕȜȓȠ ȉȠ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮijȡȐȗİȚ țĮȞİȓȢ IJȘȞ ǼʌĮȞȐıIJĮıȘ ȩʌȠȣ ȝİȜİIJȐțĮȚȝİIJĮijȡȐȗİȚIJĮʌȠȜȚIJȚțȐțİȓȝİȞĮIJȠȣȇȒȖĮȉȠȕȚȕȜȓȠʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ țĮȚȝȚĮȝİȜȑIJȘIJȠȣțĮșȘȖȘIJȒ3HGUR%idenas de la Peña³ȉȠİʌĮȞĮıIJĮIJȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȠȣĬȠȪȡȚȠȣ´ To 1986 ıIJȠ ȕȚȕȜȓȠ ȅ ȂȚȡȐȞįĮ țĮȚ Ș ǼȜȜȐįĮ ȖȡȐȥĮȝİ ȑȞĮ țİijȐȜĮȚȠȖȚĮIJȠȞ ǺȠȪȜȖĮȡȘțĮȚIJȘıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȒ IJȠȣ ȝİIJȠȞȂȚȡȐȞįĮıIJȘ ȋİȡıȫȞĮIJȠ1786ǹȣIJȩIJȠțİȓȝİȞȠ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜȒijșȘțİİʌȓıȘȢıIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠǾ ǼȜȜȐįĮ țĮȚ Ƞ ĭȡĮȞșȓıțȠ ȞIJİ ȂȚȡȐȞįĮ IJȠ Ș İțį Șȑțį ȀĮȡȐțĮȢ2007) ȉȫȡĮ ĮijȠȪ ĮȞĮijİȡȩȝĮıIJİ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȑțIJĮıȘ ıIJĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ȚįȚĮȚIJİȡȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȠȣ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȠȪ ǻȚĮijȦIJȚıȝȠȪ ʌĮȠȡȣıȚȐȗȠȣȝİ İțIJİȞȫȢ ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȒ IJȠȣ ǺȠȪȜȖĮȡȘ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ İțʌȡȩıȦʌȠȚ IJȠȣ ǻȚĮijȦIJȚıȝȠȪ ȂȠȚıȚȩįĮȟ ȀĮIJĮȡIJȗȒȢĬİȠIJȩțȘȢǽİȡȗȠȪȜȘȢȌĮȜȓįĮȢǺİȞȚĮȝȓȞȁȑıȕȚȠȢĭȦIJİȚȞȩȢ ȀȦȞıIJĮȞįȐȢ ȆĮȝʌȜȑțȘȢ ĭȚȜȚʌȓįȘȢ ȋȡȚıIJȩįȠȣȜȠȢ IJȘȢ ǹțĮȡȞĮȞȓĮȢ ȀȠȡĮȒȢ țĮȚțȐʌȠȚȠȚʌȡȩįȡȠȝȠȚIJȠȣǻȚĮijȦIJȚıȝȠȪȩʌȦȢȠȀĮIJȓijȠȡȠȢțĮȚ ȠǻĮȝȦįȩȢ ȀĮȚijȣıȚțȐʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİIJĮȚʌȐȜȚȠȇȒȖĮȢ ȉİȜȚțȐ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȝİ IJȘ ȝİIJȐijȡĮıȘ ȝİ ıȘȝȚȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȝİ İȚıĮȖȦȖȚțȒȝİȜȑIJȘ IJȠȣȑȡȖȠȣIJȠȣǺȠȪȜȖĮȡȘȈIJȠȤĮıȝȠȓ İʌȓIJȠȣȢʌĮȡȩȞIJĮȢ țȡȚıȓȝȠȣȢțĮȚȡȠȪȢ IJȠȣȅșȦȝĮȞȚțȠȪȀȡȐIJȠȣȢ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ ΕΥΓΕΝΙΟΣ ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΗΣ ΚΑΙ Ο ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΌΣ ΔΙΑΦΩΤΙΣΜΟΣ 1. Νεοελληνικός Διαφωτισμός 15 Ο Ελληνικός Διαφωτισμός και οι ιδιαιτερότητές της 15 Ο γεωγραφικός χώρος 34 Χρονολογία του ελληνικού Διαφωτισμού 36 Η πολιτική πλευρά του Ελληνικού Διαφωτισμού 39 Το κοινωνικό πανόραμα 41 2. Ο Διαφωτισμός στα Παραδουνάβια Πριγκιπάτα 44 Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδατος (1680-1730) 45 Οι Φαναριώτες 5150 Ιώσηπος Μοισιόδαξ (1730-1780)(1830-1780) 5657 Δημήτριος Καταρτζής (c. 1730-1807) 5960 Δανιήλ Φιλιππίδης (1777-1821)(1750 - 1832) 6162 Δημήτριος Φωτεινός (1777-1821) 7068 3. Κάποιοι από τους εκπροσώπους του Ελληνικού Διαφωτισμού 71 Νικηφόρος Θεοτόκης (1731-1800) 71 Ιώσηπος Μοισιόδαξ (1830-1780)(1730-1780) 73 Χριστόδουλος Παμπλέκης (1733-1793) 73 Δημήτριος Καταρτζής 80 Βενιαμίν Λέσβιος (1762-1824)(1767-1804) 80 Δανιήλ Φιλιππίδης 82 8 8 8 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ Í N D I C E Í N D I C E EUGENIO VÚLGARISÍ N D I C YE LA ILUSTRACIÓN EUGENIOEUGENIO VÚLGARISVÚLGARVÚLGARISGRIEGAIS YY LALA ILUSTRACIÓNILUSTRACIÓN ΕΥΓΕΝΙΟΣ ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΗΣ ΚΑΙ Ο ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΌΣ GGRIEGARIEGA ΔΙΑΦΩΤΙΣΜΟΣ GRIEGA I. La Ilustración griega 15 I. La IlustraciónIlustración griega 15 1. Νεοελληνικός Διαφωτισμός 15 I. La LaIlustra Ilustraciónción griega griega y sus peculiaridades 1515 ElLaLa área IlustraciónIlustración geográfica griegagriega yy sussus peculiaridadespeculiaridades 34 1515 Ο Ελληνικός Διαφωτισμός και οι ιδιαιτερότητές της 15 El área geográfica 34 Ο γεωγραφικός χώρος 34 CronologíaEl área geográfica de la Ilustración Griega 3634 ElCronologíaCronología aspecto político dede lala IlustraciónIlustración de la Ilustración GriegaGriega Griega 393636 Χρονολογία του ελληνικού Διαφωτισμού 36 El aspecto político de la Ilustración Griega 39 Η πολιτική πλευρά του Ελληνικού Διαφωτισμού 39 ElEl panoramaaspecto político social de la Ilustración Griega 4139 ElEl panoramapanorama socialsocial 4141 Το κοινωνικό πανόραμα 41 II. La Ilustración en los Principados Danubianos 44 II. La Ilustración en los Principados Danubianos 44 2. Ο Διαφωτισμός στα Παραδουνάβια Πριγκιπάτα 44 II. La Ilustración en los Principados Danubianos 44 Nicolás Mavrokordatos (1680-1730) 45 Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδατος (1680-1730) 45 LosNicolásNicolás Fanariotas MavrokordatosMavrokordatos (1680-1730)(1680-1730) 50 4545 Οι Φαναριώτες 50 IósiposLosLos FaFaFanariotas nariotasnariotasMisiódax (1830-1780) 56 505051 Ιώσηπος Μοισιόδαξ (1830-1780) 56 DemetrioIósiposIósipos MisiódaxMisiódax Katartzís (1830-1780)(1730-1780)(1830-1780) (c. 1730-1807) 59 565657 Δημήτριος Καταρτζής (c. 1730-1807) 59 DanielDemetrioDemetrio Filipidis KatartzísKatartzís (1777-1821) (c.(c. 1730-1807)1730-1807) 61 595960 Δανιήλ Φιλιππίδης (1777-1821) 61 DemetrioDanielDaniel FilipidisFilipidis Fotinós (1777-1821)(1777-1821)(1750 (1777-1821) - 1832) 70 616261 Δημήτριος Φωτεινός (1777-1821) 70 DemetrioDemetrio FotinósFotinós (1777-1821)(1777-1821) 707068 III. Algunos de los representantes de la Ilustración griega III. A Algunoslgunos de los representantes de la Ilustración griega 3. Κάποιοι από τους εκπροσώπους του Ελληνικού III. Algunos de los representantes de la Ilustración 71 griega Διαφωτισμού 71 griega 7171 71 Νικηφόρος Θεοτόκης (1731-1800) 71 Nicéforo Theotokis (1731-1800) 71 IósiposNicéforoNicéforo Misiódax TheotokisTheotokis (1731-1800)(1731-1800) 73 7171 Ιώσηπος Μοισιόδαξ (1830-1780) 73 Iósipos Misiódax 73 Χριστόδουλος Παμπλέκης (1733-1793) 73 JristódulosIósipos Misiódax Pamblekis (1733-1793) 7373 NicolásJristódulosJristódulos Zerzulis PamblekisPamblekis (1706/1772-73) (1733-1793)(1733-1793) 76 7373 Δημήτριος Καταρτζής 80 Nicolás Zerzulis (1706/1772-73) 76 Βενιαμίν Λέσβιος (1767-1804) 80 DemetrioNicolás Zerzulis Katartzís (1706/1772-73) 8076 BenjamínDemetrioDemetrio deKatartzísKatartzís Lesbos (1767-1804) 80 8080 Δανιήλ Φιλιππίδης 82 Benjamín de Lesbos (1767-1804)(1762-1824) 80 DanielBenjamín Filipidis de Lesbos (1767-1804) 8280 DanielDaniel FilipidisFilipidis 8282 9 9 8 9 9 9 (1706/1772-73) 76 (1767-1829) 83 (1757-1798) 85 (1748-1833) 85 (1758-1844) 85 4. 90 90 91 1788 91 97 99 5. 104 104 110 112 114 121 127 135 139 140 141 143 6. 145 145 150 156 10 Nicolás Zerzulis (1706-1772-3) 76 Atanasio Psalidas (1767-1829) 83 Adamandios Koraís (1748-1833) 85 Gregorio Konstandás (1758-1844) 85 Rigas Velestinlís (1757-1798) 85 IV. Adamandios Koraís, el último de los grandes ilustrados 90 Nacimiento en Esmirna y primeros estudios 90 La medicina y la filología clásica 91 1788 en París hasta su muerte 91 El ilustrado y la magna Biblioteca Griega 97 Koraís y la Revolución de 1821 99 V. Rigas Velestinlís: la Ilustración revolucionaria 104 La niñez y adolescencia 104 La juventud de Rigas 110 En los Principados Rumanos 112 La labor educativa en Viena 114 Las esperanzas en Francia 121 Plan revolucionario y martirio 127 La Constitución de Rigas 135 Libertad religosa 139 Prohibición de la esclavitud 140 La educación 141 Rigas y Francisco de Miranda 143 VI. La vida y obra de
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