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Russian Ethnic Boundaries and Nationalist Violence in the Russian Federation

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Russian Ethnic Boundaries and Nationalist Violence in the Russian Federation RUSSIAN, RUSSIFIED, OR ALIEN ENEMY OTHER? RUSSIAN ETHNIC BOUNDARIES AND NATIONALIST VIOLENCE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Liberal Studies By Donald A. Pruefer, Jr., M.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 1, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number: ABSTRACT v-vii A FOREWORD viii CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE PROBLEMS OF ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 METHODOLOGY 5 ANTHONY D. SMITH AND THE ETHNIE ROOTS OF IDENTITY 6 LESSONS FROM ETHNIC ORIGINS APPLICABLE TO THE THESIS 14 LESSONS FROM NATIONS AND NATIONALISM 15 WALKER CONNER AND ETHNONATIONALISM 17 LESSONS FROM CONNOR’S ETHNONATIONALISM AND NATION, STATE, ETHNIC GROUP… 30 LESSONS FROM CONNOR’S ETHNONATIONALISM IN THE FIRST WORLD, BEYOND REASON AND FROM TRIBE TO NATION 31 PRASENJIT DUARA’S RESCUING HISTORY FROM THE NATION 33 LESSONS FROM DUARA’S RESCUING HISTORY FROM THE NATION 39 FREDRIK BARTH’S ETHNIC GROUPS AND BOUNDARIES 41 LESSONS FROM BARTH’S ETHNIC GROUPS AND BOUNDARIES 46 APPLYING THE INSIGHTS OF SMITH, CONNOR, DUARA, AND BARTH: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ETHNIC BOUNDARY FORMATION PROCESSES IN RUSSIA 48 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR ETHNO-NATIONAL BOUNDARY CREATION IN RUSSIA 53 INDIGENIZATION AS A PATHWAY TO COMMUNISM 54 THE SOVIET EXPERIENCE OF THE BALKARS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY BOUNDARY FORMATION 62 THE SOVIET EXPERIENCE OF THE TATARS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY BOUNDARY FORMATION 65 THE SOVIET EXPERIENCE OF THE CHECHENS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY BOUNDARY FORMATION 72 NON-RUSSIAN ETHNIC BOUNDARY HARDENING PROCESS 76 RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE AND ETHNONATIONAL BOUNDARY FORMATION 82 THE LATE SOVIET-ERA RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE IN THE NEAR ABROAD 85 ii RETURN TO RUSSIA: THE RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE 88 FIRST CHECHEN WAR AND RUSSIAN HUMILIATION 93 TERRORIST ATTACKS IN RUSSIA TARGETING RUSSIANS 97 THE RUSSIAN ETHNIC BOUNDARY HARDENING PROCESS 100 SUMMARY 103 CHAPTER THREE: INTERACTIVE FACTORS OF ETHNIC TENSIONS IN RUSSIA 108 INTRODUCTION; RUSSIA AS A FRAGILE SUPERPOWER 108 CHANGES IN RUSSIA POPULATIONS AND EFFECTS ON ETHNIC TENSIONS 110 ECONOMIC FACTORS IN RUSSIA THAT ARE AFFECTING ETHNIC TENSIONS 118 RELIGIOUS TENSIONS IN RUSSIA RELATED TO ETHNIC IDENTITIES 129 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN RUSSIA AND EFFECTS ON ETHNIC TENSIONS 135 HISTORY VS. HISTORY: THE ROLE OF THE PAST IN ETHNIC IDENTITY BOUNDARIES IN RUSSIA 143 SUMMARY 148 CHAPTER FOUR: INSTITUTIONS TO PROTECT ETHNIC GROUPS IN RUSSIA 155 INTRODUCTION 155 RUSSIA’S INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: PROTECTING NON-MAJORITY GROUPS 157 THE RUSSIAN CONSTITUTION AND PROTECTION OF ETHNIC GROUPS 160 LEGAL VENUES OUTSIDE RUSSIA 164 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES AND ETHNIC GROUP PROTECTIONS IN RUSSIA 167 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AND INTER-ETHNIC TENSIONS IN RUSSIA 172 SUMMARY AND WHY GET INVOLVED? 176 CHAPTER 5: METHODS AND MECHANISMS TO DECREASE ETHNIC TENSIONS IN RUSSIA 180 INTRODUCTION 180 FEARS AND FACTORS INFLUENCING ETHNIC TENSIONS AND BOUNDARY HARDENING 182 MORAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR INVOLVEMENT IN RUSSIA’S ETHNIC PROBLEMS 183 RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEADERS TO REDUCE ETHNIC TENSIONS 189 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS; DOMESTIC LEGISLATION 189 INTEGRATION AND PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE MINORITIES; LAW ENFORCEMENT REFORMS AND MEDIA INITIATIVES 190 PROMOTING DIVERSITY AND PARTICIPATION 191 iii WHAT CAN OUTSIDERS DO TO HELP RUSSIA WITH ETHNIC TENSIONS? 193 INFORMATIONAL SOURCES OF INFLUENCE FOR ASSISTING RUSSIA WITH INTERETHNIC TENSIONS 198 ECONOMIC INFLUENCE TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS WITH ETHNIC TENSIONS IN RUSSIA 203 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES TO DE-ESCALATE RUSSIA’S INTERETHNIC TENSIONS 206 FINAL THOUGHTS 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY 212 iv ABSTRACT The thesis, titled RUSSIAN, RUSSIFIED, OR ALIEN ENEMY OTHER? RUSSIAN ETHNIC BOUNDARIES AND NATIONALIST VIOLENCE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, analyzed the problems of inter-ethnic violence in the Russian Federation—a long-standing problem that bedeviled the Czars, Soviet authorities, and now the leaders of the Russian Federation. Tensions between Russians and people from the northern Caucasus region and Central Asians are most acute in heavily Russian populated areas of northwestern, central and southern Russia. Over the past decade there have been numerous incidents of ethnic violence by Russian nationalists against the non- Russians in these areas, including attacks on people, destruction of property, security crack downs, and deportations targeting specific ethnic groups. The thesis analyzed the process of ethnic boundary hardening and interactive factors that increase Russia’s ethnic tensions. The thesis also described a moral justification for our involvement in this problem, the centers of influence in Russia and beyond that can be brought to bear, and actions that outsiders can take to help Russia address its ethnic tensions and improve its governance. The thesis used interdisciplinary research from anthropology, history, political and social science, legal issues, demographics, religion, and economic analysis to answer four empirical questions that identified the process of ethnonational boundary formation in Russia, the interactive causes for the escalating ethnic violence, societal problems created by boundary formation processes, and which institutions have influence to v address these problems. It also answered two human value questions that identified what can be done and what is needed to resolve the issues peacefully, whether outsiders should get involved to protect the minorities under attack in Russia, and what actions they should take. The thesis was arranged in five chapters. Chapter One established the terminology and methodology used to answer the research questions. The method created a theoretical framework on the process of ethnic boundary formation, focused on Russia via a synergistic analysis of the theoretical perspectives of Anthony D. Smith on the ethnie roots of identity, Walker Conner’s discussions of ethnonationalism, Prasenjit Duara’s theory of the process of “hardening” ethnic boundaries, and Fredrik Barth’s theories of ethnic boundary maintenance and interaction. The framework integrated the theoretical insights to identify and elaborate on the interactive causes of escalating political violence in Russia by analyzing diverse categories of data to explore the context and interactive causes under which nationalists are committing violence. The study included a contextual analysis of the history of the USSR from 1920-1991 and the Russian Federation since 1992 and ethnic boundary formation processes in Chapter Two, and identification and analysis of interactive factors that are driving the tensions to ethnic violence in Chapter Three. Each category was important to answering the research questions and exploring the embedded social and political contexts that have led to the crystalizing events, polarizations and the increase of xenophobic violence in Russia. vi Having identified the characteristics, patterns, and trends of ethnic boundary formation, political violence, and contextual factors that are driving the processes of ethnonationalism and boundary hardening, and the interactive factors that are raising ethnic tensions in Russia, the thesis then offered ethical and policy prescriptions to reduce the tensions and violence. Chapter Four identified institutions inside and outside Russia that have capability and responsibilities to reduce the pressures on boundary formation processes and decrease the interactive factors that are contributing to the ethnic violence. Chapter Five identified the moral responsibility that affects this problem, and a recommended list of actions and policies that the Russian government and outsiders should take to address the sources of ethnic violence, lower the tensions, and encourage trust building that will foster conditions for peaceful coexistence among Russians and non-Russians in the Russian Federation. vii A FOREWORD… The thesis represents the latest stage of my educational journey, and the culmination of eight years of academic work that started in May 2008 with my acceptance into the DLS program at Georgetown. I would never have accomplished this project on my own and have many people to thank. I first offer my thanks to God, who Gave me curiosity, perseverance, the abilities to read both for enjoyment and research, a good memory for details, and a place on the Earth in 20th-21st century America with freedoms that all should enjoy but few do. I am blessed in many ways and try never to forget that. Second, I thank my family, with a special emphasis on thanking my wife, Karla. She has been very patient with me on this project, always urges me to check my math on conclusions, and makes sure I include the human side of anything I am thinking or writing. Karla gave up many, many hours and weekends to this project, and always provided me with a strong sounding board. When I met her when I was 18 over 35 years ago, I knew I’d found someone who I wanted to walk life’s road with me. She makes me be a better person and encourages me to use my knowledge for good purposes. I try. I also want to thank my children—Moria, Cassie and Wyatt—for their interest and support of my work. We lost a lot of time that I hope now to make up. The two sons I have added—Sean (Moria’s husband) and Kevin (Cassie, and soon)—are also a source of support, interest in my work, and sounding boards. The kids keep me young, and their achievements spurred me to keep on with this project. To my DLS Committee-- Eric, Marjorie and Joe—it has been a very long road and without you I could never have even started on the Thesis. I cannot repay you for your support, mentorship, time, and shared knowledge, except by perhaps helping others as you have helped me. Eric, I owe you. The entire DLS department at Georgetown has been supportive, and I must specifically mention Anne Ridder and Dr. Frank Ambrosio for their help to me. The DLS program and the people in it have inspired me all along. I also thank my parents, Don Sr. and Sandra, and my wife’s parents, Ken and Shirley, for their efforts to raise and mentor me into a strong, thinking person.
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