Vol. 77, No. 2: 111-116, 2008 ACTA SOCIETATIS BOTANICORUM POLONIAE 111

NOTES ON THE SUBTRIBE CHLORAEINAE ()

DARIUSZ L. SZLACHETKO, PIOTR TUKA££O Department of and Nature Conservation, Gdansk University Al. Legionów 9, 80-441 Gdañsk, Poland e-mail: [email protected] (Received: January 10, 2007. Accepted: February 27, 2007)

ABSTRACT The current and past taxonomic status of Chloraeinae is presented; concepts of subtribe origin are also discus- sed. Two genera are described as new to science: Chileorchis Szlach., gen. nov., Correorchis Szlach., gen. nov. and six new combinations at the species level are validated. Two other genera, Bieneria Rchb.f. and Ulantha Hook., are reinstated. Additionally, a key to genera of Chloraeinae is provided.

KEY WORDS: Chloraeinae, Orchidaceae, nomenclature, taxonomy.

INTRODUCTION stant in their flower and gynostemium structure. Based on the structure of storage organs it can be divided into two In Schlechter’s (1926) system, Chloraeinae embraced th- subgroups: ree genera, Asarca (=Gavilea) Lindl., Bipinnula Comm. ex – fleshy tubers – Australian Burnettia Lindl., Lyperan- A.Juss. and Chloraea Lindl. The South American Codo- thus R.Br., Pyrorchis Jones, Molloy and Clements and Wa- norchis Lindl. was included in Caladeniinae, while Mega- ireia Jones, Molloy and Clements, and South American stylis Schltr. formed a monotypic subtribe. All these genera Codonorchis and Geoblasta; were placed with Chloraeinae by Dressler (1981, 1993) as – clustered roots – New Caledonian Megastylis, Austra- well as by Burns-Balogh and Funk (1986). In view of the lian Rimacola, and South American Bipinnula, Chloraea, presence of clustered roots and basal leaf rosettes, Brieger Gavilea and Jouyella Szlach. (1974-1975) proposed a different concept of Chloraeinae, The other line of division of this group can be the num- placing it in the tribe Spirantheae, together with Cranichi- ber of leaves per shoot: dinae and Spiranthinae. He divided Chloraeinae into two – single-leafed – Australian Burnettia, Lyperan- “Gattungsreihen”, Aviscidia (Bipinnula Comm. ex Juss., thus, Pyrorchis, Rimacola and Waireia; Chloraea, Gavilea Poeppig, Geoblasta Barb.Rodr.) and – multiple-leaved plants – New Caledonian Megastylis Viscidifera (Megastylis, Pachyplectron Schltr., Rimacola and South American Bipinnula, Chloraea, Gavilea, Geo- Rupp). On the other hand, Codonorchis, ranked as a mono- blasta and Jouyella. typic subtribe, was placed among . In our opinion, attaching excessively great importance to Thus the questions arises whether conditions exist for the geographical distribution of the genera in question may the singling out of Chloraeinae and Caladeniinae and on be misleading, since no correlation with morphological what criteria. Chloraeinae are usually distinguished from characters can be observed. The loss of root-stem tuberoids Caladeniinae by their geographical distribution, the lack of may be a secondary state (cf. Orchidinae) and be depen- root-stem tuberoids and viscidium. Caladeniinae contains dent upon the biotopic conditions, similarly as the seed ty- mainly Australian genera, whereas Chloraeinae – South pes (cf. Dressler 1993). American and eventually New Caledonian ones. We have According to results of the molecular studies based on noted viscidia in all the species of Chloraeinae studied plastid genome, Pridgeon et al. (2001) and Kores et al. (Szlachetko and Rutkowski 2000). Codonorchis and Geo- (2001) divided Chloraeinae s.l. into Chloraeinae s.str., Me- blasta have root-stem tuberoids similar to those of Calade- gastylidinae and Codonorchideae. The reason for this nia R.Br. Ackerman and Williams (1981) stated that the standpoint was given by Kores et al. (2001) on the combi- pollen morphology and organization of the Chloraeinae is ned matK and trnL-F tree, showing unequivocal separation most similar to the Caladeniinae. of Chloraeinae s.str. from Megastylidinae. The former gro- Chloraeinae, as proposed here, appear to be polymorphic up together with Pterostylideae and was pla- if their vegetative parts are considered, and relatively con- ced in a branch forming the spiranthid lineage while the 112 TAXONOMIC STATUS OF CHLORAEINAE Dariusz L. Szlachetko et al.

B

C D

E

A

F Fig. 1. Chileorchis disoides: A – plant with inflorescence; B – flower, side view; C – do- rsal ; D – ; E – lateral sepal; F – lip (redrawn from Correa 1969). latter one was numbered among the diurid lineage. It is al- phologically similar to the rest of Chloraeinae. From the so worth noting that Megastylis followed the same separa- second wave of migrants, of what an indirect grade could tion scheme between the spiranthid and the diurid lineages. be Megastylis, descended the other South American Chlo- There are at least two possibilities for explaining such raeinae. A scenario of further evolutionary changes in both a high diversity of Chloraeinae s.l. The whole group de- continents could be similar to this one shown above. That scended from a common ancestor similar to the contempo- hypothesis seems to be the most feasible in our opinion. rary Chloraea, which could penetrate New Caledonia, gi- The third possible explanation of such situation is the inde- ving arise to Megastylis. Afterwards both lines evolved in- pendent origin of Megastylidinae and Chlorainae s.str., dependently losing clustered roots for the benefit of tubers. suggested by results of molecular studies. This concept is The excellent representation of that process in an American not much credible in our opinion since it might assume line is a sequence of the following genera: a considerable convergence to the representatives of both – Chloraea with monomorphic roots; groups in respect of the gynostemium and flower structure, – Jouyella with dimorphic roots, part of which is clearly including the appearance of similar structures on a lip. tuberously thickened and the other ones narrow and thin; Those characters might be the results of convergence. – Geoblasta with a single, narrow, cylindrical tuber. No matter which of the above hypotheses is true, the pre- Additionally, in the Australian line, a distinct tendency to sented problem is intellectually exciting and worth to work reduction of leaves number was marked. It might be possi- out. In view of the above, it is better to keep Chloraeinae in ble that ancestor of Chlorainae was approximately a con- their wide concept, instead of splitting it between various temporary Rimacola. The New World was settled twice – taxa, which are morphologically indefinable. the remnant of the first migrants could be Codonorchis, molecularly different from the other Geoblasteae but mor- Vol. 77, No. 2: 111-116, 2008 ACTA SOCIETATIS BOTANICORUM POLONIAE 113

B A

C

Fig. 2. Bienneria densipapillosa: A – plant with inflorescence; B – flower, side view; C – lip, front view (redrawn from Correa 1969).

Subtribe Chloraeinae Rchb.f. 6a. Lip entire, clawed...... Waireia Roots clustered, fleshy, root-stem tuberoids present in 6b. Lip 3-lobed, sessile...... 7 some genera. Stem glabrous (cf. Achlydosa!). foot 7a. Leaf protrate with abaxial surface glabrous ... Pyrorchis usually obscure. Gynostemium somewhat swollen apically. 7b. Leaf erect with abaxial surface Staminodes narrowly winged of the gynostemium, or for- minutely papillate...... ming a mitra-like structure (Gavilea). Apices of the stami- 8a. Lateral with club-like, fimbriate nodes reduced. Viscidium cellular, prominent. or hairy thickennings in the apical half ...... 9 Ten of 17 genera included in Chloraeinae are known from 8b. Lateral sepals with no such thickenings...... 10 South America, the others from and New Caledo- 9a. Plants leafless or with withering leaf at flowering. In- nia. In our opinion the most valuable as diagnostic features florescence single-flowered. Lip strongly thickened and on generic levels are storage organs morphology, leaves insectiform ...... Bipinnula morphology, lip and perianth segments structure and gyno- 9b. Plants leafy at flowering. Inflorescence many (10-20) – stemium architecture. Based on the combination of afore- flowered. Lip thin, delicate, entire, usually ovate mentioned features we tried to characterize each . In to cordate...... Jouyella result all taxa are polythethic, what form them natural. 10a. Column part conspicuously winged, so rostellum, stigma and partly anther are hidden...... Gavilaea 10b. Column part obscurely winged ...... 11 KEY TO THE GENERA OF CHLORAEINAE 11a. Stigmatic surface oblong, longer than half 1a. Exclusively Australian genera...... 2 of the entire gynostemium length...... Codonorchis 1b. New World genera ...... 8 11b. Stigma elliptic or oval, distinctly shorter than half 2a. Roots clustered ...... 3 of the gynostemium...... 12 2b. Root-stem tuberoids present...... 5 12a. Plants with tubers. Lip entirely covered 3a. Plants over 50 cm tall ...... 4 with fleshy, cylindrical calli...... Geoblasta 3b. Plants up to 25 cm tall ...... Rimacola 12b. Plants with clustered roots. Lip covered by various 4a. Plant glabrous. Lip with papillate calli ...... Megastylis kind of appendages but no cylindrical calli...... 13 4b. Inflorescence and perianth glandular. Lip with 13a. Lip thin, membraneous, with few to several rows no papillate calli on th upper surface ...... Achlydosa of clavate calli or lamina...... Chloraea 5a. Leaves reduced to fleshy, sheathing scales .... Burnettia 13b. Lip at least partially thickened, verrucose 5b. Leaf fully developed ...... 6 or sulcate-rugose ...... 14 114 TAXONOMIC STATUS OF CHLORAEINAE Dariusz L. Szlachetko et al.

A-2

A-1 A-6

A-3

A-4

B-1

Fig. 3. A – Ulantha grandiflora; A-1 – plant with inflorescence; A-2 – flower, side view; A-5 A-3 – dorsal sepal; A-4 – petal; A-5 – lateral sepal; A-6 – lip, front view; B – Ulantha apinnula; B-1 – lip, front view (redrawn from Correa 1969).

14a. Lip pulvinate in the center or at the base, membraneous, covered by fleshy lamellae, the median lobe sulcate-rugose...... Bieneria fleshy towards the apex, verrucose. Gynostemium elonga- 14b. Lip at least partially verrucose te, slender. Column part prominent, obscurely winged. Co- on the upper surface ...... 15 lumn foot rudimentary, Anther base near the stigma apex. 15a. Lip thickened and verrucose from the base Anther erect, immovable, ovoid-conical. Pollinia 4, to the apex, except lateral lobes. very wide, oblong, powdery. Stigma subsessile, obovate to elliptic. widest below the middle ...... Ulantha Rostellum shelf-like, truncate (Fig. 1). 15b. Apical half of the lip fleshy, thickened, verrucose. Pe- A monospecific genus from Chile. tals narrow, widest above the middle...... 16 16a. Lip entire, margins covered by clavate appendages Chileorchis disoides (Lindl.) Szlach., comb. nov in the lower half...... Correorchis BASIONYM: Chloraea disoides Lindl. in Brandes, Quart. J. 16b. Lip 3-lobed, margins entire...... Chileorchis Sci., Lit. Art. 1: 147. 1827.

CHILEORCHIS Szlach., gen. nov. BIENERIA Rchb.f. Genus hoc a habitu et structura gynostemii generi Chlo- GENERITYPE: Bieneria boliviana Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung reae appropinquat sed labello marginibus integris, unguo (Berlin). 11: 3, t. 1. 1853 insidens, trilobato, basi tenui lamellis carnosis tecto et lobo Roots clustered, fleshy, fusiform. Leaves cauline, gradu- centrali crasso, carnoso verrucosove. Petala angustata in ally decreasing in size upwards. Inflorescence few – to ma- parte apicali latiora. ny-flowered. Flowers medium-sized, conspicuous, resupi- GENERITYPE: Chileorchis disoides (Lindl.) Szlach. (=Chlo- nate. Tepals dissimilar, membranaous, large, wide. Lip raea disoides Lindl.). long unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, thin, membraneous, the ETYMOLOGY: In reference to the known distribution of the middle part pulvinate, sulcate-rugose, fleshy, margins only species of the genus. membraneous, crenulate, undulate. Gynostemium elongate, Roots clustered, fleshy, fusiform. Leaves cauline, decrea- slender. Column part prominent, obscurely winged, wider sing in size upwards. Inflorescence few-flowered. Flowers near the stigma. Column foot rudimentary, Anther base ne- medium-sized, resupinate. Tepals dissimilar, membranace- ar the stigma apex. Anther erect, immovable, ovoid, attenu- ous, narrow. Lip unguiculate, 3-lobed, the basal part thin, ate towards the apex. Pollinia 4, oblong, powdery. Stigma Vol. 77, No. 2: 111-116, 2008 ACTA SOCIETATIS BOTANICORUM POLONIAE 115

ULANTHA Hook. GENERITYPE: Ulantha grandiflora Hook. in Curtis, Bot. Mag.: 57, t. 2990 and 2956. 1830. Roots clustered, fleshy, fusiform. Leaves cauline, decrea- sing in size gradually upwards. Inflorescence few-flowe- red. Flowers large, conspicuous, resupinate. Tepals dissi- milar. Lateral sepals canaliculate, attenuate. Lip unguicula- te, 3-lobed, fleshy, verrucose from base to the apex; lateral lobes thin, delicate. Gynostemium elongate, slender. Co- lumn part prominent, obscurely winged. Column foot rudi- mentary. Anther base near the stigma apex. Anther erect, B immovable, ovoid. Pollinia 4, oblong, powdery. Stigma subsessile, obovate to elliptic. Rostellum shelf-like, trunca- te (Fig. 3). A genus of two species known from Chile.

Ulantha apinnula (Gosewijn) Szlach., comb. nov. BASIONYM: Bipinnula apinnula Gosewijn, Gayana Bot. 50 (1): 12. 1993. C D Ulantha grandiflora (Poepp.) Szlach., comb. nov. BASIONYM: Chloraea grandiflora Poepp., Frag. Syn. pl. Phan.: 14. 1833. A CORREORCHIS Szlach., gen. nov. Genus hoc a habitu et structura gynostemii generi Chlo- E reae simile sed labello indiviso, unguo insidens, basi lamel- lis et a margines appendicibus carnosis tecto, in parte api- cali rhombeo, carnoso verrucosove. GENERITYPE: Correorchis cylindrostachya (Poepp.) Szlach. (=Chloraea cylindrostachya Poepp.). ETYMOLOGY: Dedicated to Dr. Maevia Correa, an author of the monograph of the genus Chloraea. Roots clustered, fleshy, fusiform. Leaves cauline, gradu- F ally decreasing in size upwards. Inflorescence few – to ma- ny-flowered. Flowers medium-sized, resupinate. Tepals dissimilar, membraneous. Petals narrow. Lip unguiculate, entire, the basal half oblong, thin and membraneous, cove- red by lamellae on disc and by clavate appendages along margins, the apical part rhomboid, fleshy, verrucose. Gy- nostemium elongate, slender. Column part prominent, ob- scurely winged. Column foot rudimentary. Anther base ne- Fig. 4. Correorchis cylindrostachya: A – plant with inflorescence; B – flo- ar the stigma apex. Anther erect, immovable, ovoid-coni- wer, side view; C – dorsal sepal, D – petal; E – lateral sepal; F – lip, front cal, attenuate towards the apex. Pollinia 4, oblong, powde- view (redrawn from Correa 1969). ry. Stigma subsessile, obovate to elliptic. Rostellum shelf- like, truncate (Fig. 4). subsessile, obovate to elliptic. Rostellum shelf-like, trunca- A genus of one species native to Chile and Argentina. te (Fig. 2). A genus of three species known from Peruvian and Boli- Correorchis cylindrostachya (Poepp.) Szlach., comb. nov. vian Andes. BASIONYM: Chloraea cylindrostachya Poepp., Frag. Syn. Pl. Phan.: 15. 1833. Bieneria boliviana Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin). 11: 3, t. 1. 1853. S : Chloraea boliviana (Rchb.f.) Kraenzl., Syst. YNONYM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bot. Jahrb. 37: 397. 1906. We are grateful to Dr. Hanna B. Margoñska for prepa- Bieneria densipapillosa (C.Schweinf.) Szlach., comb. nov. ring drawings for this publications. BASIONYM: Chloraea densipapillosa C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 9: 55. 1941. LITERATURE CITED

Bieneria multilineolata (C.Schweinf.) Szlach., comb. nov. ACKERMAN J.D., WILLIAMS N.H. 1981. Pollen Morphology BASIONYM: Chloraea multilineolata C.Schweinf., Bot. of the Chloraeinae (Orchidaceae: Diuridae) and Related Sub- Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 9: 57. 1941. tribes. Am. J. Bot. 68: 1392-1402. 116 TAXONOMIC STATUS OF CHLORAEINAE Dariusz L. Szlachetko et al.

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