DOCSLIB.ORG

Chromosome Numbers of Some Terrestrial Orchids in Chile

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chromosome Numbers of Some Terrestrial Orchids in Chile Chromosome Botany (2013) 8: 23-27 © Copyright 2013 by the International Society of Chromosome Botany Chromosome numbers of some terrestrial orchids in Chile Mikio Aoyama1,4, Claudia Alonso2 and Ximena Calderón Baltierra3 1Botanical Garden, Technical Center, Hiroshima University, Japan; 2Laboratory of Higher Plants Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Renovable Resources, Unversidad Arturo Prat, Chile; and 3Public Relations Manager, Algiz S.A. Enterprise, Chile 4Author for correspondence: ([email protected]) Received March 29, 2013; accepted April 29, 2013 ABSTRACT. Chromosome numbers and ploid levels in 12 species and two hybrids in two orchid genera as Chloraea and Gavilea from Chile were investigated. The chromosome numbers of nine species and one hybrid were commonly 2n=44 or ca.44 (diploid), while those of three species were 2n=88 or ca.88 (tetraploid). One hybrid crossed between plants of diploid and tetraploid was 2n=66 (triploid). Two genera of Chloraea and Gavilea were closely related to each other cytologically with the basic chromosome number of x=22 and the karyomorphology of the simple chromocenter type at resting stage. In addition, the speciation of these members might be occurred and correlated with the diversification of their karyotype and the polyploidization. KEYWORDS: Chile, Chloraea, Chromosome, Gavilea, Orchidaceae, Polyploidy The orchid flora of Chile consists of seven genera, 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS species and one variety, including 25 endemic species The materials and their sources are listed in Table 1. (Lehnebach 2003). Among them, three major genera of Taxonomic treatment of the materials followed Novoa et Chloraea (30 species), Gavilea (12 species) and Bipinnula al. (2006). They were planted and cultivated in pots in a (four species) are placed in the subtribe Chloraeinae, the greenhouse. tribe Cranichideae (Pridgeon et al. 2003). Since these Growing root tips of those plants were cut into small orchids can be cultivated and bloom pretty flowers, pieces ca 2 mm long and dissected into half longitudinally. horticultural studies on clonal propagation, hybridization Then, they were immersed in 2 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline and so on have been increasing. Although cytological at 15°C for 4 h. They were fixed in Farmer’s solution at information is very important for orchid breeding, only a 5°C for 24 h. The fixed materials were hydrolyzed in a 1:2 few data have still been described in the subtribe mixture of 45% acetic acid and 1 N HCl at 60°C for 30 sec, Chloraeineae with n=8 for Chloraea multiflora (De stained in 2% aceto-orcein by the usual squash method. Nordenflycht 1981) and 2n=42 for C. crispa (Baeza et al. Classification for the chromosome types at resting and 2001). Thus, the present study documents chromosome mitotic prophase stages followed Tanaka (1977). Terminology numbers and karyotypes of 12 species and two hybrids of of chromosome morphology at mitotic metaphase on the basis terrestrial Chilean orchids. of the position of the centromere followed Levan et al. (1964). Table 1. Chromosome number and ploidy of Chilean Chloraea and Gavilea studied. Chromosome Karyotype * Material number (2n) Ploidy at metaphase Source Chloraea alpina 44 2x gradual UNAP C. bidentata 88 4x gradual UNAP C. crispa 44 2x gradual E. Matthei C. crispa ‘alba’ 44 2x gradual E. Matthei C. crispa ‘big’ 44 2x gradual E. Matthei C. gavilu 88 4x gradual E. Matthei C. incisa 44 2x gradual E. Matthei C. magellanica 44 2x gradual UNAP C. speciosa 44 2x bimodal UNAP C. volkmanii 44 2x gradual UNAP C. sp (Andes Mts.) 44 2x gradual E. Matthei C. crispa x gavilu 66 3x gradual E. Matthei C. crispa x incisa 44 2x gradual E. Matthei Gavilea grandulifera 44 2x gradual UNAP G. litoralis ca.44 2x bimodal UNAP G. supralabellata ca.88 4x gradual UNAP *UNAP=Unversidad Arturo Prat 24 AOYAMA ET AL. RESULTS 2n=88 was counted for this species at prometaphase and The results of chromosome numbers, ploid levels and reported here for the first time. The chromosomes in the karyotypes at metaphase were shown in Table 1. complement at prometaphase varied gradually in length (Fig. 2B). This species showed a homogeneous and gradual Chloraea crispa Lindl. (2n=44, Table 1, Figs. 1 and 3A) variation of karyotype in length. At the resting stage, the chromosomes contained numerous chromomeric granules, fibrous threads and approximately Chloraea gavilu Lindl. (2n=88, Table 1, Fig. 2C) The 20 small chromatin blocks scattered throughout the chromosome number of 2n=88 was counted for this nucleus. The chromatin blocks were round shaped, darkly species for the first time. The chromosomes in the stained and varied in size from 1.8-0.8 µm diameter. The complement varied gradually in length from 2.4 to 1.0 µm chromosome features at resting stage were identified as (Fig. 2C). This species showed a homogeneous and gradual the simple chromocenter type (Fig. 1A) and were similarly variation of karyotype in length at mitotic metaphase. observed in those of the other taxa during the course of study. Early condensed segments were located in the Chloraea incisa Poepp. (2n=44, Table 1, Fig. 2D) This proximal regions of the chromosomes at mitotic prophase species was treated as a synonym of C. piquichen (Lam.) (Fig. 1B). Morphological similarity at mitotic prophase Lindl. by Govaerts (2003). The chromosome number of was also observed in the other taxa. 2n=44 was counted and was reported here for this for the The chromosome number of C. crispa was not 2n=42 first time. The chromosomes in the complement varied previously documented by Baeza et al. (2001) but 2n=44 gradually in length from 2.6 to 1.4 µm (Fig. 2D). This uniformly counted at mitotic metaphase in a wild type species showed a homogeneous and gradual variation of clone and two selected clones (Table 1, Fig. 1C). karyotype in length at mitotic metaphase. The chromosomes in the complement were gradually decreased in length from 2.7 to 1.1 µm (Fig. 3A). Most of Chloraea magellanica Hook.f. (2n=44, Table 1, Fig. 2E) the chromosomes in the complement were median or The chromosome number of 2n=44 was counted in this submedian-centromeric. Two smallest chromosomes were species for the first time. The chromosomes in the subterminal-centromeric, and formed small satellites on complement varied gradually in length (Fig. 2E). This the distal region of the short arm. Thus, this species species showed a homogeneous and gradual variation of showed a homogeneous and a gradual decrease in karyotype in length at mitotic metaphase. chromosome size of karyotype in length and a symmetric karyotype in centromeric position. Chloraea speciosa Poepp. (2n=44, Table 1, Fig. 2F and 3B) The chromosome number of 2n=44 was counted in Chloraea alpina Poepp., (2n=44, Table 1, Fig. 2A) The this species for the first time (Fig. 2F). The chromosome chromosome number of 2n=44 was counted in this species complement exhibited a bimodality in length with a group for the first time. The chromosomes in the complement of four large chromosomes between 3.8 and 3.1 µm and varied gradually in length from 2.8 to 1.5 µm (Fig. 2A). the other group between 2.3 and 1.0 µm (Fig. 3B). Four This species showed a homogeneous and gradual variation large chromosomes were submedian or subterminal of karyotype in length at mitotic metaphase. centromeric and the others were median or submedian centromeric. This species showed a heterogeneous and Chloraea bidentata (Poepp. & Endl.) M. N. Correa bimodal variation of karyotype in length at mitotic (2n=88, Table 1, Fig. 2B) The chromosome number of metaphase. Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of somatic chromosomes in Chloraea crispa, 2n=44.A. resting stage. B. prophase. C. metaphase. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME CHILEAN TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS 25 Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of somatic chromosomes in Chilean orchids studied. A. Chloraea alpina, 2n=44. B. C. bidentata, 2n=88. C. C. gavilu, 2n=88. D. C. incisa, 2n=44. E. C. magellanica, 2n=44. F. C. speciosa, 2n=44. G. C. volkmanii, 2n=44. H. C. crispa x gavilu, 2n=66. I. C. crispa x incisa, 2n=44. J. Gavilea grandulifera, 2n=44. K. G. litoralis, 2n=ca.44. L. G. supralabellata, 2n=ca.88. Chloraea volkmanii Phil. ex Kraenzl. (2n=44, Table 1, Chloraea crispa x C. gavilu (2n=66, Table 1, Fig. 2H) Fig. 2G) The chromosome number of 2n=44 was counted The chromosome number of 2n=66 was counted in the in this species for the first time. The chromosomes in the artificial hybrid between C. crispa and C. gavilu. The complement varied in gradation of length from 2.7 to 1.6 µm chromosomes in the complement varied gradually in (Fig. 2G). This species showed a homogeneous and gradual length (Fig. 2H). This hybrid showed a homogeneous and variation of karyotype in length at mitotic metaphase. gradual variation of karyotype in length at mitotic metaphase. Chloraea sp. (2n=44, Table 1) The chromosome number Chloraea crispa x C. incisa (2n=44, Table 1, Fig. 2I) of 2n=44 was counted in an unidentified species collected The chromosome number of 2n=44 was counted in the from the Andes mountains. The chromosomes in the artificial hybrid between C. crispa and C. incisa. The complement varied gradually in length from 2.9 to 1.5 µm, chromosomes in the complement varied gradually in and their positions of centromere were median or length from 2.7 to 1.1 µm, and their positions of centromere submedian. This species showed a homogeneous and were median or submedian (Fig. 2I). This hybrid showed a gradual variation of karyotype in length at mitotic homogeneous and gradual variation of karyotype in length metaphase.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property
    Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 185 Map 2: Andean-North Patagonian Biosphere Reserve: Context for the Nominated Proprty. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 186 Map 3: Vegetation of the Valdivian Ecoregion 187 Map 4: Vegetation Communities in Los Alerces National Park 188 Map 5: Strict Nature and Wildlife Reserve 189 Map 6: Usage Zoning, Los Alerces National Park 190 Map 7: Human Settlements and Infrastructure 191 Appendix 2: Species Lists Ap9n192 Appendix 2.1 List of Plant Species Recorded at PNLA 193 Appendix 2.2: List of Animal Species: Mammals 212 Appendix 2.3: List of Animal Species: Birds 214 Appendix 2.4: List of Animal Species: Reptiles 219 Appendix 2.5: List of Animal Species: Amphibians 220 Appendix 2.6: List of Animal Species: Fish 221 Appendix 2.7: List of Animal Species and Threat Status 222 Appendix 3: Law No. 19,292 Append228 Appendix 4: PNLA Management Plan Approval and Contents Appendi242 Appendix 5: Participative Process for Writing the Nomination Form Appendi252 Synthesis 252 Management Plan UpdateWorkshop 253 Annex A: Interview Guide 256 Annex B: Meetings and Interviews Held 257 Annex C: Self-Administered Survey 261 Annex D: ExternalWorkshop Participants 262 Annex E: Promotional Leaflet 264 Annex F: Interview Results Summary 267 Annex G: Survey Results Summary 272 Annex H: Esquel Declaration of Interest 274 Annex I: Trevelin Declaration of Interest 276 Annex J: Chubut Tourism Secretariat Declaration of Interest 278
    [Show full text]
  • “Lima-Orchid” Chloraea Sp., Have Been Amply Debate
    THE LIMA ORCHID BY SUSI SPITTLER ABSTRACT The habitat and identity of the “Lima-orchid” Chloraea sp ., have been amply debated. Recent work carried out at Lomas de Asia, [close to Lima], where a single specimen of Chloraea was identified as C. undulata , re-sparked the debate. Here new research on this orchid, its identification and its alleged new habitat are presented, together with a recompilation of the studies carried out on species of Chloraea from coastal Peru. The Lima orchid is identified as Chloraea pavonii , and C. undulata is relegated under its synonymy. 1 In 2015, an article was published in Lima about the rediscovered “Lima Orchid”, found on the hills at Lomas de Asia (Llellish Juscamayta 2015), which re-sparked debates on the possible new habitat and identity of Chloraea, the famous “Lima Orchid”. Let us start with the article by Llellish Juscamayta (2015), which has driven us to conduct this research. According to the author, the hills of Asia were claimed by Raimondi, Weberbauer and Maish (Perú 2010. "Flora Perpetua" Arte y Ciencia botánica de Antonio Raimondi:Tomo III. Antonio Raimondi: Botánico Ilustre: 135- 155. Lima) as the type location for C. undulata Raimondi. As a consequence of urban expansion, the author noted that the populations of the “Lima Orchid” have declined and, in certain cases, have been recorded as very rare or extinct (see Roque and León 2006). He cited Colunga (1878), who referred to C. undulata as “maybe the only indigenous species of Chloraea in Peru” and added that it “is found in the vicinity of the hills of Lima: it has a height of one meter, more or less: with elliptic-oblong leaves: the flowers are arranged in clusters: with a golden yellow perianth with greenish veins: the labellum is unguiculate and 2 trilobe”.
    [Show full text]
  • Asymbiotic Germination in Three Chloraea Species (Orchidaceae) from Chile
    Gayana Bot. 74(1),74(1): 2017X-X, 2017 ISSN 0016-5301 Original Article Asymbiotic germination in three Chloraea species (Orchidaceae) from Chile Germinación asimbiótica en tres especies de Chloraea (Orchidaceae) de Chile GUILLERMO PEREIRA1, VERÓNICA ALBORNOZ1, CHRISTIAN ROMERO1, SEBASTIÁN LARA3 MANUEL SÁNCHEZ- OLATE2, DARCY RÍOS2 & CRISTIAN ATALA3* 1Laboratorio Biotecnología de Hongos, Campus Los Ángeles, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 234, Los Ángeles, Chile. 2Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. 3Laboratorio de Anatomía y Ecología de Plantas. Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile. *[email protected] ABSTRACT Orchids require symbiotic fungi and/or specific conditions to germinate. Asymbiotic techniques have been shown successful for orchid germination. In Chile, Chloraea include many endemic, and potentially ornamental, terrestrial orchid species. In this study, individuals of Chloraea crispa, C. gavilu and C. virescens were manually autopollinated. The resulting capsules were sterilized and seeds were aseptically obtained. We evaluated asymbiotic germination in: Agar Water (AW), Knudson C (KC), Banana Culture Media (CMB), Tomato Culture Media (CMT), Malmgren Modified (MM), Murashige and Skoog (MS), and MS modified (MS1/2). Seeds were incubated in the dark at 24±1 ºC for 2 weeks. Then they were put in 16/8 h light/dark cycles for 14 weeks. We registered germination and embryo development in the different culture media. After 8 weeks, all tested Chloraea species germinated in most culture media. After 16 weeks, embryos in MM showed an evident shoot. In AW only the pre-germination stage was achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • Orchid Historical Biogeography, Diversification, Antarctica and The
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) ORIGINAL Orchid historical biogeography, ARTICLE diversification, Antarctica and the paradox of orchid dispersal Thomas J. Givnish1*, Daniel Spalink1, Mercedes Ames1, Stephanie P. Lyon1, Steven J. Hunter1, Alejandro Zuluaga1,2, Alfonso Doucette1, Giovanny Giraldo Caro1, James McDaniel1, Mark A. Clements3, Mary T. K. Arroyo4, Lorena Endara5, Ricardo Kriebel1, Norris H. Williams5 and Kenneth M. Cameron1 1Department of Botany, University of ABSTRACT Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, Aim Orchidaceae is the most species-rich angiosperm family and has one of USA, 2Departamento de Biologıa, the broadest distributions. Until now, the lack of a well-resolved phylogeny has Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, 3Centre for Australian National Biodiversity prevented analyses of orchid historical biogeography. In this study, we use such Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia, a phylogeny to estimate the geographical spread of orchids, evaluate the impor- 4Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, tance of different regions in their diversification and assess the role of long-dis- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, tance dispersal (LDD) in generating orchid diversity. 5 Santiago, Chile, Department of Biology, Location Global. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Methods Analyses use a phylogeny including species representing all five orchid subfamilies and almost all tribes and subtribes, calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. We estimated historical biogeography and assessed the
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen and Stamen Mimicry: the Alpine Flora As a Case Study
    Arthropod-Plant Interactions DOI 10.1007/s11829-017-9525-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Pollen and stamen mimicry: the alpine flora as a case study 1 1 1 1 Klaus Lunau • Sabine Konzmann • Lena Winter • Vanessa Kamphausen • Zong-Xin Ren2 Received: 1 June 2016 / Accepted: 6 April 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Many melittophilous flowers display yellow and Dichogamous and diclinous species display pollen- and UV-absorbing floral guides that resemble the most com- stamen-imitating structures more often than non-dichoga- mon colour of pollen and anthers. The yellow coloured mous and non-diclinous species, respectively. The visual anthers and pollen and the similarly coloured flower guides similarity between the androecium and other floral organs are described as key features of a pollen and stamen is attributed to mimicry, i.e. deception caused by the flower mimicry system. In this study, we investigated the entire visitor’s inability to discriminate between model and angiosperm flora of the Alps with regard to visually dis- mimic, sensory exploitation, and signal standardisation played pollen and floral guides. All species were checked among floral morphs, flowering phases, and co-flowering for the presence of pollen- and stamen-imitating structures species. We critically discuss deviant pollen and stamen using colour photographs. Most flowering plants of the mimicry concepts and evaluate the frequent evolution of Alps display yellow pollen and at least 28% of the species pollen-imitating structures in view of the conflicting use of display pollen- or stamen-imitating structures. The most pollen for pollination in flowering plants and provision of frequent types of pollen and stamen imitations were pollen for offspring in bees.
    [Show full text]
  • Dating the Origin of the Orchidaceae from a Fossil Orchid with Its Pollinator
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6111228 Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator Article in Nature · September 2007 DOI: 10.1038/nature06039 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 211 770 5 authors, including: Santiago R Ramírez Barbara Gravendeel University of California, Davis Leiden University, Naturalis Biodiversity Center & University of Applied Sciences L… 50 PUBLICATIONS 999 CITATIONS 208 PUBLICATIONS 2,081 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Rodrigo B. Singer Naomi E Pierce Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Harvard University 109 PUBLICATIONS 1,381 CITATIONS 555 PUBLICATIONS 6,496 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Insect endosymbiont diversity View project Support threatened research Institutions from Southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Barbara Gravendeel on 31 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Vol 448 | 30 August 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06039 LETTERS Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator Santiago R. Ramı´rez1, Barbara Gravendeel2, Rodrigo B. Singer3, Charles R. Marshall1,4 & Naomi E. Pierce1 Since the time of Darwin1, evolutionary biologists have been fas- subfamily showed that the size, shape and ornamentation of the cinated by the spectacular adaptations to insect pollination exhib- fossil closely resemble those of modern members of the subtribe ited by orchids. However, despite being the most diverse plant Goodyerinae, particularly the genera Kreodanthus and Microchilus family on Earth2, the Orchidaceae lack a definitive fossil record (Supplementary Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal Variation in Community Composition of Root Associated Endophytic Fungi and Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Abundance in Two Bletilla Species (Orchidaceae)
    plants Article Temporal Variation in Community Composition of Root Associated Endophytic Fungi and Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Abundance in Two Bletilla Species (Orchidaceae) Xinhua Zeng 1, Haixin Diao 1, Ziyi Ni 1, Li Shao 1, Kai Jiang 1 , Chao Hu 1, Qingjun Huang 2 and Weichang Huang 1,3,* 1 Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (H.D.); [email protected] (Z.N.); [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (K.J.); [email protected] (C.H.) 2 Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; [email protected] 3 College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Mycorrhizae are an important energy source for orchids that may replace or supplement photosynthesis. Most mature orchids rely on mycorrhizae throughout their life cycles. However, little is known about temporal variation in root endophytic fungal diversity and their trophic functions throughout whole growth periods of the orchids. In this study, the community composition of root endophytic fungi and trophic relationships between root endophytic fungi and orchids were investigated in Bletilla striata and B. ochracea at different phenological stages using stable isotope natural abundance analysis combined with molecular identification analysis. We identified 467 OTUs assigned to root-associated fungal endophytes, which belonged to 25 orders in 10 phyla. Most of these OTUs were assigned to saprotroph (143 OTUs), pathotroph-saprotroph (63 OTUs) and pathotroph- saprotroph-symbiotroph (18 OTUs) using FunGuild database. Among these OTUs, about 54 OTUs Citation: Zeng, X.; Diao, H.; Ni, Z.; could be considered as putative species of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF).
    [Show full text]
  • VJ Dieta Y F. Biganzoli
    Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 54 (3) 2019 V. J. Dieta y F. Biganzoli - Evaluación preliminar del estado de conservación de plantas EVALUACIÓN PRELIMINAR DEL ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE PLANTAS: COMPARACIÓN DE DOS MÉTODOS APLICADOS AL GÉNERO GAVILEA (ORCHIDACEAE) PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF PLANTS: COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS AppLIED TO THE GENUS GAVILEA (ORCHIDACEAE) Victorio J. Dieta1 y Fernando Biganzoli2* SUMMARY 1. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Background and aims: It is essential to know the conservation status of the species, Agropecuaria (INTA). EEA Delta, in order to prioritize intervention and management of the most threatened species AER Delta Frontal. Calle Las populations. Usually available information is not enough for a definitive evaluation; Casuarinas s/n. Tigre, Provincia de therefore, it is important to develop rapid assessment methods of conservation status. Buenos Aires, Argentina. In this work we performed a preliminary assessment of the conservation status for the 2. Departamento de Métodos Patagonian orchid genus Gavilea (Orchidaceae, Chloraeinae), and we compared our Cuantitativos y Sistemas de results with that obtained by experts. Información, Facultad de M&M: We compiled a database with location and collection date of herbarium specimens Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos of the 17 species of Gavilea. We apply an adaptation of the criteria proposed by Krupnik Aires. Av. San Martín 4453 CABA, et al., (2009) related to the geographical and temporal distribution of the collections. We Argentina. compare the classification obtained with those published by experts. Results: We categorize the 17 species, with 1 Potentially Extinct species, 6 Potentially *[email protected] Threatened species and the remaining 10 Potentially Not Threatened species.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of Discyphus Scopulariae
    Phytotaxa 173 (2): 127–139 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.173.2.3 Phylogenetic relationships of Discyphus scopulariae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences: evidence supporting recognition of a new subtribe, Discyphinae GERARDO A. SALAZAR1, CÁSSIO VAN DEN BERG2 & ALEX POPOVKIN3 1Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-367, 04510 México, Distrito Federal, México; E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s.n., 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil 3Fazenda Rio do Negro, Entre Rios, Bahia, Brazil Abstract The monospecific genus Discyphus, previously considered a member of Spiranthinae (Orchidoideae: Cranichideae), displays both vegetative and floral morphological peculiarities that are out of place in that subtribe. These include a single, sessile, cordate leaf that clasps the base of the inflorescence and lies flat on the substrate, petals that are long-decurrent on the column, labellum margins free from sides of the column and a column provided with two separate, cup-shaped stigmatic areas. Because of its morphological uniqueness, the phylogenetic relationships of Discyphus have been considered obscure. In this study, we analyse nucleotide sequences of plastid and nuclear DNA under maximum parsimony
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Geography of Chile PLANT and VEGETATION
    Plant Geography of Chile PLANT AND VEGETATION Volume 5 Series Editor: M.J.A. Werger For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7549 Plant Geography of Chile by Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 123 Dr. Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Instituto de Geografia Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago Chile [email protected] ISSN 1875-1318 e-ISSN 1875-1326 ISBN 978-90-481-8747-8 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8748-5 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8748-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ◦ ◦ Cover illustration: High-Andean vegetation at Laguna Miscanti (23 43 S, 67 47 W, 4350 m asl) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Carlos Reiche (1860–1929) In Memoriam Foreword It is not just the brilliant and dramatic scenery that makes Chile such an attractive part of the world. No, that country has so very much more! And certainly it has a rich and beautiful flora. Chile’s plant world is strongly diversified and shows inter- esting geographical and evolutionary patterns. This is due to several factors: The geographical position of the country on the edge of a continental plate and stretch- ing along an extremely long latitudinal gradient from the tropics to the cold, barren rocks of Cape Horn, opposite Antarctica; the strong differences in altitude from sea level to the icy peaks of the Andes; the inclusion of distant islands in the country’s territory; the long geological and evolutionary history of the biota; and the mixture of tropical and temperate floras.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf of JHOS April 2008
    JJoouurrnnaall of the HHAARRDDYY OORRCCHHIIDD SSOOCCIIEETTYY Vol. 5 No. 2 (48) April 2008 JOURNAL of the HARDY ORCHID SOCIETY Vol. 5 No. 2 (48) April 2008 The Hardy Orchid Society Our aim is to promote interest in the study of Native European Orchids and those from similar temperate climates throughout the world. We cover such varied aspects as field study, cultivation and propagation, photography, taxonomy and systematics, and practical conservation. We welcome articles relating to any of these subjects, which will be considered for publication by the editorial committee. Please send your submissions to the Editor, and please structure your text according to the “Advice to Authors ” (see website, January 2004 Journal or contact the Editor). The Hardy Orchid Society Committee President: Prof. Richard Bateman, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS Chairman & Field Meeting Co-ordinator: David Hughes, Linmoor Cottage, Highwood, Ringwood, Hants., BH24 3LE, [email protected] Vice-Chairman: currently vacant Secretary: Richard Manuel, Wye View Cottage, Leys Hill, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, HR9 5QU, [email protected] Treasurer: Iain Wright, The Windmill, Vennington, Westbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY5 9RG, [email protected] Membership Secretary: Celia Wright, The Windmill, Vennington, Westbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY5 9RG, [email protected] Show Secretary: currently vacant Journal Editor: Mike Gasson, Moor End Cottage, Moor End, Stibbard, Norfolk, NR21 0EJ, [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination Biology of the Chilean Endemic Orchid Chloraea Lamellata
    Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1741–1751, 2003. 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Pollination biology of the Chilean endemic orchid Chloraea lamellata CARLOS LEHNEBACH and MAGALY RIVEROS* Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Botanica´ , Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]; fax: 156-63-221313) Received 5 March 2002; accepted in revised form 2 September 2002 Key words: Breeding system, Chile, Deception, Orchidaceae, P/O ratio, Pollinator loss Abstract. Chloraea lamellata Lindl. is one of the 50 taxa of terrestrial orchids occurring in Chile. In this paper we report the breeding system, phenology and pollinator activity in a population of the species located in the Province of Valdivia, X Region,´ Chile (398289 S). Chl. lamellata flowers from November to January, forming a lax spike with ca. 13 flowers. The floral life-span is 14 6 4 days. The species is self-compatible. There was no statistical difference between the amount of seed produced after hand cross-pollination and hand self-pollination treatments. Neither direct autogamy nor agamospermy are involved in seed setting, thus pollinating agents are essential for the species’ reproduction. Also, it has a high number of pollen grains (881733) and ovules (599833) per flower. The P/O ratio calculated is low (1.46). Probable pollinators belong to the orders Hymenoptera (Corynura chloris and Ruizantheda proxima) and Diptera (Sarcophagidae); these insects had a low visitation rate (0.00002 visits/spike/ minute). The rate of pollination observed was low (28.6% flowers with pollinia deposited versus 71.3% flowers with pollinia removed).
    [Show full text]