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Building a Sustainable Road to Dawei Enhancing Ecosystem Services and Wildlife Connectivity JANUARY 2016

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Building a Sustainable Road to Dawei Enhancing Ecosystem Services and Wildlife Connectivity JANUARY 2016 JANUARY 2016 REPORT MMR 2016 Design Manual Building a Sustainable Road to Dawei Enhancing Ecosystem Services and Wildlife Connectivity JANUARY 2016 Design Manual Building a Sustainable Road to Dawei Enhancing Ecosystem Services and Wildlife Connectivity Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 Engineered or Hybrid Landscape Solutions? 1.1 Infrastructure impact on Cost, Community & the Environment 4 1.2 What are the Benefits of Ecosystem Services? 6 1.3 Why consider wildlife connectivity now? 8 1.4 How to use this Design Manual 10 2. Design Toolbox 13 Best Practices, Materials, and Details 2.1 Alignment and Earthworks 14 2.2 Details and Construction 18 2.3 Wildlife Considerations 22 3. Design Approaches along the Dawei Road 39 Authors Enhancing Ecosystem Services and Accommodating Wildlife Dorothy Tang and Ashley Scott Kelly (The University of Hong Kong) 3.1 East of Myitta: River Edge and Tiger Corridor 42 Research Assistance & Graphics Amanda Ton, Kity Tsz Yung Pang, Isaac Ho Wan Chiu 3.2 Tha Khat Done: Road Straightening and Edge Species 54 Special Thanks To 3.3 Near Sin Hpyu Taing: River Confluence 62 Hanna Helsingen, Ashley Brooks, Nirmal Bhagabati, Nicholas Cox, Thomas Gray, Oliver Nelson, and A. Christy Williams (WWF) Elke Hahn, Lazaros Georgiadis and Hans Bekker (Infra Eco Network Europe / IENE) 69 Rodney van der Ree (Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology) 4. References Lisa Mandle (The Natural Capital Project) 4.1 Wildlife Corridor Case Studies 70 This project was made possible with funding from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. 4.2 Bibliography 74 Disclaimer This report draws on work from a number of sources and has not undergone a full academic peer review. The views and recommendations in this report are based on available information and contributing authors will not be liable for damages of any kind arising from the use of this report. Published: January 2016 by WWF-Myanmar © 2016 Dorothy Tang and Ashley Scott Kelly. All rights reserved. This report or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the authors. Executive Summary Design Manual for Building a Sustainable Road to Dawei Background and Introduction road structures and alignment to the ecological health of the landscape; suggestions for alternative The Dawei-Kanchanaburi Road Link, connects the slope protection and stormwater management Thai border province of Kanchanaburi with the technologies that are less costly and provide planned Dawei Special Economic Zone (DSEZ) on ecological value; and detailed wildlife data compiled the Andaman Sea in Myanmar, is an important to provide various actors information to assess the component for the viability of the Tanintharyi feasibility of wildlife mitigation measures along the Region. However, the potential impact of the road. proposed infrastructure on local communities, water resources, geotechnical stability, and wildlife is significant. Any new transportation infrastructure in the Tenasserim Range should take special Design Approaches along the Dawei consideration to protect a landscape that provides Road natural and economic resources to communities— local and global—for the long-term sustainable In the last section, three sites along the Dawei Road development of Myanmar and Thailand. Link have been selected as a demonstration of how to prioritize the alignment and design of the road. A comprehensive approach—especially in the The three sites chosen are located in three distinct pre-planning and environmental assessment zones of the road: the first is at the edge of human phases—would lessen some of the negative settlements and intact forest cover that requires impacts on ecosystem services of the region. As significant road straightening and where edge illustrated on the following page, roads impact species would migrate; the second is at the core of the landscape in two primary aspects: first, the an important tiger migration corridor along a river immediate environmental alterations due to the bank; the last is located near the confluence of a construction of the road, such as slope erosion and river and near the sighting of significant bird species the interruption of wildlife migration; second, the such as the Great Hornbill that typically dwell in land use changes and deforestation that accompany intact forest. increased access to a once difficult terrain, which can bring illegal logging, poaching, and mining and This design manual elaborates on issues primarily large scale agriculture. Mitigation measures for road part of the planning and design phases, with intent construction are easier to achieve with appropriate to mitigate localized and systematic impacts to the design and funding, while minimizing a road’s regional landscape caused during and after the secondary effects relies on land use planning and implementation of the road. In contrast to upfront its enforcement via policy and community-based capital-based infrastructure projects, the prosperity initiatives. of the communities and ecosystems along the Dawei Road Link rely on a hybrid approach—one that depends on collaborative landscape management between the government, the road operator and Design Toolbox surrounding communities. This design manual provides a resource for the myriad actors of the Three aspects of road planning: its alignment cross-border region to identify opportunities for and earthworks, its details and construction, and preserving the valuable natural capital of the entire wildlife consideration—are critical to the success of Dawna-Tenasserim landscape. the Dawei Kanchanabui Road Link. This includes practical measures to lessen the overall impact of iv Sustainable Road to Dawei 1 1. Introduction Engineered or Hybrid Landscape Solutions? Earliest visions of the Dawei-Kanchanaburi Road large scale agriculture. Mitigation measures for road Link, connecting the Thai border province of construction are easier to achieve with appropriate Kanchanaburi with the planned Dawei Special design and funding, while minimizing a road’s Economic Zone (DSEZ) on the Andaman Sea secondary effects relies on land use planning and in Myanmar, portrayed a massive multimodal its enforcement via policy and community-based transportation corridor with power and gas initiatives. infrastructure traversing the steep mountains and valleys of the Tenasserim Range. The road link is Increased connectivity and access to existing an important component for the viability of the economic networks is a critical component of DSEZ, especially in its role as the final segment of economic development and planning. However, the Greater Mekong Subregion Southern Economic typical practices of infrastructure development have Corridor. However, the potential impact of the often prioritized cost and efficiency over quality proposed infrastructure on local communities, and long-term sustainability. With proper planning water resources, geotechnical stability, and wildlife and design strategies, the Dawei Road Link could is significant. While the scope and the ambition benefit from long-term cost savings by considering of the roadlink has been reduced greatly, any new ecosystem services and accommodating wildlife transportation infrastructure in the Tenasserim connectivity from the beginning. This is more cost Range should take special consideration to protect efficient in the near term than later modifying or a landscape that provides natural and economic retrofitting built infrastructure to mitigate the resources to communities—local and global—for the negative impacts of the road. long-term sustainable development of Myanmar This design manual elaborates on issues primarily and Thailand. part of the planning and design phases, with intent The preceding report, “A Better Road to Dawei: to mitigate localized and systematic impacts to the protecting wildlife, sustaining nature, benefiting regional landscape caused during and after the people”, outlined the environmental risks of the implementation of the road. In contrast to upfront Dawei-Kanchanburi Road Link with respect to the capital-based infrastructure projects, the prosperity planned road itself and to its adjacent communities of the communities and ecosystems along the Dawei and environs. A comprehensive approach— Road Link rely on a hybrid approach—one that especially in the pre-planning and environmental depends on collaborative landscape management assessment phases—would lessen some of the between the government, the road operator and negative impacts on ecosystem services of the surrounding communities. This design manual region. As illustrated on the following page, roads provides a resource for the myriad actors of the impact the landscape in two primary aspects: first, cross-border region to identify opportunities for the immediate environmental alterations due to the preserving the valuable natural capital of the entire construction of the road, such as slope erosion and Dawna-Tenasserim landscape. the interruption of wildlife migration; second, the land use changes and deforestation that accompany increased access to a once difficult terrain, which can bring illegal logging, poaching, and mining and Poor water quality in a tributary of the Dawei River near Heinda Mine. (Photo: Dorothy Tang) 2 Sustainable Road to Dawei Introduction 3 1.1 Impact of Infrastructure on Cost, Community & Environment CONCRETE RETAINING DEGRADED INCREASED TRAFFIC SPEED WALL INCREASES PEAK FOREST AND VOLUME CREATES FLOW
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